Analysis of biological geochemistry of chemical elements in Betula ermanii forest in Changbai mountains, China

Based on catalogue of biology and geochemistry of chemical elements, content characteristics and variation law of the large nutrient elements, the needful trace elements, the uncertain needful elements, the non-needful elements and the toxic elements in Betula ermanii trees are analyzed. The result shows that the content of the large nutrient elements in Betula ermanii trees is higher than that of other kinds of element; the contents of all kinds of elements in foliage with vigorous metabolism are higher than those in other parts; the content variations of the large nutrient elements and the needful trace elements with similar chemical property, geochemical property and biological function in different parts of Betula ermanii trees show the similar laws; but the other three kinds of elements variations are without laws. It is indicated that the variation of the needful elements in the plant follows a certain law, they are in relative equilibrium under undisturbed condition. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the Natural Science Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: LIU Jing-shuang(1956 -), male, a native of Jilin Province, professor, doctor tutor. His research interest includes environment science. E-mail: liujingshuang@mail.ccig.ac.cn     

A study on element-stratigraphy of Okinawa Trough

Regular distribution patterns of elements Ca, Sr, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ti, Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, Rb, Ba, Cd, and U in Late Quaternary strata have been studied in detail. The regional variation patterns of elements in these strata are similar to those in recent surface sediments, showing that the sedimentary environment has been relatively stable since Late Quaternary. Element distribution changes with the variations of lithological characters. Contents of Ca and Sr increase in coarse sediments, while those of other elements decrease. Na content increases in the pumice layer. Mn, content tends to increase sharply towards the surface layer. Ca content decreases sharply in strata where water depth is more than 2,000 m. The strata can be divided based on the distribution curves of element assemblages. The variations in contents of most elements in Holocene Series are smaller than those in Late Pleistocene Series, which might be related to the factors of glacial and interglacial changes, sea level fluctuations and material source differences. Contribution No. 1488 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

青海省石灰沟地区水系沉积物测量地球化学特征及找矿预测

通过在青海省都兰县石灰沟地区开展的1:50 000水系沉积物测量工作，运用元素的变化系数、元素富集离散特征、叠加系数对石灰沟地区水系沉积物测量的10种微量元素进行地球化学统计分析，论述了10种微量元素的成矿潜力，得出Au、Cu、Pb、Zn这4种微量元素具有较大的成矿潜力，并通过相关分析、因子分析确立了测区内元素组合特征，共划分了3组成矿元素组合（Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn，Au-As-Sb，W-Bi-Hg）。通过衬值异常法圈定组合异常显示:研究区组合异常明显，异常套合较好。最后，根据组合衬值异常套合结果，在研究区优选了3处金铜铅锌多金属找矿靶区（A，B，C）。      

Geochemical features of sulfides from the Deyin-1 hydrothermal field at the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15°S

