冠瘤海鞘同种群聚的化学诱因初步研究

研究了不同浓度的冠瘤海鞘成体被囊萃取物和幼体萃取物及不同的幼体密度对冠瘤海鞘(Styela canopus)幼体附着和变态的影响.结果表明,冠瘤海鞘被囊萃取物和幼体萃取物在5%和10%的浓度下均促进冠瘤海鞘幼体的附着和变态,但被囊萃取物的诱导效果明显强于幼体萃取物;幼体密度高于25只/cm3时,促进冠瘤海鞘幼体的附着和变态;幼体密度低于10只/cm3时,幼体的附着和变态不受密度影响.这些结果提示海区中冠瘤海鞘的同种群聚可能与其被囊或幼体内含诱导幼体附着和变态的化学因子有关.     

冠瘤海鞘幼体附着和变态的离子控制

研究了人工海水中三种金属离子K+,Mg2+和Ca2+分别在不同浓度下对冠瘤海鞘(Styelaca nopusSavigny)幼体附着和变态的影响,同时采用K+通道阻滞剂TEA检验其可兴奋细胞膜上的K+通道特性,对冠瘤海鞘幼体附着和变态的离子控制机制进行初步探讨,结果表明:K+的浓度为20~40mmol/dm3时诱导幼体附着和变态的效果最佳,低于45 mmol/dm3和高于80mmol/dm3的K+浓度都表现出抑制效果;Mg2+浓度在0~32 mmol/dm3时显著促进幼体附着和变态,达88mmol/dm3时起抑制作用;在人工海水中无论添加或减少Ca2+,均有效抑制幼体变态.TEA不能阻抑增加K+的诱导作用,这表明冠瘤海鞘幼体可兴奋细胞膜上的K+通道对外部TEA不敏感.另外,人工海水中缺乏K+或Ca2+或K+浓度达80mmol/dm3都会对冠瘤海鞘幼体产生毒害作用.     

海洋附着细菌对冠瘤海鞘幼体附着和变态的影响

从冠瘤海鞘、皱瘤海鞘及乳突皮海鞘的被囊表面及其附着基和附近的海水中分离到290株细菌,根据其形态和生理生化特征,将其鉴定至弧菌属、肠杆菌属和无色杆菌属等10个属.分析海鞘被囊表面及其附着基和海水中的细菌组成,并从各属中挑出的29株细菌中分离筛选出附着能力较强的9株.将这9株细菌分别制成不同的单种细菌黏膜及9种细菌混合黏膜,检测细菌黏膜对冠瘤海鞘幼体附着和变态的影响.结果表明不同细菌黏膜对冠瘤海鞘幼体的附着和变态起不同的作用.无色杆菌属H-13显著地促进海鞘的附着和变态;弧菌属的H-4对海鞘的附着和变态均起抑制作用;弧菌属H-9明显地促进附着却强烈抑制海鞘幼体变态;其余细菌仅仅对海鞘幼体附着或变态的一个过程起作用或是对两者都没有明显效果.     

方格星虫胚胎与幼体发育的研究

研究了方格星虫Sipunculus nudus胚胎与幼体发育。实验用亲虫于1999—2001年每年的5—8月分别采自北海市白虎头、大冠沙及高德海区。用人工授精法获得胚胎，用自然受精法获得幼体并观察其发育状况。研究表明，在25℃水温下，从受精卵到孵化出海球幼体(Pelagosphericlanra)，胚胎发育需50—52h；在水温28—29℃下，需38—40h。在水温28—29℃下，从初孵出的海球幼体到附着变态期幼体，需13—15d。附着幼体经过7—10d发育后才完成变态，成为稚虫。     

