Land cover classification with multi-source data using evidential reasoning approach

Land cover classification is the core of converting satellite imagery to available geographic data.However,spectral signatures do not always provide enough information in classification decisions.Thus,the application of multi-source data becomes necessary.This paper presents an evidential reasoning (ER) approach to incorporate Landsat TM imagery,altitude and slope data.Results show that multi-source data contribute to the classification accuracy achieved by the ER method,whereas play a negative role to that...     

北京市土地利用动态变化及其预测

土地利用是人类经济活动在地理空间的集中体现。基于GIS的北京市土地利用遥感信息的叠置分析,发现北京市土地利用近15年来变化比较剧烈;以2000年的土地利用为基态,建立Markov模型,对北京市未来土地利用变化进行了预测分析,发现与国务院的要求还有很大差距,建议采取得力措施,加强土地利用管理,有效保护耕地。     

西辽河的老哈河流域土地利用遥感动态监测

本文利用Landsat TM和ETM+遥感影像,基于知识规则的遥感分类及分类后处理方法对20世纪80、90年代末的半干旱的老哈河流域土地利用变化进行动态监测,并用GIS方法对土地利用变化及其空间分布进行了定量分析。结果表明:在这十年间,由于气候条件的变化及人类活动的影响,老哈河流域土地利用发生显著变化,变化范围占流域总面积的33.64%,土地利用变化主要表现为农、林、牧用地之间的转换。其中水体、滩地、林地、草地和未利用土地减少,大量的沙地和裸土地被开发利用;城乡用地和旱地有所增多,水田大幅度增加,农业耕作方式发生巨大变化。本研究为研究北方干旱化形成机理的生态-水文耦合模型提供重要的下垫面输入条件,为以后土地利用格局的改变对蒸散发和径流过程的影响提供重要的分析前提。     

以建成区提取为目标的Landsat8影像融合方法研究

建成区提取是城市环境监测中重要的一步,Landsat8影像广泛应用于灾害监测、城市环境监测、道路交通等领域。针对Landsat8全色影像空间分辨率高,纹理信息丰富,而多光谱影像光谱信息丰富,空间分辨率低的特点,开展以建成区提取为目标的Landsat8影像融合方法研究,探究大面积建成区提取对影像融合方法选择的影响。本文探究了Brovey变换,NNDiffusion,Gram-Schmidt(GS)法,PCA变换和小波变换(WT)等5种融合方法,利用融合影像结合"三指数法"提取建成区。结果表明:GS融合方法在光谱保持性方面具有较好的效果,各项评价指标均占优,建成区提取精度达到85.66%和83.3%。     

土地覆盖的图像融合动态监测

近20年来,关于图像融合应用分析方法,如HIS,PCS,HPF,SFIM,SVR,Wavelet和Brovey等均有新的进展。本文主要是对不同时相的影像进行融合,如Brovey-融合法将不同时相的TM(1986年7月26日)和ETM+(2000年5月4日)的PAN波段影像进行融合,然后对其采用非监督分类和PCS分析,将两时相的土地覆盖变化区域提取出来。同时将两时相影像,用后分类法进行分类提取出变化区域。研究表明融合法具有快速、简便和准确的特点。     

Object-oriented Urban Dynamic Monitoring——A Case Study of Haidian District of Beijing

It is crucial to conduct the land use/cover research to obtain the global change information.Urban area is one of the most sensitive areas in land use/cover change.Therefore land use/cover change in urban areas is very im-portant in global change.It is vital to incorporate the information of urban land use/cover change into the process of decision-making about urban area development.In this paper,a new urban change detection approach,urban dynamic monitoring based on objects,is introduced.This approach includes four steps:1)producing multi-scale objects from multi-temporal remotely sensed images with spectrum,texture and context information;2)extracting possible changed objects adopting object-oriented classification;3)obtaining shared objects as the basic units for urban change detection;4)determining the threshold to segment the changed objects from the possible changed objects using Otsu method.In this paper,the object-based approach was applied to detecting the urban expansion in Haidian District,Beijing,China with two Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)data in 1997 and 2004.The results indicated that the overall accuracy was about 84.83%,and Kappa about 0.785.Compared with other conventional approaches,the object-based approach was advantageous in reducing the error accumulation of image classification of each datum and in independence to the radiometric correction and image registration accuracy.     

