制度变迁与房地产业发展-匈牙利的经验和启示

东欧前社会主义国家匈牙利,经过数年市场化改革和体制转型,实现了国内经济的快速增长和国民生活的不断改善。本文基于匈牙利房地产业的发展背景和现状,探讨并分析了匈牙利政府在国内房地产业相关发展政策及管理举措方面可供借鉴的若干经验和启示。     

匈牙利高等地理教育的创新及对我国的借鉴意义

从20世纪八九十年代开始，匈牙利高等地理教育也开始着手课程改革，因为它的大学也面临着课程的现代化和毕业生满足市场变化需要的问题，本文首先介绍了匈牙利高等地理教育的现状，然后，详细地分析了匈牙利高等地理教育的改革，最后对我国高等地理教育改革提出了若干建议。     

东北地区矿业城市产业生态系统适应性评价

在对矿业城市产业生态系统适应性内涵进行界定的基础上,基于易损性、敏感性、稳定性和弹性等适应性要素构建了矿业城市产业生态系统适应性评价指标体系和评价模型,并据此对东北地区矿业城市产业生态系统适应性分异特征、类型及影响因素进行了深入探讨,发现:东北矿业城市产业生态系统适应能力呈正态分布;从资源类型看,东北矿业城市产业生态系统系统适应性呈现冶金类>综合类>煤炭类>石油类的特征;从空间格局看,呈现辽宁省>吉林省>黑龙江省的变化趋势;从发展阶段看,呈现老年期>中年期>幼年期的递变规律;从城市规模看,呈现特大城市>大城市>中等城市的递变规律。据此,采用聚类分析方法,将东北矿业城市产业生态系统分为4种类型,即高适应能力、协调发展类型;高适应能力、环境优先类型;低适应能力、协调发展类型;低适应能力、环境优先类型。     

Evolution of a bank failure along the River Danube at Dunaszekcső, Hungary

The banks of the River Danube are one of the most susceptible areas to mass wasting in Hungary. In 2007, a large slump began to develop along the Danube at Dunaszekcső and jeopardized properties on land and navigation in the river. Several factors such as geological, hydrogeological and morphological conditions, recurrent flooding and erosion by the Danube led to a gradual development of the large rotational slide. Slope failure has been monitored using GPS, precise levelling techniques and tiltmeters since October 2007. The expected location of the maximum lateral displacement and extrusion was indicated by GPS measurements from the middle of November 2007. The main phase of the slope failure evolution, i.e. the rapid movement on 12 February 2008 was indicated by accelerated tilting of the southern moving block prior to slumping. Small rise of the relatively stable part of the slope was measured after the rapid movements, which may be explained either by the elastic rebound along the slip surface, or by the intrusion of some plastic material into the lower section of the slope.Comparison of geodetic datasets and field observations with the timing of rainfall and water level changes of the Danube suggested that hydrological properties (subsurface flow processes, soil physical properties, infiltration, and perched water table) were primarily responsible for initiation of the studied slump. A model of slope failure evolution is proposed here based on the monitoring and field observations.     

湖南凤凰茶田汞矿区土壤-水稻系统中汞的传输及其健康风险

通过野外系统采样和室内分析,研究了湖南凤凰县茶田汞矿区耕层土壤及水稻中Hg的含量分布以及土壤-水稻系统中Hg的传输和分配。结果表明:由于地质成因和人为采选矿活动导致矿区土壤及作物中Hg大量富集,与对照区相比,矿区耕作土壤、稻根、稻秆、稻米中Hg平均含量分别增加了267.6倍、8.6倍、5.8倍和2.3倍。土壤中的有机-硫化态Hg同稻根、稻秆、稻米中Hg含量间均呈现显著正相关性,但整体而言,Hg由土壤→稻根以及稻根→稻米的富集/迁移系数较低,移动性弱。矿区稻米Hg平均含量为0.09±0.04μg/g,与国家粮食卫生标准(GB2762–2005)的限值(0.02μg/g)相比,超标达4.5倍。当地居民终生平均每天摄入的Hg量为0.75μg/(kg.d),超过WHO推荐的可耐受剂量[0.71μg/(kg.d)],面临较大的健康风险。对矿区中多种元素研究发现,稻米中Hg、Pb、Se共同富集,其复合污染机制的研究亟待开展。     

