古地下水测年法在高放废物地质处置中的应用

文章论述了古地下水测年法的原理、适用范围及其在高放废物地质处置中的应用,分析对比了各种测年方法的优缺点,旨在为高放废物地质处置库选址中的水文地质研究提供参考。     

高放废物深地质处置及国内研究进展

核能在产生电力造福社会的同时 ,也留下了放射性废物。我们有责任对这些废物实施安全和正确的管理。本文阐述了高放废物深地质处置的一般概念及处置库选址研究中的若干问题 ,同时介绍了国内高放废物深地质处置研究的进展.     

我国高放废物地质处置库场址筛选总体技术思路探讨

综合对比瑞典、加拿大、芬兰和美国等国高放废物地质处置库场址筛选技术思路,分析国外高放废物地质处置库场址筛选过程中取得的经验、教训,总结了我国处置库选址工作取得的成果和存在的问题。在综合研究基础上,分析提出我国高放废物地质处置库场址筛选总体技术思路,包括应遵循的原则、工作范围、目标和总体技术步骤等,以利于今后处置库选址工作更系统、规范和统一。     

新疆地区选建高放射性核废物处置库的可能性

高放废物选址是一项万年大计工程,需要多个预选场地的综合比较,决策废物处置库的具体选建场地.论述了高放废物处置库选址过程中需要考虑的主要问题,然后针对新疆的自然环境,水资源、花岗岩体和缓冲/回填材料的分布,以及区域地壳稳定性等因素,讨论了在新疆选建高放废物地质处置库的可能性,并提出了选址方法.     

中国高放废物地质处置:现状和展望

本文阐述了中国的高放废物处置政策,回顾了中国高放废物地质处置在选址和场址评价、缓冲回填材料等方面的进展,提出了中国高放废物地质处置的初步规划,指出我国计划在2015年确定地下实验室场址.还展望了国际合作前景.     

世界高放废物地质处置库选址研究概况及国内进展

高放废物是核能事业发展的必然产物。它的安全处置是核能事业持续发展的前提 ,已受到世界各国的高度重视。文中阐述了高放废物深地质处置的一般概念。同时重点介绍了世界上一些国家处置库选址研究的主要内容和研究进展 ,例如 ,美国把处置库建造过程分为场地推荐、场地的特征评价、处置库场地的选择和批准、领取场地执照和处置库建造设计的审批、处置库的建造 5个阶段 ;德国的选址研究工作包括地电和地热研究 ,重力、地震、地球化学、水文地质、同位素地球化学及微生物研究等 ;瑞典在花岗岩中建成了地下实验室 ,并制定了实验室的总体研究目标等等。另外也介绍了中国在甘肃省北山进行的高放废物地质处置库选址工作的情况 ,研究表明北山地区为一地壳稳定区 ,也是地下水贫水区且地下水流速缓慢 ,有利于处置库的建造 ,进一步的地面地质、水文地质勘察工作及钻探工程工作正在进行中。伴随着这些工作的完成 ,中国将大大缩短在高放废物地质处置研究方面与发达国家的距离。     

美国地质教授P.A.威瑟斯本访华

应地矿部邀请,美国加州大学伯克利实验室地质工程学教授P.A.Witherpoon于1985年4月下旬来京访问,与部水文工程地质技术方法研究队部分技术人员就核废物地质处置问题进行了学术交流,并就双方在此领域开展技术合作的前景和途径做了初步探讨。访问期间,教授应邀做了“放射性废物的地质处置”专题学术报告,向部在京有关单位和核工业、水电等部有关人员介绍了国际上核废物地质处置工作动态、经验以及有关地质调查、选址、勘察及试验的原则,方法和技术标准,并以他主持的美国高放射性废物地质处置研究计划     

高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区水文地质特征研究

在高放废物深地质处置中，地下不是核素迁移的重要媒介。因此，水文地质工作是处置库选址中的主要内容之一。本文依据几年来的野外调查及前人的部分资料，阐明了我国高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区的基本水文地质概况，以及地下水的循环交替条件和化学特征。研究表明，弱含水、低渗透、慢流速是区内主要水文地质特征，蒸发浓缩形成的高矿化是地下水的主要化学面貌。这一认识，为处置库选址提供了重要依据。     

甘肃北山区域地下水流数值模拟研究

掌握区域地下水流场是高放废物地质处置场选址及适宜性评价的重要先置条件。甘肃北山高放废物处置预选区面积广、数据资料少,准确划分该区域地下水流场和高放废物预选区选址的安全性评价都存在难度。本研究采用地表流域划分方法、多相流数值模拟软件TOUGH2-MP/EOS3和GRACE重力卫星等方法,建立了区域地下水饱和-非饱和流模型,并完成了模型识别和参数率定,论证了模型的合理性和可靠性。研究结果表明:约1%的降水量入渗至地面以下;地形条件是影响地下水流场的主要因素,而气候条件对地下水流场形态影响相对较小;区域地下水流动系统由北向南可分为三个子系统（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）,其中高放废物地质处置场预选区位于研究区南部独立的地下水子系统Ⅲ中,且该子系统面积最小。本研究为面积广、实测数据资料较少的干旱地区提供了一套有效的数值模拟方法,研究结果可为预选区选址的安全性评价提供重要依据。     

