瓜德鲁普统(Guadalupian)-乐平统(Lopingian)全球界线层型剖面和点(GSSP)

乐平统底界全球界线层型(GSSP)已经被确定在中国广西来宾县的蓬莱滩剖面,这一界线以牙形类化石Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri Mei&Wardlaw的首次出现为标志,位于蓬莱滩剖面的茅口组顶部来宾灰岩的6k层之底,层型剖面点位于C.postbitter hongshuiensis至C.dukouensis的演化谱系内,大致与阿布萨罗卡巨层序(Absaroka Megasequenses)的中部与上部之间的界线相当。层型剖面点位所在的来宾灰岩代表了一套界于茅口组和合山组之间的低水位沉积,在这一界线附近,类、腕足类、珊瑚类和菊石类等动物群均发生了重大更替;同时,δ13C值和87Sr/86Sr同位素比值也有一个明显的降低。从瓜德鲁普世晚期的磁性正常极性带向吴家坪早期反向极性带的转变也发生在这一界线附近,因此,这一界线可以很好地用于进行全球海陆相地层的对比。     

乐平统底界定义和广西来宾蓬莱滩剖面点位的讨论

Clarkina Postbitteri的首现不适合作为乐平统底界的定义，蓬莱滩剖面上6j的底界也不适合作为乐平统底界的全球界线层型剖面点（GSSP），乐平统底界的定义应是Clarkina postbitteri-C.dukouensis连续的演化系列中C.dukouensis的首次出现，精确的位置在蓬莱滩剖面6k之底。     

二叠系长兴阶全球界线层型剖面和点位

二叠系乐平统长兴阶底界全球界线层型和点位(GSSP)确立在我国浙江长兴煤山D剖面长兴灰岩的下部、4a-2层之底,以牙形石演化序列Clarkina longicuspidata-C.wangi中C.wangi的首现为标志。该点位位于长兴组底界之上88cm处,与长兴期特征的■类化石Palaeofusulina sinensis和大巴山菊石类的首次出现层位一致。界线层的碳同位素存在明显的负漂移,正磁极性带出现在吴家坪晚期的反极性带之上。在煤山D剖面以西300m处的C剖面出露较多的龙潭组地层,清晰地反映出龙潭组—长兴组连续的沉积序列,被列为辅助层型剖面。     

乐平统底界定义和点位的争论

有关乐平统底界定义和点位的争论涉及到有关建立界线层型的一些基本原则。本文作者确信,乐平统的底界不可能建立在小间断上或层序界面上;不能被证实的点断成种事件也不能用来建立界线层型;定义种在连续演化谱系中首现的点位是确定的不是任意的;必须考虑定义种的首现时期的居群特征,不能用定义种晚期的居群特征来确定GSSP的点位;定义种的定义不能任意改动,要保持分类的稳定。不能过高估计或只认为齿脊特征是区别晚二叠世舟刺分子的唯一标准。梅仕龙有关C. postbitteri和C. dukouensis两个种区别特征的争辩是无用的,因为本文作者所使用的区别这两个种的标准正是梅仕龙等(Mei et al, 1994)所提出的。现在没有必要为维护自己的界线定义或点位而修改有关种的定义。原来有关这两个种的定义和区别特征是科学的。本文作者鉴定的C. dukouensis (Wang, 2000a, p1. 2, figs. 1～8)是正确的,符合原来的定义。乐平统底界定义应当是严格的科学的。金玉玕等(Jin et al, 1994, 1998)从来没有提到更谈不上“反复讨论”了C. doukouensis的“首现”(梅仕龙,本期)。虽然提到(C. postbitteri的首现,但由于C. postbitteri的先驱种不清,这个定义是不科学的。乐平统底界的科学而严格的定义应是:在Clarkikina postbitteri—C. duk     

鄂西地区上二叠统的牙形石及其分带意义

湖北恩施天桥剖面发育有完好的二叠系大隆组下段硅质岩层。对其下伏吴家坪组灰岩及上覆大隆组上段灰岩中牙形石的研究表明,吴家坪组灰岩自下而上可分为Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri带、Clarkina dukouensis带、Clarkina asymmetrica带以及Clarkina guangyuanensis—Clarkina transcaucasica带,属吴家坪阶中下部牙形石带;大隆组上段灰岩可划分出两个牙形石带,即Clarkina subcarinata—Clarkina wangi带和Clarkina changxingensis changxingensis—Clarkina deflecta带,为长兴阶底部牙形石带。认为鄂西地区大隆组下段硅质岩的时代应归属于二叠纪吴家坪中期至长兴早期。     