The statistical relationship between unconfined compressive strengths and the frequency distributions of slope gradients — A case study in northern Hungary

This paper focuses on the question of whether there is a deterministic connection between the slope gradient and unconfined compression strength (UCS) as a lithological factor and on describing the nature of this connection. Moreover, the authors determined the sensitive statistical parameters in the statistical surface analyses. The surface analyses were carried out in an area extending over 1500 km² in northern Hungary and containing parts of the uplifted Palaeozoic and Mesozoic basement and the semi-consolidated material of the Palaeogene and Neogene molasse sediments.The 67 geological formations of the area were grouped into 10 petrophysical categories characterised by unconfined compressive strength as a petrophysical parameter. The geological database was the digitalized geological map of North Hungarian Region (1 : 100 000). The digital topographic database was based on 10 m contour lines of 1 : 50 000 maps, the digital elevation model was generated by kriging interpolation. Three topographic models were created with resolutions of 25 × 25, 50 × 50 and 100 × 100 m per pixels.Evident correlation can be shown between the UCS and the relative frequency of the slope gradient. The adequate regression procedure is the power regression for low slope category values while logarithmic regression is applicable at high slope angles. Based on the characteristic of the relationship and the value of r², slope category intervals can be identified the relative frequency of which is proven to be determined by the UCS. These intervals are found to be between 4–10%, 10–16%, 16–22%, 22–44% and over 44%.Using the determination equations of slope gradient between 4–10% and over 44%, the UCS of the bedrock can be calculated approximately as the average value of the two calculated results. So the quotient of the frequency of these two category intervals can be regarded as an important morphometric index for a given bedrock.From the aspect of petrophysical characteristics, the rock with UCS between 6 and 86 MPa were proven to be deterministic for the slope development i.e. in the determination of the slope category frequencies. Applying the relative frequency of slope gradients a relative erosion resistance of the petrophysical categories can be calculated.Considering the determination coefficients, among the statistical parameters of the distribution of slope category values the standard deviation, mode, mean and median proved to be determined by the UCS of the bedrock.     

新时期如何转变矿业经济发展方式

通过黄冈市矿产资源开发利用现状调查和研究,找出了开采和管理中存在的主要问题。这些问题是牵涉矿业生存和发展的大事大非问题,必须从地质找矿、矿产资源合理开发利用、矿山地质环境保护和矿政综合监督管理四个方面进行统筹解决。只有与时俱进,改革创新,转变矿业经济发展方式,整装勘查,科技创新,节约集约综合利用矿产资源,建设绿色矿山,打造和谐矿区,才能找出、管住和用好矿产资源,才能保护好矿山地质环境,才能实现矿业经济全面、协调、健康和可持续发展。     

戈壁分类体系与编目研究

建立统一的戈壁分类和编目体系,是进一步深入研究戈壁的理论基础,也是合理开发利用戈壁资源的前提。到目前为止,只有少量文献或著作提到戈壁或戈壁类型,关于戈壁编目的研究更鲜有报道。为了促进戈壁研究的规范化,本文在参照现有戈壁分类基础上,结合戈壁科学考察成果,根据戈壁的形成原因、地表物质组成与植被类型,分三级建立了戈壁分类体系,并对每一级每一类的戈壁特征进行了较为详细的阐述。在戈壁分类基础上,提出戈壁编目设想,以期为进一步深入开展戈壁研究奠定基础。     

A context-aware personalized travel recommendation system based on geotagged social media data mining

The proliferation of digital cameras and the growing practice of online photo sharing using social media sites such as Flickr have resulted in huge volumes of geotagged photos available on the Web. Based on users' traveling preferences elicited from their travel experiences exposed on social media sites by sharing geotagged photos, we propose a new method for recommending tourist locations that are relevant to users (i.e., personalization) in the given context (i.e., context awareness). We obtain user-specific travel preferences from his/her travel history in one city and use these to recommend tourist locations in another city. Our technique is illustrated on a sample of publicly available Flickr dataset containing photos taken in various cities of China. Results show that our context-aware personalized method is able to predict tourists' preferences in a new or unknown city more precisely and generate better recommendations compared to other state-of-the-art landmark recommendation methods.     

