原始电阻率各向异性岩石电阻率变化的方向性

在3种非含岩成分造成的岩石原始电阻率各向异性标本(在采集和加工过程中，标本完整性遭 到破坏的标本)，和一种由含岩成分形成的 岩石原始电阻率各向异性标本上，布设多个电极，并将标本用水饱和. 然后用多电极组合法 ，将己布电极组合成不同方向、不同极距的电阻率各向异性测线. 采用单轴压缩、低围压 三 轴压缩和剪切3种加载方式，对标本进行动态电阻率变化实验. 观测标本电阻率随承载力的 变化. 实验结果表明∶对于岩石原始电阻率各向异性标本，在电阻率变化各向异性方面，与 岩石 原始电阻率各向同性标本相似，即∶裂隙和破碎带通过区域的测点，视电阻率变化各向异性 结果好，４种组合求得的４个各向异性主轴方向趋向一致，且与破碎带方向基本吻合；裂隙 和破碎带不经过区域的测点，４个视电阻率变化各向异性主轴方向不一致，或者根本求不出 各向异性解. 这后一种情况，在裂隙面平行测量面时，表现最为明显.     

剪切和摩擦滑动大模型的视电阻率变化幅度和各向异性

用石英砂、河砂和水泥模压制成1m×1m×0.3m的均匀和非均匀介质模型，对模型进行剪切和摩擦滑动实验，观测模型不同位置和不同方位的视电阻率变化幅度和各向异性特征. 均匀介质模型实验结果为：电阻率变化与测线的位置有关，距裂隙近的测线，电阻率变化幅度大，从百分之几到百分之几十；距裂隙远的测线，电阻率变化幅度小，从百分之几到不变. 对于非均匀介质模型，电阻率变化幅度要小一些，最大也只有百分之几. 电阻率变化除与测线的位置有关外，还与测线的方位有关，同一测点不同方位的测线，电阻率变化幅度不同，有的差别很大. 剪切与摩擦滑动两种加载方式的电阻率变化幅度数量级相同. 裂隙穿过部位及其附近测点的电阻率变化各向异性主轴方位解与剪切和摩擦滑动的实际裂隙方位吻合较好.     

岩石电阻率图像及各向异性变化的实验研究

在两组人工样品自由表面以中心点为基准对称布设3条辐射状测线,对样品实施单轴应力加载和卸载后,利用电阻率层析成像方法构建了相应的视电阻率相对变化图像,并计算和绘制了表征裂隙产生和发展速率的视电阻率各向异性系数λ*以及表征裂隙产生和发展方位的各向异性主轴方位角α随应力和深度的变化曲线.结果表明:所有测线所对应的RRC图像均随着应力的变化呈现出相同的变化趋势,即在加载阶段,随着应力的增加,视电阻率相对变化图像中电阻率降低区域逐渐收缩,而电阻率升高区域逐渐扩张,在卸载阶段,随着应力的减小,电阻率降低区域继续收缩,电阻率升高区域继续扩张;样品中的高阻体对其所在部位及附近区域的电阻率增幅有较大影响,而对横越高阻体测线的视电阻率相对变化图像的趋势性变化无影响;对于原始电性为各向异性的样品,随着应力的增加,其各向异性程度降低;裂隙主要在岩样的浅部产生和发展,而在较深部位的裂隙产生和发展的速率相对较低.上述结果有助于解释和理解地震、火山活动和大型地质构造运动引起的视电阻率及其各向异性的变化特征,电阻率层析成像方法可能成为目前地震电阻率观测方法的有益补充.      

三向压缩下大型混凝土标本的电性特征

用1.0×1.0×1.5米~3的大型混凝土标本模拟岩石材料进行三轴压缩实验,测量了在受力变形破裂过程中的应力—应变关系以及声波和视电阻率等物理参数。从这些结果中发现,在围压条件下随着应力的增加视电阻率变化与应力、应变密切相关且具有明显的阶段性和方向性特征。这和某些大震前的实测地电资料颇为相似,为震前视电阻率异常的物理解释提供了实验依据。     