湖南桑植仁村坪二叠纪Capitanian期沉积地层及环境北大核心CSCD

湖南桑植仁村坪剖面茅口组中—上段地层的牙形l类资料显示,该剖面具有相对完整的卡匹敦阶(Capitanian)牙形类化石带,但缺失瓜德鲁普统-乐平统界线附近的Jinogondollela granti-Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri的3个牙形类化石带。该阶底部Jinogondollela postserrata牙形类化石带起始于茅口组下段顶部的礁边缘相生屑灰岩沉积的底部(-4.1m处);茅口组中段"孤峰组"硅(泥)质岩段属于牙形类J.shannoni化石带的沉积;茅口组上段含白云质团块的巨厚层亮晶灰岩基本属于牙形类J.xuanhanensis化石带的沉积。该剖面卡匹敦阶的层序地层分析显示出一个完整的三级层序变化过程。其底界SB3位于茅口组下段顶部9cm厚度的薄层白云岩之顶,代表东吴运动的第二幕(鸣山运动);后继高水体系域沉积表现为茅口组中段的硅(泥)质沉积岩段,属于牙形类J.shannoni化石带;茅口组上部灰岩段代表低水位体系域的碳酸盐台地边缘相灰泥丘沉积,属于牙形类J.xuanhanensis化石带,可与广西"来宾灰岩"的生物时代和沉积环境相对比;茅口组顶部覆盖的"王坡煤系"代表二级层序界面(SB2),与东吴运动的主幕(第三幕)相对应。     

长江三峡地区乐平统与阳新统的分界

长江三峡地区新世一乐平世沉积可以分为南型和北型。北型该期主要为浅海碳酸盐岩台地沉积，阳新世晚期的王坡组为粘土岩夹灰岩或硅质灰岩扁豆体，产Yabenia带及有孔虫，其上覆的昊家坪组产Clarkina Leveni，C，liangshanensis等，阳新统与乐平统的分界置于Yabenia带的顶和含C，Leveni(可能人C，dukouensis带)的吴家坪组底。南型从阳世晚期至乐平世主要为硅质岩、硅质灰岩，夹含煤碎屑岩，在吴家坪组的底部含牙形石C，dukouensis带和C，leveni带，该区阳新统与乐平统的分界置于C，dukouens带泥质灰岩（腕足类富集层）的底，下伏的煤系地层时代为阳新世晚期。     

鄂东伍家冲剖面乐平世牙形石生物地层及大隆组的时代

大隆组是华南地区乐平世一种重要的较深水沉积.为进一步探讨大隆组沉积的时空分布,选择对鄂东伍家冲剖面吴家坪组和大隆组重点进行了牙形石生物地层研究,此次研究共鉴定出牙形石1属5种,均为Clarkina,并由老到新识别出4个牙形石带:C.guangyuanensis带、C.transcaucasica带、C.orientalis带及C.wangi带.根据牙形石C.wangi的首现,将伍家冲剖面的吴家坪阶-长兴阶界线(Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian boundary,简称WCB)置于第18层底部.根据菊石Ophiceras的首现将伍家冲剖面的二叠系-三叠系界线(Permian-Triassic boundary,简称PTB)置于第20层顶部,仅高于WCB界线0.72 m.牙形石生物地层指示伍家冲剖面大隆组的主体为吴家坪期沉积产物.数个长兴期牙形石带的缺失和极短的长兴阶表明,该剖面长兴阶中上部可能因沉积间断存在缺失.      

云南西部阿冷初剖面下泥盆统牙形类生物地层

华南地区早泥盆世早—中期的地层中含有较多的碎屑岩,缺少连续的灰岩剖面及牙形类化石,因此该地区洛赫科夫阶、布拉格阶和埃姆斯阶的底界均未能以牙形类确立。滇西阿冷初剖面海相碳酸盐岩发育,具备较好的牙形类生物地层研究条件。通过对该剖面牙形类的研究,确定了志留系-泥盆系的大致界线、洛赫科夫阶-布拉格阶的界线和布拉格阶-埃姆斯阶的界线,并对剖面志留系的地层进行了初步的划分。根据现有的牙形类研究将洛赫科夫阶划分为下、中、上三部分;布拉格阶的底界以Latericriodus steinachensis eta morphotype和Pseudogondwania ethingtoni的首次出现为标志,自下而上识别出了irregularis带和kindlei-pireneae带;在华南地区首次发现了埃姆斯阶底界的标志分子Eocostapolygnathus kitabicus。据此,认为山江组下部的时代属于洛赫科夫期,中上部属于布拉格期,阿冷初组的时代为埃姆斯期,龙马溪组上部可能属文洛克统,稗子田组则为文洛克统及以上的地层。     

贵州兴义烂滩剖面中—上三叠统之交鱼类微体化石和牙形石生物地层

贵州兴义烂滩剖面位于扬子地台西南缘,在该剖面第6层中发现3类辐鳍鱼牙齿化石,其伴生有介形类Cavellina jangyouensis,在12层中发现软骨鱼类鱼鳞化石和2类辐鳍鱼牙齿化石,在第14发现大量的粗菊石Trachyceras sp.。在该剖面上建立了2个牙形石带,自下而上分别为:Paragondolella polygnathiformis和Paragondolella tadpole带。根据牙形石特征,把中晚三叠世拉丁和卡尼期的界线定于12层底部。该剖面为该区中上三叠统之交的地层提供了较好的生物地层格架,对地层时代划分及区域对比具有重要意义。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the