水温和盐度对皱纹盘鲍“97”选群第6代变态及变态幼体生长存活的影响

采用室内受控方法研究了水温(14、16、18、20、22、24、26和28℃)和盐度(22、24、26、28、30、32、34、36、38和40)对皱纹盘鲍变态及变态幼体生长存活的影响。结果表明,水温对变态率、变态幼体存活率和生长率的影响极显著(P0.01)。14~28℃条件下,随着水温的升高,幼体变态率、变态幼体存活率和生长率均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。24℃时变态率最高,为86.05%;18℃时,变态幼体存活率最高,为96.00%;26℃时,投苗6 d内的壳长、壳宽生长率最大,分别为48.49μm/d和43.81μm/d;投苗15 d内的壳长、壳宽生长率最大,分别为68.06μm/d和59.69μm/d。盐度对皱纹盘鲍变态率及变态幼体生长率的影响极显著(P0.01),对幼体存活率却无显著影响(P0.05)。22~40盐度条件下,幼体变态率先升高后降低,于32达最大值,为79.23%;变态的盐度下限为22,该盐度下仅有2.21%的个体能够完成变态。26~40条件下,变态幼体存活率均高达85%以上;随着盐度的升高,变态幼体生长率先升高后降低。投苗6 d内壳长、壳宽生长率均于34达最大值,分别为32.03μm/d和25.20μm/d;投苗15 d内壳长、壳宽生长率分别于34和32达最大值,为43.03μm/d和39.00μm/d。     

盐碱地中华绒螯蟹育苗水质调配技术的研究

研究了地下卤水中Na^ ／K^ 对中华绒螫蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼体生长发育的影响以及幼体对人工海水盐度的适应性。结果表明：随着地下卤水中Na^ ／K^ 的降低，中华绒螫蟹幼体存活率、变态率和体质量增长率逐渐升高，当地下卤水中的Na^ ／K^ 低于18、6时，中华绒螯蟹幼体的存活率、变态率和体质量增长率与海水对照相比差异不显著；人工海水盐度梯度设置为18～26，Z1→Z2、Z3→Z4、Z5→M各阶段不同处理组幼体存活率和体质量增长率差异显著，而变态率差异基本不显著，各阶段的最适盐度分别为20，22和20。     

罗氏沼虾仔虾及蚤状Ⅺ期幼体对盐度突变的适应试验

本文试验了罗氏沼虾仔虾及Z11期幼体对盐度突变的适应能力。试验结果表明,0．82cm的仔虾由盐度10．8‰放入淡水中及0．98cm的仔虾由淡水直接放放20‰以下盐度水中培育,对虾仔的成活影响不明显;Z11期幼体由盈度17‰直接放入7—17‰盐度水中和由盐度10．8‰放入4—10．8％盐度水中以及淡化后第二天由淡水直接放入17‰盐度水中培育,对幼体的成活率无明显影响,幼体能正常蜕皮变态。     

罗氏沼虾及叉状XI期幼体对盐度突变的适应试验

本文试验了罗氏沼虾仔虾及Ｚ１１期幼体对盐度突变的适应能力。试验结果表明，０．８２ｃｍ的仔虾由盐度１０．８‰放入淡水及０．９８ｃｍ的卫虾由淡水直接放放２０‰以下盐度水中培育，对虾仔的成活影响不明显；Ｚ１１期幼体由盐度１７‰直接放入７－１７‰盐度水中和由盐度１０．８‰放入４－１０．８％盐度水中以及淡化后第二天由淡水直接放入１７‰ 盐度水中培育，对幼体的成活率无明显影响，幼体能正常蜕皮变态。     

国外对藤壶幼体附着的研究进展

藤壶的幼虫时期经历了一系列的变态 :浮游 ,无节幼体 ,腺介幼体。腺介幼体是一种特殊的幼体形式 ,它无须摄食 ,此阶段仅仅是为了选择附着、变态的适宜地方。游泳着的腺介幼虫被流动的水流牵引附着到底质上 ,它们开始用其小触角运动。这种附着是可逆的。如果幼体不变态 ,它们能重新恢复游泳阶段 ,因为它们还保留着游泳的能力。一旦幼体附着 ,腺介幼虫便开始探查它所附着底质的各方面的理化性质。腺介幼虫以有规律的“步伐”在底质表面上运动 ,运动的距离一般较短 ,且每一步都很少改变方向或停止。当幼虫找到适宜的附着物后 ,从其第一触角第三…     

人工诱导物影响海洋无脊椎动物幼体附着变态的研究

许多海洋无脊椎动物在变成附着成体之前,有一个浮游幼体阶段。幼体的浮游生活短则几分钟。长达数月。一般来说,海洋无脊椎动物幼体的附着变态主要由外界环境因子和内源性因子控制,特别是外界环境因子对许多海洋无脊椎动物的幼体附着和变态起着极为重要的作用。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.