察尔汗盐湖首采区上盐层中光卤石分布

本文根据１９８７、１９９１和１９９２年１２０个钻孔剖面岩性资料得出，察尔汗盐湖首采区及其附近地区上岩层中光卤石主要分布在首采区范围内，首采区外的东部、北部和东南部亦有少量分布．其分布井段一般为埋深３～１０ｍ．光卤石主要分布在中细粒致密（或松散）和含粉砂中粗粒松散石盐层中，多呈散状或似层状分布；在碎屑层中亦有少量光卤石分布．并对光卤石成因和沉积演化进行了初步讨论．     

煤矿区景观演变的生态累积效应——以山西省潞安矿区为例

基于累积效应原理和景观分析原则,提出了景观生态基准值概念,利用景观类型结构偏离累积度、景观格局干扰累积度和生态敏感性退化累积度构建了煤矿区景观生态累积效应表征模型。以山西潞安矿区为例,将1993年作为采前景观生态基准,在对矿区景观(1993年~2000年~2006年)分析的基础上,对矿区景观演变所造成的生态累积效应进行分析。结果发现,在13年的时间内,景观空间累积负荷呈现明显增强的趋势。2000年之后人类干扰活动的增强,使得阶段2(2000年~2006年)的变化幅度明显高于第1阶段(1993年~2000年)。同时由于不同区域煤炭资源开发等人类活动干扰强度不同,使得不同分区的累积度存在一定的区域差异。     

Gold mining in Ghana's forest reserves: a report on the current debate

This paper examines the debate surrounding a recent decision made by the Ghanaian government to permit gold exploration – and potentially, mining – in 'protected' forest reserves. In 2001, four mining companies were awarded mineral exploration concessions in forested regions of the country, and have since put forward applications to mine for gold. Notwithstanding the sharp divide in opinion on the issue, the continued uncertainty surrounding the implications of the proposed activities makes further research on the ground imperative in the short term. Work aiming to elicit indigenous perspectives on the projects, as well as research that facilitates dialogue between and/or among stakeholder parties, should be prioritized.     

中国自然文化遗产的价值体系及保护利用

对自然文化遗产价值的正确认识是处理遗产地保护和利用关系的基础,也是解决遗产地"城市化、商业化、人工化"的前提。本文在梳理国内外对自然文化遗产价值的诸多认识的基础上,依据系统论观点,提出了中国自然文化遗产价值是由"本底价值、直接应用价值和间接衍生价值"构成的"价值体系"。该体系具有明显的层次性,其中本底价值是所有价值存在的基础,这决定了遗产资源必须在保护的前提下才能合理利用;该体系也有空间性,三种价值主要分别存在于遗产地范围以内、遗产地及相邻区域、遗产地范围以外的更大的区域。于是,对自然文化遗产的保护和利用要坚持三个基本原则:严格保护本底价值,确保遗产的真实性和完整性不受损害;适度利用直接应用价值,做到功能综合利用、产品综合开发、产业综合发展;大力发展间接衍生价值,充分发挥其空间结构关联效应和产业发展乘数效应,从而达到带动遗产地所在区域社会、经济发展的目的。     

Impacts of the large amount of sand mining on riverbed morphology and tidal dynamics in lower reaches and delta of the Dongjiang River

The sand dredging and its impacts on riverbed evolution and tidal dynamic change in the lower reaches and delta of the Dongjiang River are examined in this paper. The large amount of sand, totally 3.32 billion m3 from 1980 to 2002, was mined from the riverbeds of the lower reaches and delta of the Dongjiang River. Increasing of the channel capacity, lowering of the average riverbed elevation, deepening of the water depth and decreasing of the longi-tudinal riverbed gradient are the main effects on the riverbed evolution brought by the large amount of sand dredging. Under the strong sand dredging and associated significant riverbed deformation, the notable changes of the tidal dynamic in the lower reaches and delta of the Dongjiang River occurred, including: (1) in the upper reaches of the Dongjiang River delta and lower reaches of the Dongjiang River, tidal level dropped apparently, tidal range widened, flood tidal duration became longer, amplitudes for major tidal components became bigger and tidal dynamics intensified; (2) tidal wave spread faster; and (3) the limits of the tidal level, tidal current and salt water moved upstream.     