新疆地区选建高放射性核废物处置库的可能性

高放废物选址是一项万年大计工程,需要多个预选场地的综合比较,决策废物处置库的具体选建场地。论述了高放废物处置库选址过程中需要考虑的主要问题,然后针对新疆的自然环境,水资源、花岗岩体和缓冲/回填材料的分布,以及区域地壳稳定性等因素,讨论了在新疆选建高放废物地质处置库的可能性,并提出了选址方法。     

A solid waste disposal site selection procedure based on groundwater vulnerability mapping

In this study, a new, GIS-based solid waste site selection tool (DUPIT) is introduced to obtain a systematic and unbiased methodology during the evaluation phases of alternative solid waste disposal areas with regards to vulnerability to groundwater pollution. The proposed tool is an index technique based on the linear combination of five different hydrogeological parameters including Depth to groundwater table, Upper layer lithology, Permeability of the unsaturated zone, Impermeable layer thickness and Topographic slope. Five different categories are developed to classify each alternative based on the suitability of the site for a solid waste disposal area. As a result, each site is ranked according to the contamination risks for groundwater resources. The proposed technique is applied to the District of Torbali near Izmir, Turkey to determine the most appropriate solid waste disposal site location. The Torbali application is implemented by using a GIS database developed for the area. Based on the results of this application, the best alternative solid waste disposal site for Torbali is selected to be located in the northern portions of the city where the groundwater table is deep, the permeability is low and the topographic slope is mild.     

Evaluation of an abandoned aggregate quarry used for uncontrolled waste disposal using remote sensing technologies (Atabey,Isparta-Turkey)

Today, waste is an important environmental problem that needs to be solved. The way it is collected and managed should be considered with respect to the negative impact on the environment. Although the Atabey aggregate quarry was operated with natural sand-gravel until 2 years ago, it was closed due to technological renovation in the crushing-screening unit and uneconomic production. This area was later used by the Atabey Municipality as a waste storage area. Thus, uncontrolled storage occurred at the quarry site. As a result, new, more intensive environmental problems have emerged in the area, such as visual pollution and the pollution of groundwater. This paper evaluates the impact of municipal solid waste disposal in an abandoned quarry site on groundwater, land surface temperature, land surface moisture, and vegetation cover using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and remote sensing technologies. According to the obtained results, the solid wastes stored in the area caused groundwater pollution, increased surface temperature, and reduced soil moisture.     

Urban Waste Disposal and Its Impact on Groundwater Pollution in China

Waste production in cities is increasing with growing urbanization in China. As the incorrect disposal of waste can lead to environmental problems and pollution of groundwater, it is important to asses the suitability of sites for waste disposal. In this paper, 831 waste disposal sites in 295 cities in China were investigated, and suitability assessments of 508 sites were made. The results showed that the number of “suitable”, “moderately suitable”, “barely suitable” and “unsuitable” waste disposal sites accounted for 17.7%, 29.5%, 14.2% and 38.6% of the sites investigated, respectively. The pollution condition of 465 sites was examined, and the results indicated that groundwater in 282 sites was contaminated. Groundwater samples from two polluted sites were collected and analyzed to inform a proposal on urban waste disposal.     

Evaluation of waste disposal site using the DRASTIC system in Southern Korea

As a systematic approach to waste disposal site screening for groundwater pollution protection, the DRASTIC system developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), was introduced at Younggwang County in Korea. Hydrogeological spatial databases for the system include information on depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topographic slope, hydraulic conductivity and lineament. Using the databases, the DRASTIC system and a GIS, the regional groundwater pollution vulnerability of the study area was assessed. The fracture density extracted from lineament maps was added to the DRASTIC system to take into account the preferential migration of contaminants through fractures. From the results of the study, a degree of groundwater pollution vulnerability through the study area was easily interpreted, and waste disposal sites could be screened for groundwater protection.     