In this study, geochemical compositions of elements in sulfide samples collected from the Deyin-1 hydrothermal field near the 15°S southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (SMAR) were analyzed by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to examine the enrichment regulations of ore-forming elements and hydrothermal mineralization. These sulfide precipitates can be classified macroscopically into three types: Fe-rich sulfide, Fe-Cu-rich sulfide and Fe-Zn-rich sulfide, and are characterized by the enrichment of base metal elements along with a sequence of Fe>Zn>Cu. Compared with sulfides from other hydrothermal fields on MAR, Zn concentrations of sulfides in the research area are significantly high, while Cu concentrations are relatively low. For all major, trace or rare-earth elements (REE), their concentrations and related characteristic parameters exhibit significant variations (up to one or two orders of magnitude), which indicates the sulfides from different hydrothermal vents or even a same station were formed at different stages of hydrothermal mineralization, and suggests the variations of chemical compositions of the hydrothermal fluid with respect to time. The hydrothermal temperatures of sulfides precipitation decreased gradually from station TVG10 (st.TVG10) to st.TVG12, and to st.TVG11, indicating that the precipitation of hydrothermal sulfides is subjected to conditions changed from high temperature to low temperature, and that the hydrothermal activity of study area was at the late stage of a general trend of evolution from strong to weak. The abnormally low concentrations of REE in sulfides and their similar chondrite-normalized REE patterns show that REEs in all sulfides were derived from a same source, but underwent different processes of migration or enrichment, or sulfides were formed at different stages of hydrothermal mineralization. The sulfides collected from the active hydrothermal vent were mainly attributed to precipitating directly from the hydrothermal fluid, while those collected from the extinct hydrothermal chimney might have already been altered by the seawater. Generally, ore-forming elements in the sulfides can be divided into three groups: Fe-based element group, Cu-based element group and Zn-based element group. The first group includes Fe, Mn, Cr, Mo, Sn, Rb and bio-enriching elements, such as P and Si, reflecting the similar characteristics to Fe in the study area. And the second group contains Cu, W, Co, Se, Te and Bi, suggesting the similar behavior with Cu. Moreover, the third group includes Zn, Hf, Hg, Cd, Ta, Ga, Pb, As, Ag, Ni and Sb, which indicates the geochemical characteristics of most dispersed trace elements controlled by Zn-bearing minerals to some extent.     

辽宁农作物的生物地球化学分类

根据А．П．维诺格拉多夫的动植物体化学组成分类方法,对辽宁省４５种农作物及其立地土壤中的５２种化学元素进行了定量分析测试后,采用双指标法将元素的含量与生物吸收系数各分成三个数值段,从而将辽宁主要农作物化学元素划分成最富集元素、富集元素、贫乏元素及最贫乏元素４种类型,并作出农作物化学元素分类表,然后再将其转变成农作物生物地球化学分类表。表中列出了５２种化学元素在各种农作物中的含量及其生物吸收系数组合,并由此将辽宁主要农作物分为元素最富集作物、元素富集作物、元素贫乏作物和元素最贫乏作物四类。根据农作物的生物地球化学分类,人们可以科学地调整农业种植结构,可以均衡人体营养结构。它不仅可以为环境质量监测提供指示植物标志而且对植物地球化学探矿也具有重要的参考价值。     

辽宁水系沉积物元素丰度及典型矿区地球化学特征

利用区域化探成果,论述和探讨了37种元素在辽宁省全域及各地质子区水系沉积物中的分布与分配特征及省内7种类Au、Cu、Pb、Zn典型矿区地球化学特征。研究结果表明:辽宁省景观地球化学标型元素是Al(强烈富集)和Ca(大量流失),出露地表的岩石以遭受化学风化作用为主;组成重砂矿物的微量元素(亲铜和亲铁元素)在水系沉积物中趋于富集;早前寒武纪变质岩石是Au、Cu、Pb、Zn、B元素最重要的矿源层,蓟县纪地层富含Au、As、Sb、Bi等元素,是寻找浸染型金矿的有利层位;排由楼金矿区元素组合特征与太古界相似,该区可能一直处于相对封闭体系。     

Study on Dissolved Trace Metals in Sea Surface Microlayer in Daya Bay

Glass-plate sampling during 1988- 1999 in Daya Bay and suitable corresponding analytical methods were used for the measurement of dissolved trace metals, dissolved organic carbon, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, salinity of the sea surface mierolayer and subsurface water. Apparent enrichment mechanism and diurnal variation have been revealed for dissolved trace metals in the microlayer in Daya Bay. The more dissolved organic matter was enriched in the sea surface microlayer, the more dissolved trace metals were enriched in the layer. The organic matter played an important role in the enrichment process. The diurnal variations of dissolved trace metals showed that their concentration was apparently inversely related to the tide activity that the concentration was low during rising tide, but high during falling tide. The behavior of dissolved trace metals expressed by the diurnal variation was clearly opposite to that of salinity.     