基于地学知识的大尺度土地利用/土地覆盖精细化分类方法研究

人类活动对生态环境具有显著影响,大尺度土地利用/覆盖变化（Land Use/Cover Change,LUCC）作为人类活动最直接的表征,能够很好地反映这一过程,因此进行精确而迅速的大尺度土地利用/覆盖分类与提取方法研究尤为关键。全球覆盖产品GlobCover（2005/2006）数据已经具有良好的空间精度和数据准确度,但仍然存在一些分类误差。为提高地表覆被分类精度,本文以GlobCover（2005/2006）的巴西数据为例,以2005年Landsat TM/ETM影像为主要信息源,结合相应地学知识与辅助数据,利用人机交互逐栅格修改方法得到2005年土地利用数据产品。结果表明：通过对GlobCover数据和本次成果数据进行精度评价与对比分析,GlobCover数据巴西地区的总体精度为67.17%,Kappa系数为0.58,改进后产品总体精度为93.39%,Kappa系数为0.91。此外,改进后数据显示巴西常绿阔叶林面积最大,面积比例达45.67%;农地/自然植被镶嵌面积次之,比例为19.19%;封闭灌丛面积最小,比例为12.34%。农地/自然植被镶嵌和灌丛与草地2种地类的修改比例最大,其中混合像元地类比例减少3.54%,灌丛与草地比例增加3.81%。综上,改进方法可以有效地提高土地利用/覆盖分类的效率和精度,为后续大尺度LUCC产品的制作和以LUCC产品为基础的相关研究提供参考。     

Remote sensing classification of western Sierra Leone using landsat TM and ETM +

The study examines the changes of land cover/use resources for the period under investigation.An unsupervised vegetation classification is being performed that provides five distinctive classes and thus assesses these changes in five broad land cover classes-high/moist forests,forest regrowth,mixed savanna,bare land/ grass and water.The remote sensing images used in this work are both images of TM and ETM+in different time periods(1986 to 2001)to determine land cover/use changes.A fairly accuracy report is recorded after performing the unsupervised classification,which shows vegetation has been depleted for over the years.Changes created are mostly human and to a lesser extent environment.Human activities are mainly encroachment thus altering the landscape through activities such as population growth,agriculture,settlements,etc.and environment due to some perceive climatic changes.This vegetation classification highlights the importance to acquire and publish information about the country’s partial vegetation cover and vegetation change including vegetation maps and other basic vegetation influencing factors,leading to an understanding of its evolution for a period.     

Combining spectral with texture features into object-oriented classification in mountainous terrain using advanced land observing satellite image

Most existing classification studies use spectral information and those were adequate for cities or plains.This paper explores classification method suitable for the ALOS(Advanced Land Observing Satellite) in mountainous terrain.Mountainous terrain mapping using ALOS image faces numerous challenges.These include spectral confusion with other land cover features,topographic effects on spectral signatures(such as shadow).At first,topographic radiometric correction was carried out to remove the illumination effects of topography.In addition to spectral features,texture features were used to assist classification in this paper.And texture features extracted based on GLCM(Gray Level Cooccurrence Matrix) were not only used for segmentation,but also used for building rules.The performance of the method was evaluated and compared with Maximum Likelihood Classification(MLC).Results showed that the object-oriented method integrating spectral and texture features has achieved overall accuracy of 85.73% with a kappa coefficient of 0.824,which is 13.48% and 0.145 respectively higher than that got by MLC method.It indicated that texture features can significantly improve overall accuracy,kappa coefficient,and the classification precision of existing spectrum confusion features.Object-oriented method Integrating spectral and texture features is suitable for land use extraction of ALOS image in mountainous terrain.     

基于ASTER图像和地形因子的岩性单元分类——以新疆木垒地区为例

利用遥感图像进行岩性分类,是遥感地质应用的重要方面之一.本文运用ASTER DEM提取地形因子,并与原始的光谱图像相结合用于遥感图像的岩性单元分类.文章分析了不同尺度的地形因子对岩性单元分类的作用,并进一步分析和比较各种地形因子对岩性单元分类的作用.结果表明,在岩性单元分类过程中加入不同的地形因子可不同程度地提高岩性单...     

