Landscape ecological construction and biodiversity protection

Ｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｂｙａＧｅｒｍａｎｎａｍｅｄＣ．Ｔｒｏｌｌｉｎ１９３９,ｗｅｎｔｔｏｒｅｓｕｒｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅ１９８０ｓａｆｔｅｒｈａｖｉｎｇｗａｖｅｒｅｄｆｏｒｏｖｅｒｆｏｒｔｙｙｅａｒｓ,ａｎｄｎｏｗｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ,ｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｅｄａｎｄｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｃｒｏｓｓｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎｅ．Ｉｎｔｈｅ２１ｓｔｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ,ｔｈｅｓｏｃｉａｌｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｗｉｌｌｂｅｔｈｅｍａｊｏ…     

Characteristics and construction of landscape ecology in arid regions

Ｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｙｉｓａｎｅｗｉｎｔｅｒｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎａｒｙｓｃｉ ｅｎｃｅｄｅａｌｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｓｐａｔｉａｌｐａｔ ｔｅｒｎｓａｎｄｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ.Ｔｈｅａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｔｅｒｒｉｔｏ ｒｉｅｓｏｆｈｕｍａｎｓｃａｌｅｏｒｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄａｓｔｈｅｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅｏｆｓｐａｔｉａｌｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｉｔ…     

SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOOD AND ECOLOGICAL SHELTER CONSTRUCTION IN UPPER REACHES OF CHANGJIANG RIVER ——Case Study of Zhaotong of Yunnan Province

1INTRODUCTION Ecological shelter construction (ESC) in the upper reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River has been an important component of Development Program of West- ern China. In recent years, most of the literatures dis- cussing the meanings and goals of ESC have been fo- cused on the macro-level, and the scholars have concep- tualized it as a comprehensive strategy to promote the sustainable development of regional economy, society and environment, in which forestry's construc…     

THE LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL ，ASSESSMENT AND PLANNING IN THE CONTOL WATERSHED BY RESERVOIR OF ERLKONG MOUNTAIN

Based on the theories of landscape ecology,landscape eco-environment in the coutrol watershed by reser-voir of Erlong Mountain in Heilogjiang Province was analyzed and assessed by using GIS technique and statistical model of Principal Component Analysis and Spatial Cluster Analysis.It is found that 100.08km^2(36%) of the total area is in the state of kilter,85.73km^2(31%) of the total area is in the state of general,and 47.26km^2(17%) and 15.48km^2(16%) is in the relatively poor state and ideal state.According to landscape ecological structure,there are three land-scape function areas being planned and designed.1) Agricultural landscape function area:its developmental direction is tour agriculture and high-benefit agriculture.2)Eco-environment protected function area:the direction of development and utilization of this region is to develop vigorously forest for soil and water conservation ,and try to increase the rate of vegetation cover.3)Forest landscape function area:rational cut and utilization of forest resources,space optimization disposal of category of forest ,foster of forest and protection of wildwood will become the main development directions for this region.This study trys to provide scientific foundation for ecological restoration of the whole valley and its sustain-able development.     

New rural spaces: The impact of rural industrialization on rural-urban transition in China

lINTRoDUCnONSincethelatel98os,rural-urbantransitionhasbeenbecomingoneofthemostimportantaspectsinChina'sfasttransformationfromtraditionaltomodes(ZHENG,l996).Becausethistransitionhastakenplaceurderthespecialbackgnundofthesimultaneoustransformationsofthesocial-economicstructuresandtheeconomicsystem,thereexistmanyparticularitiesinthetransitionalprocessesandfactors.Amongthem,ruralindustrializaionwithraPidgrowthhasbeenplayingaleadingrole.Inthispaper,wewanttodiscusstheim-pactsofrUralindustrial…     

Spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of rural area development in eastern coastal China

The aim of this study is to evaluate the current state of rural area development at the county level in the eastern coastal China. An evaluation index system including 18 factors was developed, and a rural development index (RDI) was constructed to evaluate rural development state in 2000, 2004, and 2008. The quantitative evaluation indicated the following results. 1) This study derived four dominating components by means of principal component analysis, which can explain 78.2% of the total information, namely agricultural production input, the basic condition of agriculture, the comparative effectiveness of grain production, and the household′s own basic conditions. 2) Since the turn of the new millennium, the rural area in the eastern coastal China has experienced a rapid development in general. Well developed, developed, moderately developed and undeveloped rural areas respectively occupied 29.32%, 22.33%, 21.91%, and 10.51% in 2008. 3) The countryside had maintained a sound momentum of developing trend between 2000 and 2008, while the rural development in the eastern coastal China lacked sustainability. And 4) industrialization, urbanization, original economic basis, and location are four major driving forces of the disparity of rural area development in the eastern coastal China. Given these results, the strategies and policies for the improvement of each rural group were put forward.     

