影响闽南核电厂热带气旋特征及其最低气压的计算

根据1949—2008年台风资料,采用耿贝尔-Ⅰ型极值法和皮尔逊-Ⅲ频率分布以及确定论法,统计计算了影响闽南热带气旋的可能最低中心气压。结果表明:耿贝尔-Ⅰ型和皮尔逊-Ⅲ型对热带气旋中心最低气压值的实况拟合较好,且两者差异不大,千年一遇值分别为867.4 hPa和868.1 hPa;确定论法是根据大气动力学原理,估算值为867.28 hPa,接近概率论千年一遇值。鉴于皮尔逊-Ⅲ型对参数调整带有一定的随机性,而确定论计算方法具有充分的理论依据,且其估算值又是所选计算法中最小的,因此从安全保守角度考虑,闽南地区可能最低热带气旋中心气压采用确定论法的结果是合理的。      

STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES MAKING LANDFALLS AND PASSING THROUGH LAKES IN CHINA

By using the data of 1949 – 2001 (53 years) of Tropical Cyclone (TC) Yearbooks, statistical analyses are performed to study the climatic features of TCs making landfall and then passing through lakes (hereafter referred to as “L-TCs”) in China. Results show that L-TCs can sustain a long time over land and the intensity is very strong during the course of landfall. Lakes can noticeably slow down the reduction of TC intensity, with the minimum pressure mostly maintained or decreased and the maximum velocity increased. The middle reach of the Yangtze River has the biggest TC dissipating rate as compared with the other areas where the TC is active.     

STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ACTIVITY OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC IN 2004 AND THE CAUSATION

In this paper, we summarized the characteristics of tropical cyclones (TC) activity over the western North Pacific in 2004 and analyzed their causation. Compared with the normal, the annual frequency of TC in 2004 was slightly higher, tropical cyclones in 2004 had a longer life span and occurred in a concentrated period, the source of TC were situated eastward; in all tracks of TC, the recurvature tracks took up larger proportion, the landfall regions of TC were located northward, which concentrated from East China to Japan. The primary causes were revealed as follows. Firstly, the intensity and area of the western North Pacific subtropical high was stronger and larger than usual respectively, and its ridge was frequently in the form of cells and stretched northwestward. Secondly, the convergence of intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) was reinforced and the convergence zone moved more eastward than average. Thirdly, the meridionality of the westerlies was larger than average and the cell-shaped ridge formed a saddle region, which is in favor of TC northward motion and recurature.     

2004年西北太平洋热带气旋的活动特点与成因研究

对2004年台风汛期西北太平洋热带气旋的活动特点进行研究总结,进而对其成因做了分析。结果指出：2004年西北太平洋热带气旋主要特点是生成总数较常年略偏多,热带气旋生命史普遍较长、：生成时间相对集中、生成源地偏东,转向路径偏多,登陆气旋数多于常年平均值,登陆地段集中且偏北,集中在华东到日本一带。其成因在于：（1）副高面积偏大、强度偏强、位置偏北且西伸脊偏西,同时副高分布形态多呈块状,使得2004年台风的高频活动区向北偏移,直接对华东到日本一带造成威胁,乃至正面登陆影响;（2）澳大利亚高压强大,越赤道气流强,赤道辐合带辐合偏强、位置偏东,造成台风活动比较活跃且源地偏东;（3）西风带环流经向度较常年偏大而且副高多呈块状分布,东西两环副高之间形成的鞍型场有利于台风过此通道北上转向,导致转向台风偏多。     

南北半球台风形成的物理场特征对比分析

以南半球7619热带风暴和北半球8111号台风为例，对台风生成区附近的低空大尺度纬向流场的变化及越赤道气流强度的变化进行分析和计算，并对台风生成区大气层结构的温湿场分布、大气低层涡度的逐日变化和对流层上下层的风垂直切变场逐日变化进行计算。同时进行南北半球台风对比分析。找出了南北半球台风生消时段大尺度环流和台风生成区大气物理场的共同特征和和相同的天气变化机制，分析表明台风生成的决定性因素是低层大尺度流场对台风生成区辐合的加强，致使水平切变急剧增大的结果。由此提出一个生消诊断公式，讨论了用天气学方法定量预报台风生消的可能性。     

闽南地区酸雨特征与其影响天气系统的统计分析

使用WRF有限区域模式对2002年第5号台风(Rammasun)减弱后在长白山脉诱生新涡旋产生复合系统的过程进行了60h的模拟。通过对模拟结果的倾斜涡度发展分析,揭示了当减弱的热带气旋移近较高大山脉时,通过与环境场的相互作用可以使空气产生沿倾斜等熵面的下滑运动。在此基础上,热带气旋减弱引起的风的垂直切变的改变可以引起垂直涡度的发展从而诱生新的涡旋中心。     