DMC数据在土地利用动态监测中的应用分析——以北京市大兴区为例

近年来北京市发展迅速,土地利用变化显著,大兴区尤为明显。本文利用大兴区的4期TM影像和1期DMC数据为数据源,采用全数字人机交互判读对影像进行了分析和判读,得到不同时期的大兴区的土地利用图,对大兴区近20年来的土地利用变化进行了监测。以TM影像的判读结果为基准,对DMC数据用于土地利用动态监测中的应用进行分析。     

THE DRIVING FORCES OF LAND USE/COVER CHANGE INTHE UPSTREAM AREA OF THE NENJIANG RIVER

IINTRODUCTION niques in China（ZHANG。t al，1999； CHEN et al，2000b）．Since the early 1990s，he acceleration of land With its abundant forest，land and water re－use／cover change（LUL乙）has spurred renewed con－sources，the area of the Nenjlang River valley Is one ofcerns about the role ofland use change Indrlvingmany the lmpoFtant lumber products and commodity grainenvironmental problems．Research on the causes and ba…     

面向对象的高分辨率遥感影像分割分类评价指标

由于总体精度或Kappa系数的遥感影像分割/分类评价指标,对影像分割图斑的几何形状等真实结构未能有效刻画,不能有效体现面向对象处理中边缘像元的真实分割/分类效果。本文基于分割对象的几何结构,提出了5个面向对象的高分辨率遥感影像分割/分类精度评价指标:过分割、欠分割、边缘匹配、分割块数,以及形状误差,并在IDL平台实现了一个面向对象影像分析与评价的原型系统。通过对福州市QuickBird影像的Meanshift分割评价,证实了其指标能够刻画出分割对象的深层结构,并符合地物对象分割/分类的真实分布。实验还表明,该评价指标在确定分割算法的参数方面具有重要的应用价值。     

Land cover change detection in West Jilin using ETM+ images

In order to assess the information content and accuracy ofLandsat ETM+ digital images in land cover change detection,change-detection techniques of image differencing,normalized difference vegetation index,principal components analysis and tasseled-cap transformation were applied to yield 13 images. These images were thresholded into change and no change areas. The thresholded images were then checked in terms of various accuracies. The experiment results show that kappa coefficients of the 13 images range from 48.05 ～78.09. Different images do detect different types of changes. Images associated with changes in the near-infrared-reflectance or greenness detects crop-type changes and changes between vegetative and non-vegetative features. A unique means of using only Landsat imagery without reference data for the assessment of change in arid land are presented. Images of 12th June, 2000 and 2nd June, 2002 are used to validate the means. Analyses of standard accuracy and spatial agreement are performed to compare the new images (hereafter called "change images" ) representing the change between the two dates. Spatial agreement evaluates the conformity in the classified "change pixels" and "no-change pixels" at the same location on different change images and comprehensively examines the different techniques. This method would enable authorities to monitor land degradation efficiently and accurately.     

亚像元制图适应性分析与评价——以天津市津南区和北京市海淀区土地覆被制图为例

亚像元制图作为一种降尺度分类方法,可利用低分辨率影像获取高分辨率分类图。本文旨在探讨亚像元制图的降尺度分类结果与高分辨率影像分类精度和分类特征上的一致性。实验以天津市津南区和北京市海淀区为研究区,分别对中空间分辨率影像（TM或HJ）进行亚像元制图和对高空间分辨率影像（ALOS或ZY）进行硬分类得到相同空间分辨率的分类结果,从绝对精度、相对精度、空间结构和空间格局上,对2幅分类结果进行分析和评价。实验结果显示：（1）分类精度上,TM和HJ影像的亚像元制图结果,以地面验证样本为参考的绝对总体精度分别为84%和82%,以高分辨率影像（ALOS和ZY影像）硬分类结果,为参考的相对总体精度分别为82%和77%;（2）分类特征上,中空间分辨率影像亚像元制图结果的空间相关性较强、斑块数量较少、聚集度较高,但与高分辨率影像分类结果的总体结构相似,各类别的面积比例基本一致。因此,亚像元制图结果在分类精度和分类特征上与高空间分辨率影像分类结果具有较强的一致性,在缺少高分辨率土地覆被制图时,可将亚像元制图获取的降尺度分类图作为替代数据。     

黑河流域中游地区作物种植结构的遥感提取

及时、准确地获取农作物种植结构对区域水资源管理与作物产量估测等具有重要意义。随着对通过遥感手段获得作物种植结构的深入研究,如何优选遥感数据和分类器成为需要重点考虑的关键问题。针对黑河流域中游地区的作物分布与种植特点,提出一种基于多时相遥感影像与多分类器组合的作物种植结构提取方法。利用2018年18景16 m分辨率的GF-1 WFV影像,构建NDVI时间序列。根据NDVI时间序列表征的作物季相节律和物候变化规律特点,采用分层的策略,首先解译一级土地覆被类型,再解译二级土地覆被类型。一级土地覆被类型解译中,使用决策树分类方法先将NDVI特殊且易提取的水体进行解译,再使用面向对象分类方法通过分区将需借助NDVI纹理信息提取的建设用地进行解译,最后使用随机森林分类方法解译耕地、林地、草地、裸地和湿地。在对耕地的进一步分类中,使用决策树分类方法首先将具有特殊物候规律且易于区分的苜蓿类别解译出来,再将与其他类别物候差异较大的小麦解译,最后将物候相似的玉米、蔬菜及其他解译。黑河流域中游研究区内一级土地覆被分类总体精度为97.24%,卡帕系数为0.96;作物种植结构解译总体精度为86.58%,卡帕系数为0.80。此外,还分析了影响黑河流域中游研究区解译精度的4个因素：对土地覆被类别的定义、混合像元、影像分割时基础影像的选择以及分类方法的选择。通过对不同分类方法的比较发现,与仅使用最大似然分类方法、支持向量机分类方法或随机森林分类方法相比,本文提出方法的解译结果更好,解译精度更高。     