山东乐陵河口地区土壤质量评价与地力提升技术研究

以全国土地污染防治项目取得地球化学资料为依据,分析研究乐陵河口地区土壤化学元素特征,结果表明：土壤中一级营养元素有机质、氮、磷相对缺乏,钾含量富足;二级营养元素氧化钙、氧化镁相对缺乏,硫含量富足;其他有益微量元素氧化铁、锰、钼和硼均相对缺乏,氯含量丰富,基本不缺。土壤地力提升的主要障碍因素是土壤盐渍化和土壤重金属污染。根据土壤综合肥力评价结果,结合基础调查成果,提出了通过科学施肥、土壤障碍消除和重金属污染修复等地力提升措施,增强土壤肥力,变中、低产田为中、高产田;兴利除害,抑制土壤重金属元素的活性,降低风险,为高效优质农业的规划与发展提供技术支撑。     

济南市历城区典型土壤类型N、P、K养分元素的有效态分布特征

本文选择济南市历城区典型土壤中N、P、K 3种养分元素进行化学测试分析,对该地区的浅层土壤元素有效态地球化学背景值及在不同类型土壤中的分布特征进行研究。研究结果表明:该地区土壤质量较好,元素有效量与全量总体排序一致,不同元素的有效度相差十分悬殊。5种土壤类型的元素有效度具有一定差异性,潮褐土、潮土中N、P、K元素的有效量和有效度都明显高于其他土壤类型,褐土性土中N全量最高,但有效度反而最低;棕壤性土中K全量、有效量、有效度均最低。通过对全量、pH及有机质含量的影响分析,发现有机质含量、全量是不同土壤类型中元素有效度差异性的重要原因,而pH的影响较小。     

CONTENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS OF THE DAM RIVER AND TUOTUO RIVER BASINS

ＣＯＮＴＥＮＴＡＮＤＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＲＡＣＥＥＬＥＭＥＮＴＳＩＮＳＯＩＬＳＯＦＴＨＥＤＡＭＲＩＶＥＲＡＮＤＴＵＯＴＵＯＲＩＶＥＲＢＡＳＩＮＳ￥ＳｈａｏＱｉｎｇｃｈｕｎ（邵庆春）ＤｅｎｇＷｅｉ（邓伟）ＳｕｎＧｕａｎｇｙｏｕ（孙广友）（Ｃｈ...     

地理相似性：地理学的第三定律?

定律对知识的理解和传播具有极大的推动作用。本文通过对比地理学中的定律和物理学中的定律的异同之处,认为地理学的定律虽然在形式上和提出的方式上与经典的力学定律有所区别,但仍符合人们对“定律”的定义。在共识地理学定律存在的前提下,本文阐述了地理学的第一定律和第二定律中所体现出的地理学定律的特征——描述性和归纳性。基于这些对地理学定律所具有的特征的认识,本文首先介绍了Zhu等从空间推测的角度将所提出的地理学第三定律,即“地理环境越相似,地理特征越相近”,或称地理相似性定律。本文从普遍性、独立性和应用性3个方面探讨了地理相似性是否可以作为地理学的一个定律,认为地理相似性与地理学第一和第二定律相比,有着同样的普遍性,且与第一和第二定律所涉及的规律有着本质上的区别,在应用上可能解决第一和第二定律所面临的挑战,因此应可作为地理学第三定律。     

The trophic state of lake water regulates spatial-temporal variations of bloom-forming Microcystis