Establishment of rural housing land standard in China

On the basis of rural household survey in 12 provinces of China in 2005,this research built an econometrical model to find the area standard for rural housing land.This standard is expected to facilitate rural housing land administration,efficient and intensive housing land use and policy making.This research concludes:1) according to the household survey data,the average area for rural housing land in China is about 235.26 m 2,and the rural housing land mainly includes unused land(42.89%) and house construction land(37.76%) with the average floor-area ratio of 0.42;2) the indexes in the standard concern the factors such as location,landform,house form,household population and cultivated land area per farmer,which all have significant effects on rural housing land use;3) the reasonable area for rural housing land may be 150 m 2 in average before 2020,and the referential standards in different provinces are 120 m 2,130 m 2,140m 2,150 m 2,160 m 2,170 m 2,190 m 2,200 m 2,210 m 2,220 m 2,230 m 2 and 250 m 2 respectively;and 4) if there are less than two persons or more than five persons in a family,these standards need to be decreased or increased by 7%.When the cultivated land area per farmer is lower than the provincial average,the standards have to reduce by 3.5%.     

公路建设生态环评编制问题分析

从评价工作等级、评价范围等方面明确公路建设生态环评编制中易忽略的几个问题，籍为提高环评大纲及报告书编制质量有所裨益。     

De-farming and ecological restoration in the loess hilly-gully region in northern China

Introduction In a long history of land use and exploration, in order to meet the demand of quickly increasing population for food supplies, China has accumu- lated many successful and unsuccessful experience- es in promoting economic development by using …     

Land use regionalization of rural settlements in China

This paper compartmentalizes regional land use of rural settlements in China by employing a hierarchical clustering method.The statistic data are sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics of China(NBSC) and the data of land use change from the Ministry of Land and Resources of China(MLRC).The population of rural settlement decreases from the southeast to the northwest of China and the density of rural settlement decreases from the east to the west of China.Land-use scale of rural settlement,the proportion of one-storey houses and the average household area decrease from the north to the south of China.The ratio of area of cultivated land to rural settlement is high in the northeast and southwest of China but low in the southeast of China.The land use regionalization of rural settlement can be divided into four regions,namely:the northern region of China,Qinghai-Tibet,Yunnan-Guizhou,and the middle and eastern region of China.The northern region of China and the middle and eastern region of China can be further divided into nine sub-regions:Xinjiang,Northeast China,Ningxia and Inner Mongolia,North China,the south of the Changjiang(Yantze) River and Sichuan Basin,Jiangsu-Shanghai,South China,the Loess Plateau,and Guangxi.In consideration of the significant regional differences,it is proposed that different policies should be implemented regarding the utilization and management of rural settlements.     

THE CONSTRUCTION AND ITS DEVELOPMENT OFTHE OVERSEAS TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN NORTHEAST CHINA

ＴＨＥＣＯＮＳＴＲＵＣＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＩＴＳＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＯＦＴＨＥＯＶＥＲＳＥＡＳＴＲＡＮＳＰＯＲＴＳＹＳＴＥＭＩＮＮＯＲＴＨＥＡＳＴＣＨＩＮＡＧａｏＳｈａｌｉ（高莎丽）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＮｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔＮｏｒｍ...     

解读山水画理论的成熟形态——《画山水序》和《叙画》

山水画乃中国绘画之大宗,山水画理论也是中国学术史的重要组成内容。中华美学精神形之于绘画,也以体现在山水画上最为清晰。山水画历史久远,它产生于魏晋六朝时期,而宗炳的《画山水序》和王微的《叙画》两部山水画理论也产生在同时期,它的出现对前汉后唐两个时代艺术的总结和开拓起了转折与通筋舒络的作用,以自己鲜明的艺术特色丰富了早期的中国美术史,并对后世中国画和画论的发展产生了直接影响。     

Assessing benthic ecological status in stressed Liaodong Bay (China) with AMBI and M-AMBI

Rapid economic development in recent decades has resulted in environmental degradation of Liaodong Bay, North China, where eutrophication is becoming more evident because of excess nutrients inputs. To assess the benthic ecological status in Liaodong Bay, AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) and multivariate-AMBI (M-AMBI) were applied using both benthic macroinvertebrate density and biomass data collected from Liaodong Bay in July 2007. This first application of AMBI and M-AMBI in Liaodong Bay showed that the nearshore areas of the bay, especially near river estuaries, were severely disturbed, with a clear gradient of disturbance decreasing seaward. Ecological status assessed from density and biomass data was quite similar. Significant relationships were also found between both indices and environmental variables in Liaodong Bay. Moreover, the spatial distributions of both AMBI and M-AMBI matched those of plotted eutrophication indices (EI) in the surface water layer, and significant linear correlations were found between both benthic indices and EI. In general, both AMBI and M-AMBI worked well on assessing the ecological status of Liaodong Bay under eutrophication stress due to excess nutrients inputs.     