2006年西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数和源地异常的成因分析

根据西北太平洋编号台风资料、Hadley中心的SST资料和NCAR/NCEP的再分析资料,对2006年西北太平洋热带气旋活动特点进行分析,就台风季热带气旋的活动特征和成因进行研究。(1) 海表温度的异常引起的沃克环流异常造成了2006年热带气旋频数相对于多年平均偏少。(2) 越赤道气流强并且有较好对流匹配的区域易生成热带气旋。较强的对流运动,良好的越赤道气流、环流条件和切变条件的匹配是2006年8月较其它月份生成较多热带气旋的原因。(3) 异常东南风环流有利于引导生成的热带气旋以西北路径西行进入我国沿海并登陆。异常西风环流不利于热带气旋向西运动登陆我国。(4) 垂直风切变异常太大,不利于气旋生成和发展。     

ENSO事件影响下登陆中国热带气旋年际变化特征的分位数回归分析

热带气旋每年对我国东南沿海地区造成很大的经济损失和人员伤亡。为了解登陆中国热带气旋的强度、位置和生成频率等特征,基于1949—2018年西北太平洋热带气旋数据,采用分位数回归的方法分析了登陆中国热带气旋活动年际变化特征规律。结果发现:登陆中国热带气旋活动年际变化特征受ENSO事件的影响,El Ni?o年、La Ni?a年和正常年登陆中国热带气旋的最大风速、最长生命期和生成位置的年际变化规律存在较大差异,且这种差异程度和热带气旋强度有关;此外,在不同的分位数下登陆中国热带气旋活动特征的年际变化趋势系数并不相同。研究结果可以为我国的东南沿海热带气旋数据分析和趋势预测提供有效的参考。      

THE INTENSITY VARIATION OF THE SUMMER INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE IN WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC AND ITS IMPACT ON TROPICAL CYCLONES

Based on the satellite data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the variation of the intensity of convection over the Intertropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ) in summer and its impacts on tropical cyclones are studied. In this paper, an intensity index of the ITCZ is proposed according to Outgoing Longwave Radiation(OLR) in the region of(5°–20°N, 120°–150°E) in the western North Pacific(WNP). Then strong and weak ITCZ years are classified and different variables during the strong/weak ITCZ years are analyzed. The composite results show that the ITCZ anomaly is connected to the general atmospheric circulation and SST distribution. In the strong ITCZ years, the subtropical anticyclone weakens and shifts northward. Besides, there is salient cyclonic anomaly at the low level and anticyclonic anomaly at the high level. SST patterns in the preceding winter resemble to those of La Nina. It could persist into the succeeding summer. However, it is opposite in the weak ITCZ years. The impact of the ITCZ anomaly on the tropical cyclone(TC) formation and track is also discussed. There are more TCs over the WNP(5°–20°N, 120°–150°E) in the strong ITCZ years and there is a significant increase in the northward recurving TCs. In the weak ITCZ years, fewer TCs occur and the frequency of the northwestward track is higher.     

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WIND. PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE IN PLATEAU OF MONGOLIA

After analyzing the mean pressure, dominant wind and temperature data of 40 observation sta-tions in Mongolia from 1961 to 1990, we reach some conclusions as below: (a) The warm advec-tion in the free atmosphere hardly reaches the ground in the west in winter. Because of thermody-namic differences of various meso- and micro-topography, there are "multi-centers" in the pressurefield, and the dominant wind field is "disordered": the temperatures on the convexi-concave orog-raphy and sun-shady slope are different significantly. There is cold advection in the east side,which can reaches the ground and the air pressure field is a "unity". The wind field is dominated bythe west wind. The temperature differences of various slope directions are small, and becomesmaller with height. (b) In summer, the upper control flow (planetary west wind) becomes weak-er, and the orographic air pressure centers in the east develop. Over the windward side of themountain high pressure prevails, and over the lee side low pressure does. These areas becomedeserts for dryness and lack of rainfall. Air temperature in summer can be expressed by latitude,longitude and elevation.     

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WIND. PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE IN PLATEAU OF MONGOLIA*

After analyzing the mean pressure, dominant wind and temperature data of 40 observation stations in Mongolia from 1961 to 1990, we reach some conclusions as below: (a) The warm advection in the free atmosphere hardly reaches the ground in the west in winter. Because of thermodynamic differences of various meso- and micro-topography, there are "multi-centers" in the pressure field, and the dominant wind field is "disordered": the temperatures on the convexi-concave orography and sun-shady slope are different significantly. There is cold advection in the east side,which can reaches the ground and the air pressure field is a "unity". The wind field is dominated by the west wind. The temperature differences of various slope directions are small, and become smaller with height. (b) In summer, the upper control flow (planetary west wind) becomes weaker, and the orographic air pressure centers in the east develop. Over the windward side of the mountain high pressure prevails, and over the lee side low pressure does. These areas become deserts for dryness and lack of rainfall. Air temperature in summer can be expressed by latitude,longitude and elevation.