Although biomass variations in Microcystis and microcystin have been widely reported,few studies have addressed whether different trophic states of natural lake water affect the spatial-temporal variations in abundances of microcystin-producing Microcystis in a given bloom.In this study,we used a harmful algal bloom in Chaohu Lake,eastern China,as an example to investigate the mutual relationship between different nutrient states and environmental factors,and the impact on Microcystis.Overall,cyanobacteria and Microcystis were more abundant in the middle and western parts of the lake under high nutrients levels,while in the eastern part,nutrient concentrations were low enough to limit biomass,and their fluctuations affected the contents of toxic Microcystis.Moreover,microcystin concentration was correlated positively to nutrient levels and Microcystis biomass during bloom developing in 2013 from June to August.Temporally,the cellular content of total microcystin was lowest when the bloom peaked in intensity.Our results suggest that lake eutrophication not only results in cyanobacterial blooms,but may also increase the proportion of toxic Microcystis species and their cell-bound MCs contents(i.e.microcystin cell quotas) under mild eutrophication.The present investigation provided molecular evidence for the selection of MC-producing and non-MC-producing genotypes.The current study provides new evidence advocating the monitoring of partitions of large lakes when studying cyanobacteria and toxin-contaminated freshwaters,which will be beneficial for both water agencies and water researchers.     

大亚湾网箱养殖区生物-化学特性与营养状况的周日变化

根据1998年11月对大亚湾大鹏澳网箱养殖区进行的定点24h连续水质监测资料,分析并讨论了该养殖区海水生物-化学各要素的垂直分布和周日变化规律,并用单项指标评价法和改进的营养状态质量指数(NQI)法,参照营养指数(E)对该网箱养殖区海水的营养状况进行了评价和研究.结果表明,各项要素的平均值大都是表层＞中层＞底层;周日变化主要受潮汐运动和海水中生物的节律性生理活动的综合影响;表层海水的富营养化率明显高于中层海水,其各单项指标处于中度一富营养状态,而中层和底层海水则分别处于贫一中度和贫-富营养状态;PO4-P相对较贫乏,为养殖区富营养化的最关键限制因素.     

Diversity, Distribution Pattern and Conservation Status of the Plants Used in Liver Diseases/Ailments in Indian Himalayan Region

Introduction The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is known for its unique, natural, representative biodiversity (Samant et al. 1998a). This biodiversity is being utilized by the inhabitants of the IHR in various forms, i.e., medicine, food (wild edibles), fuel, fodder, timber, making agricultural tools, fiber, religious and various other purposes (Samant and Dhar 1997, Samant et al. 1998b). In the remote areas of the IHR where primary health centers are located far from the villages, the in…     

Chemical hydrography of coastal upwelling in the East China Sea

Based on the field data obtained during cruises on the shelf of the East China Sea from 1997 to 1999, seasonal variations of coastal upwelling on the inner shelf are discussed by using cross-shelf transect profiles and horizontal distributions of chemical and hydrographic variables. Results show that the coastal upwelling was year-round, but the areas and intensities of the upwelling were quite different in season. The coastal upwelling occurred in all of the coastal areas of the region in spring and summer, but in autumn only in the area off Zhejiang Province, and in winter in the area off Fujian Prov- ince. It was the strongest in summer and the weakest in winter. Geographically, it was the strongest in the area off Zhejiang Province and the weakest in the southmost or northmost parts of the East China Sea. The estimated nutrient fluxes upward into euphotic zone through coastal upwelling were quite large, es- pecially for phosphate, which contributed significantly to primary production and improved the nutrient structure of the coastal ecosystem in the East China Sea.     

THE BACKGROUND VALUES OF RARE EARTH AND RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS IN WATER SYSTEM OF SOURCE AREA OF THE CHANG JIANG RIVER

Using neutron activation analysis method we determined contents of rare-earth and radioactive elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Cs, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Ba, U, Th) in source water system of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, which is mainly composed of the Tuotuo River, the Chumaer River, and the Buqu River. The contents of these elements in the unflltered water have a great variation and a close correlation with the water turbidity. The contents of these elements in filtered water only have a little variation and are lower than those in the unflltered water. The variations in contents of these elements in sediments are also very little. These elements in the unifiltered water are in geometric distribution, except Sc. Most of the elements in sediments are in arithmetic distribution, but Cs, Sb, Th, are in deviation distribution. The contents of most of these elements in the river source area correspond to the contents of fresh water of the earth. Most of these elements have a little variation in their c     