Land-use change and socio-economic driving forces of rural settlement in China from 1996 to 2005

While urbanization has accelerated, the rural population in China has started decreasing in recent years. However, the expan- sion of rural settlement has not been sufficiently curbed. The questions of why this has happened and who has driven the land-use change （LUC） of rural settlement in China have aroused great interests among researchers. In this paper, it is suggested that population is not always a positive driving force for the LUC of rural settlement in China. Furthermore, socio-economic driving forces other than urbanization, population and industrialization are analyzed. On a national scale, the major driving forces are the per-capita rural housing area and the cultivated land area. On a regional scale, the main driving forces in the eastern China are the house-building capacity of rural households and the per-capita rural housing area; while in the central China, the main driving forces are rural housing investment, the proportion of primary industry employees in the rural working population, and the cultivated land area. For the western China, the main driving forces are rural register population and cultivated land area.     

THE ECOLOGICAL FEATURES AND ECOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF A MIRE IN CHINA

A mire as an ecosystem, usually is considered as an aquatic ecosystem,or a terrestrial ecosystem. The author thinks that mire is a special ecosystem between these two ecosystems, and proposes the new concept that a mire is a natural ecosystem with transitional nature of semi-water and semi-land formed by water and land interaction. The paper discusses the nature of the mire ecosystem, the exploitation and utilization and ecological construction of a mire.     

中国自然景观综合信息图谱研究

地学图谱是用可视化形式 ,有规律的图形来表现空间信息 ,地学信息图谱是计算机化的地学图谱 ,是地图可视化的一种新形式。中国自然景观综合信息图谱是地学信息图谱研究的一个重要内容。本文首先介绍了自然景观信息图谱的基本概念 ;然后探讨中国自然景观综合信息图谱设计与提炼的技术路线 ,以及中国自然景观综合信息图谱与自然景观单要素信息图谱的提炼方法 ,并给出具体实例 ;最后简要介绍了中国自然景观综合信息图谱信息系统的研制。通过对中国自然景观综合信息图谱的设计与提炼 ,探讨了地学信息图谱的研究思路和技术路线 ,为地学信息图谱的进一步研究 ,提供了可借鉴的方法。     

再造西北地区山川秀美是可实现的千秋伟业

依据再造西北地区山川秀美项目所获得的成果和认识,回顾了西北地区再造山川秀美的历史及其理论认识的发展,进而介绍了这一重大项目在试验示范方面所取得的重要成果——大量试验区的建立(即模式的建立)。这些模式分布在陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆等省区的典型地域,包括黄土高原、沙漠、戈壁、绿洲、草地、荒漠以及江河源区等,并对这些具有代表性的模式作了论述,介绍了其建立过程、关键技术、功能效益、适用地域等。基于理论与实践的结合,证明再造西北地区山川秀美具有有力的科技支撑和广大群众基础,是可实现的千秋伟业。最后,对进一步推进再造山川秀美提出了建议。     

STUDY OF RURAL TOURISM IN TURPAN, CHINA

~~STUDY OF RURAL TOURISM IN TURPAN ,CHINA@KEYIM Parhad$Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, P. R. China; The Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. ChinaBRAMWELL B, LANE B,…     

Spatial Strategy for Quality Labor in Rural Development - A Case Study of Jiangsu Province, China

This study examines the issue of high-quality labor in rural enterprises of China. It develops a spatial strategy which consists of two dimensions： geographical space and administrative space. Different combinations of these two dimensions form a variety of approaches such as local internalization, local externalization, regional/national internalization, and regional/national externalization. In the local internalization approach, rural enterprises hire such high-quality labor and ask them to work on site, while in the local externalization approach, rural enterprises seek help from employees working in other local enterprises. In the regional/national internalization approach, rural enterprises set up research and development centers in big cities to take advantages of the high-quality labor pool there. Finally in the regional/national externalization approach, rural enterprises hire people from big cities on temporary contracts. Three approaches, hiring retired technical workers, shuttling between the rural site and country seats, and setting up R＆D centers in big cities are demonstrated through cases in Zhangjiagang, a leading county-level city in the southern Jiangsu Province. It is argued that rural enterprises need to broaden their perspectives of administrative space and geographical space and think creatively to deal with the shortage of quality labor in rural settings.     

陕西省西安市景观水资源及其深度开发

通过开展"八水绕长安"深化研究,旨在改善城市生态和人居环境,将陕西省西安市建设成绿水青山交相辉映的生态文明城市。首先阐明了景观水资源深度开发的含义,然后参考陕西省西安市汉城湖和昆明池的实践经验研讨如何进行景观水资源的深度开发。深度开发主要包括:确保景观水资源的水安全;水景观的创新性与独特性;深入发掘历史文化,注重水文化因素的导入;实施综合开发;坚持以人为本及人水和谐的思想。深度开发的具体建议有确保水安全、绕城水景点连网、深化景观水资源的功能、景观水资源与历史遗迹的结合以及景观水资源与绿化的结合。