岩石破裂过程中电阻率变化机理的探讨

受压岩石在破裂过程中,视电阻率会出现明显的变化,其异常形态与实验条件有很大的关系. 实验中对磁铁石英岩样品施加了单轴压缩,岩石的破裂经反复加载和卸载实现,并在岩样的裂隙中注入了食盐溶液. 在实验的各阶段,对样品的主剖面重建出一系列内部真电阻率分布的图像,揭示了介质内的微细结构,从而探讨了视电阻率变化的原因. 实验发现,岩石中裂隙的存在及所含液体的饱和状态,是岩石在主破裂前控制电阻率变化的两个最重要的因素;低应力状态属常态导电过程,孔隙度的变化是主要因素;高应力状态属裂隙表面导电机制,随着破裂面在岩体内部出现,水和孔隙有了完全贯通的平面,多种导电机制都得以发挥作用. 此外,体导电结构的变化在宏观上表现为各向异性和图样有序性的增强.     

单轴压力下有补给水岩石电阻率变化各向异性研究

将两种规格的长方体水饱和花岗岩标本，以标本一个面的中心点为中心，对称布置成互成４５°角的４条对称四极法电阻率测线。标本电极面和相邻面的一小部分用防水环氧胶密封，使标本在装有水的承压水箱中，沿标本长轴方向受压，观测标本视电阻率随压力的变化。实验结果为：（１）有补给水实验与无补给水实验，电阻率变化整体形态相似，即电阻率随压力的变化先上升，后下降，但有补给水实验的电阻率下降幅度要大一些。（２）电阻率变化出现明显的方向性，可以用电阻率变化最大的各向异性主轴方向表示；实验中，用４条测线、４种组合（每３条测线组合可以确定１个视电阻率变化各向异性主轴方向）方法确定的４个电阻率变化各向异性主轴方向基本一致。（３）加压期间，电阻率各向异性主轴方向随压力增加发生变化，这种变化不是渐变和乱变，而是有规律的跃变，即整个实验过程，多数标本只跃变１—３次，每次跃变形成一个主方向，在主方向内，角度变化不大。（４）有补给水岩石电阻率变化整体形态与美国Ｂｒａｃｅ等（１９６８）所作的围压和孔隙压的岩石电阻率变化形态相似。     

与强地震有关的视电阻率各向异性变化

研究了27个强地震附近41个地电台的视电阻率变化,在震前1年尺度～短临阶段,在超过95％的台站上与震源机制解最大主压应力方位正交（或近于正交）测道的视电阻率变化最显著,主应力方位（或近于该方位）的测道的变化反之,其物理机理比较清晰.可以确认：在强地震孕育晚期阶段,在震源区及附近视电阻率各向异性变化是客观存在的地球物理现象,在震中区附近可观测之.     

固体围压下完整花岗岩粘滑现象的实验研究

本文用完整的花岗岩样品在固体围压三轴实验装置上压缩,研究围压和应变速率对岩样变形破裂过程、粘滑应力降、粘滑复发间隔及样品主破裂几何分布的影响。结果表明,加载速率较低时,粘滑应力降较大,复发间隔较长且分布无规律。加载速率越大,粘滑应力降越小,复发间隔也近似相等,粘滑事件表现出准周期性。围压和应变率较低时,岩石的主破裂会演变成两个交叉的共轭断裂面;而围压和应变率较高时,岩石的主破裂则演变成单一断裂面或入字形断裂面。本文结果对认识中国大陆板内地震孕育、发生及重复过程;研究地震重复发生的机制及影响地震复发间隔的主要因素都有重要意义。     

内孔加压三轴条件下岩石的破裂试验研究

本文应用岩石孔压三轴仪,研究花岗岩和大理岩的破裂特性,探讨应力途径对岩石破裂强度的影响。试验结果表明:(1)岩石的内孔水压致裂强度随围压的增加而线性增加,(2)在拉,压应力组合条件下,岩石呈现出拉破特性,引起岩石破裂的拉应力随着轴压增加而减少;(3)孔压致裂法获得的岩石抗拉强度值偏高     