洛阳龙门地区寒武系第三统张夏组碳酸盐岩风暴沉积类型及遗迹化石特征

洛阳龙门地区出露连续的寒武系第三统张夏组碳酸盐岩,层内发育大量的风暴沉积构造,是研究碳酸盐岩风暴沉积的良好剖面。研究区发育了6种典型的风暴相关沉积构造,根据风暴岩的沉积序列,识别出5种风暴沉积岩;研究了该区风暴沉积中遗迹化石,依据遗迹化石的分布特征以及镜下特征,划分出了3个风暴沉积序列层段,识别出6个遗迹属,建立了研究区遗迹化石的风暴沉积分布模式图,得出了研究区沉积环境演化规律。      

PRIMARY ANALYSIS OF DROUGHT AND WATERLOGGING LAW IN NORTH CHINA

According to the drought and waterlogging disaster statistics over the last 30 years (1950-1979), the annual average area suffering from drought was about 300 million mu (1 mu= 1/ 15 ha) in the whole country, among which about 100 million mu were disastrous areas where the output reduced more than 30%. and the annual lost grains totalled about 5 billion kg. The waterlogging disaster was less than drought disaster. The area suffering from waterlogging was about 100 million mu, among which 60 million mu were disastrous. Drought and waterlogging disasters affect directly the development of the national economy. So it is important to study drought and waterlogging variations, especially the drought and waterlogging variation laws of the areas where the disasters frequently occur.The historical literatures and recent observation data reveal the fact that there existed drought and waterlogging variations. For example, the occurrence frequency of the outstanding and severe drought years in north China is highe     

Distribution Patterns and Associations of Dominant Tree Species in a Mixed Coniferous-Broadleaf Forest in the Changbai Mountains

In 2012 a plot was established with 1-ha area in a mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest in the Changbai Mountains, northeastern China for examining local forest processes, structure and succession. A method of O-ring statistics(paircorrelation function) was applied to analyze the spatial patterns and associations of the dominant species within different vertical layers. After the evaluation by their importance values, six tree species(or group)(i.e. Abies nephrolepis, Picea jezoensis, Pinus koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, and species group of Betula ssp. and species group of Acer ssp.) were determined as dominant trees species. It was found that some of these species exhibited closely clustered distributions at fine distances. As spatial distance increased, a random or even regular distribution gradually appeared with the exception of the upper layers of A. nephrolepis and P. koraiensis, and the lower layers of P. jezoensis, P. koraiensis and Betula ssp., which were substantially randomly distributed. Intra- and inter-species spatial associations varied in accordance with species, tree height and reciprocal distances. Positive associations were observedbetween the lower and upper height classes of trees of the same species(except for that of P. jezoensis) at fine distances. This may be owing to limited seed dispersal and geological heterogeneity. The aggregation intensity declines with increasing distances and this consistent with the predictions of self-thinning. Some coniferous trees(e.g. Pinus koraiensis) in the lower height class were positively associated with T. amurensis and group of Betula ssp. of the upper height class at some distances, suggesting that saplings of coniferous trees occupy a broader niche and can grow well under the canopy of the adult of broad-leaved trees. Negative associations were observed between upper coniferous trees and lower broad-leaved trees and between upper P. jezoensis and lower P. koraiensis, suggesting that a canopy of these trees might not provide suitable environment for the survival, establishment, and growth of lower individuals, corresponding well to Janzen-Connell hypothesis.     

Bertrand's Law and Weinberg's Principle and Their Extension

IntroductionThe topography and geomorphy controlled bythe geological structure of hydrogeological unit playdecisive roles not only in the distribution of surfaceand groundwater flow, the permeability of theaquifer but also in the hydrogeochemical reaction…