西北某放射性废物处置预选区地下水水化学特征及地球化学模拟

在放射性废物处置库的选址过程中,地下水水化学特征是最重要的因素之一。为了查明西北某放射性废物处置预选区地下水水化学特征及其演化机制,对该区地下水水样进行了水质测试,综合运用Piper三线图法、相关性分析、饱和指数模拟和质量平衡反应模拟,全面分析了该预选区地下水水化学类型的空间分布和地下水水演化的主要水文化学过程。结果表明:研究区地下水在北部山区接受补给,并向南运移,地下水类型随径流由SO4.Cl—Na型转变为Cl.SO4—Na型。地下水在径流过程中主要经历了溶滤作用、蒸发浓缩作用和阳离子交换作用等水文化学过程,它们是控制该区地下水水化学组分演化的关键。     

Environmental impact and vulnerability of the surface and ground water system from municipal solid waste disposal site: Koshe, Addis Ababa

Geo-environmental assessment and geophysical investigations were carried out over the only functional municipal solid waste disposal site of the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, known locally as Koshe. The accumulated wastes from Koshe have impact on the surrounding human and physical environment since the disposal site was not designed. The study deserves emphasis because the city of Addis Ababa currently obtains a considerable portion of its domestic water supply from a well field developed not much farther from and along a groundwater flow direction in relation to the waste disposal site. It was found out that the leachates from the site contain high concentration of biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, chloride and sulphate besides high concentration of cobalt, nickel and zinc in the surrounding soils. The geophysical results have mapped weak zones and near-vertical discontinuities that could potentially be conduits for the leachate from the wastes into the deep groundwater system. Further, a zone of potential leachate migration from the landfill was identified from the electrical models; the location of this zone is consistent with the predicted direction of groundwater flow across the site. The results further suggested that the open dump site tends to cause increasing amount of pollution on the surrounding soil, surface and ground waters. Furthermore, it was observed that the Koshe waste disposal site has grown beyond its capacity and the poor management of the open dump landfill has reduced the aesthetic value of the surrounding environments. The need to change/relocate the existing waste disposal site to a more suitable and technologically appropriate site is emphasized.     

Aquifer vulnerability assessment using the DRASTIC model at Russeifa landfill,northeast Jordan

Groundwater is inherently susceptible to contamination from anthropogenic activities and remediation is very difficult and expensive. Prevention of contamination is hence critical in effective groundwater management. In this paper an attempt has been made to assess aquifer vulnerability at the Russeifa solid waste landfill. This disposal site is placed at the most important aquifer in Jordan, which is known as Amman-Wadi Sir (B2/A7). The daily-generated leachate within the landfill is about 160 m³/day and there is no system for collecting and treating this leachate. Therefore, the leachate infiltrates to groundwater and degrades the quality of the groundwater. The area is strongly vulnerable to pollution due to the presence of intensive agricultural activity, the solid waste disposal site and industries. Increasing groundwater demand makes the protection of the aquifer from pollution crucial. Physical and hydrogeological characteristics make the aquifer susceptible to pollution. The vulnerability of groundwater to contamination in the study area was quantified using the DRASTIC model. The DRASTIC model uses the following seven parameters: depth to water, recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact on vadose zone and hydraulic conductivity. The water level data were measured in the observation wells within the disposal site. The recharge is derived based on precipitation, land use and soil characteristics. The aquifer media was obtained from a geological map of the area. The topography is obtained from the Natural Resources Authority of Jordan, 1:50,000 scale topographic map. The impact on the vadose zone is defined by the soil permeability and depth to water. The hydraulic conductivity was obtained from the field pumping tests. The calculated DRASTIC index number indicates a moderate pollution potential for the study area.     

在某污染的工业废物填埋场环境水文 地质评价中的同位素水文学研究

本文论述了某污染的工业废物填埋场场址的地质、水文地质条件,应用水化学方法、环境同位素技术(地下水中氚及氢、氧稳定同位素)和同位素单孔示踪技术等同位素水文学领域中的新方法对区内地下水的活动条件以及填埋场场址区分布的第四系孔隙潜水和第三纪红层孔隙-裂隙水的成因进行了分析,测量并确定了填埋场下部地下水的流速及流向。研究结果表明场区地下水的运动与地表水无直接水力联系。污染的工业废物填埋后不会通过地下水的迁移造成对地表水的污染,进而证实填埋场的地质、水文地质条件对处置污染的工业废物是安全可靠的。     

济南某地区裂隙岩溶地下水硝酸盐污染现状及溯源浅析

通过对历史资料的对比,揭示了济南某地裂隙岩溶地下水中硝酸根污染现状,并通过三线图法对硝酸根进行溯源分析,显示研究区地下水硝酸根含量受人类活动影响明显,并有进一步发展的趋势。相关性分析法分析结果显示地下水硝酸根含量与Cl相关,说明其与工业废水联系密切,而土壤剖面中硝酸根含量显示,土壤中硝酸根含量的顺序为:禽畜粪便污染类污水排放污染类垃圾堆放污染类。分析认为,研究区裂隙盐溶承压水硝酸根污染的来源主要为补给区及径流区强烈渗漏携带牲畜粪便及氮肥和农家肥的施用、生活污水、工业废水及浅层水混入。