大量采沙对东江下游及东江三角洲河床地形和潮汐动力的影响

The sand dredging and its impacts on riverbed evolution and tidal dynamic change in the lower reaches and delta of the Dongjiang River are examined in this paper. The large amount of sand, totally 3.32 billion m^3 from 1980 to 2002, was mined from the riverbeds of the lower reaches and delta of the Dongjiang River. Increasing of the channel capacity, lowering of the average riverbed elevation, deepening of the water depth and decreasing of the longitudinal riverbed gradient are the main effects on the riverbed evolution brought by the large amount of sand dredging. Under the strong sand dredging and associated significant riverbed deformation, the notable changes of the tidal dynamic in the lower reaches and delta of the Dongjiang River occurred, including： （1）in the upper reaches of the Dongjiang River delta and lower reaches of the Dongjiang River, tidal level dropped apparently, tidal range widened, flood tidal duration became longer, amplitudes for major tidal components became bigger and tidal dynamics intensified; （2） tidal wave spread faster; and （3） the limits of the tidal level, tidal current and salt water moved upstream.     

东北地区矿业城市社会就业脆弱性分析

利用"脆弱性"这一新的研究范式对东北地区矿业城市社会就业问题进行了分析,认为东北地区矿业城市社会就业具有典型的脆弱性特征。从矿业城市社会就业的敏感性及其应对下岗失业问题的能力两方面建立社会就业脆弱性评价指标体系,结合BP人工神经网络模型和脆弱性评价指数模型对东北地区矿业城市社会就业脆弱性进行了评价。结果表明东北地区矿业城市社会就业敏感性普遍较高,不同矿业城市应对下岗失业问题的能力差异较大,二者之间并无明显相关关系,应对下岗失业问题能力的强弱在决定东北地区矿业城市社会就业脆弱性程度方面作用更为明显;东北地区不同资源类型、不同发展阶段的矿业城市社会就业脆弱性差异较为明显,石油类矿业城市社会就业脆弱性相对较低,煤炭类矿业城市社会就业脆弱性普遍较高,老年期矿业城市社会就业脆弱性普遍高于中、幼年期矿业城市。     

城市土地利用演变信息的数据挖掘——以上海市为例

城市土地利用变化 ,具有非线性特征 ,一般的数据挖掘方法基本上失效。本文研究了利用马尔可夫链和神经网络两种方法 ,基于地理信息系统、遥感图像、电子地图 ,预测了上海市中心城区、 2 0 0 2年和 2 0 0 5年的土地利用总量和土地利用类型结构的变化 ,从而研究了城市土地利用状况演变预测的地学数据挖掘技术。     

Impacts of reforestation and gravel mining on the Malnant River, Haute-Savoie, French Alps

The Malnant River is a rapidly incising river with a French name that translates as “bad creek,” reflecting local opinion of the hazards from dramatic channel changes that have occurred in the last few centuries. Downcutting in the last three decades has created severe problems for farmers in this small watershed (16 km²) as bridges are undermined, streamside roads are threatened, and irrigation diversion structures are rendered unusable. The purpose of our study was to determine the extent and causes of downcutting. A detailed landcover map dated 1732 revealed that forest cover had been reduced by that time to 10% of the present-day cover. The Malnant was strongly affected by floods and debris torrents during the 18th and 19th centuries that delivered massive amounts of sediment. During the 20th century, reforestation reduced the sediment delivery from hillslopes. In addition, gravel extraction in the Malnant and in the Fier River (of which the Malnant is a tributary) has lowered the base level for the river. This initiated a knickpoint that moved upstream. Weirs placed in the Malnant in 1968 were used to measure rates of bed incision in the field. With a mean width of 4.0 m and degradation up to 36 cubic meters per meter channel length, the lower 4.5 km of the Malnant has experienced a net loss of approximately 163,000 m³ of bed material. Above the 4.5-km point on the Malnant, bedrock controls exist that have arrested the upstream-progressing degradation.