随机森林方法支持的复杂地形区土地利用/土地覆被分类研究

随机森林方法目前已经成为遥感分类机器学习中一种有效方法,探索基于中等分辨率的Landsat卫星数据与随机森林方法相结合对复杂地形区长时间序列数据的获取及土地利用/土地覆被变化及模拟研究是非常有意义的。本文基于Landsat8OLI卫星多光谱数据,采用随机森林分类方法对青海省湟水流域复杂地形区土地利用类型进行了分类研究。针对复杂地形区域的情况,将研究区进行地理分区,根据每个分区的特点,选择相应的地形特征参数,并通过提取Landsat 8数据的光谱信息与纹理信息构建最优特征集,探索随机森林方法在复杂地形区土地利用分类的适用性。结果表明：使用Landsat8OLI数据进行随机森林分类,能较好地得到湟水流域复杂地形区域的土地利用类型结果;光谱、地形及纹理信息的结合在不同分区的表现结果不同。在脑山区光谱与地形信息结合能使随机森林分类效果最佳,总体精度达到91.33%,Kappa系数为0.886;而在浅山区与川水区综合考虑光谱、地形、纹理信息进行随机森林分类效果最佳,浅山区与川水区总体精度分别达到92.09%和87.85%,Kappa系数分别为0.902和0.859;利用随机森林算法进行优化选择纹理特征组合可以在保证分类精度的同时能够快速地提取土地利用类型信息,为复杂地形区土地利用类型的区分提供了实际可行的方法。     

小波变换与FCM聚类的QuickBird影像特征空间识别分析

遥感影像分类是应用遥感影像进行地学分析等其他应用的重要准备工作,它的精度将直接影响到后续的分析工作。纹理特征对于提高高分辨率遥感影像的分类精度具有重要意义,小波变换的"时-频"分析方法在遥感影像纹理分析方面有着独特的优势。本文采用QuickBird影像,利用小波分解得到影像的纹理特征,结合光谱响应值组成特征空间,再利用模糊C均值聚类方法对影像进行分类。实验结果显示:加入了纹理特征的影像分类精度有所提高,同时,同一类地物的内部均一性有所改善。小波分析对于细微纹理特征的提取效果比粗纹理要好。     

生态环境遥感分类数据矢量化方法与应用

遥感分类数据矢量化建库是生态环境遥感制图及其应用分析过程中主要的处理内容和基础工作。以福建省海岸带生态环境遥感分类数据为例 ,在分析遥感图像处理系统对遥感分类和专题信息提取后处理中矢量化能力不足和结果存在严重缺陷的基础上 ,综合应用遥感和地理信息基础软件平台 ,提供的系列数据管理、分析和数据转换功能模块 ,开展基于生态环境遥感影像分类数据的矢量化建库技术探讨 ,提出一个生态环境遥感分类数据矢量化建库的通用技术方法和流程 ,并对矢量化结果做了一个简要的评价和分析 ,以满足大面积生态环境遥感调查、分析和制图的实际需要。     

SOME KEY ISSUES ON THE APPLICATION OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING TO MINING AREAS

In order to apply Satellite Remote Sensing(RS) to minig areas,some key issues should be solved,Based on an introduction to relative studying background,related key issues are propsed and analyzed oriented to the devel-opment of RS information science and demands of mining aress ,Band selection and combination optimization of Landsat TM is discussed firstly,and it proved that the combination of Band 3 ,Band 4 and Band 5 has the largest informaiton amount in all three-band combination schemes by both N-dimensional entropy method and Genetic Algorithm(GA) ,After that the filtering of Radarsat image is disccussed ,Different filtering methods are experimented and compared,and adaptive methods are more efficient than others,Finally the classification of Satellite RS image is studied,and some new methods including classification by improved BPNN (Back Propagation Neural Network) and classification based on GIS and knowledge anre propsed.