岩石电阻率变化各向异性与微裂隙扩展方位实验研究

将不同规格的长方体花岗岩标本,按事先设计的图案布设多个电极,并用抽真空的方法将标本进行水饱和．然后将标本电极面和相邻面的一小部分（包括棱）用防水绝缘胶密封．用多电极组合法,将己布电极组合成不同方向、不同极距的电阻率各向异性测线和电测剖面、电测深测线．使标本在装有水的承压水箱中,沿标本长轴方向受压,观测标本电阻率随压力的变化．在实验中,一些标本被压坏,出现宏观裂隙;一些标本没有被压坏,没有被压坏的标本通常压到电阻率出现明显破裂前兆为止．然后,将未压坏的标本测量面显微照相,从照片上寻找裂隙的优势方向,和被压坏标本的宏观裂隙一起,与电阻率各向异性计算结果进行对比,实验结果表明:① 裂隙和破碎带通过区域的测点,视电阻率变化各向异性结果好,4种组合求得的4个各向异性主轴方向趋于一致,且与破碎带方向基本吻合;裂隙和破碎带不经过区域的测点,或者4个视电阻率变化各向异性主轴方向不一致,或者根本求不出各向异性解．这后一种情况,在裂隙面平行测量面时,表现最为明显;② 显微照相显示的微观裂隙或破碎带的优势方向与电阻率变化最大的各向异性主轴方向基本一致;③ 电测剖面的结果,能较好地反映裂隙的位置和区域．      

Research on dependence of resistivity changing anisotropy on microcracks extending in rock with experiment

Intr0ducti0nTheproblemsaboutcrustalrocksfracturingandfricti0nalslippingalongthefracturesurfaCearecloselyrelatedtotheresearchesofearthquakemechanismandgeol0gichazards,andalsoareoneofthosebeinggivenmoreconcernbyscientistsinearthscience-Discussingab0utthegenera-tionanddevelopmentprocess0fintraPlateearthquakes,Wang,etal(l999)proPOsedthatearth-quake'spregnant,mechanicspropertyandgeometricstructureofmatterinearthquake'sgestatingareaaredifferinthousandswaysf0rdifferentplaceinsideslab-Thus,thepregna…     

不同应力途径三轴压缩下岩石的声发射

在不同加载方式的三轴实验中,观测了济南辉长岩和北京昌平花岗岩的声发射(围压达1.3千巴).当最大主应力增加使岩样破坏时(A型),平均声发射率逐渐增加,离破裂强度约几百巴时声发射急剧增多.而当岩石处于一定的高应力状态,通过减小围压使岩样破坏时(B型),声发射的急剧增加仅出现在离破裂差应力20-30巴的情况下,而且这种破裂过程声发射总数只有 A 型的1/3左右.在 B 型加载情况下,从应力场的球张量部分(流体静压力)来看,是一个卸载过程,而从偏张量部分来看,是一个加载过程.这种卸载过程的存在很可能是造成声发射不同特征的主要原因.      

Some results of modeling D-D seismogenic pattern by the fracture model experiment of large-scale rock samples (I)

Using the natural limestone samples taken from the field with dimension of 500 mm×500 mm×1 000 mm, the D-D (dilatancy-diffusion) seismogeny pattern was modeled under the condition of water injection, which observes the time-space evolutionary features about the relative physics fields of the loaded samples from deformation, formation of microcracks to the occurrence of main rupture. The results of observed apparent resistivity show: 1 The process of the deformation from microcrack to main rupture on the loaded rock sample could be characterized by the precursory spatial-temporal changes in the observation of apparent resistivity; 2 The precursory temporal changes of observation in apparent resistivity could be divided into several stages, and its spatial distribution shows the difference in different parts of the rock sample; 3 Before the main rupture of the rock sample the obvious “tendency anomaly” and “short-term anomaly” were observed, and some of them could be likely considered as the “impending earthquake” anomaly precursor of apparent resistivity. The changes and distribution features of apparent resistivity show that they are intrinsically related to the dilatancy phenomenon of the loaded rock sample. Finally, this paper discusses the mechanism of resistivity change of loaded rock sample theoretically. This subject is supported by the key project during the 8-th “Five Year Plan” from the State Science and Technology Commission of China (85-04-04).     

The Effect of Varying Damage History in Crystalline Rocks on the P- and S-Wave Velocity under Hydrostatic Confining Pressure

Cracks play a very important role in many geotechnical issues and in a number of processes in the Earth’s crust. Elastic waves can be used as a remote sensing tool for determining crack density. The effect of varying crack density in crystalline rock on the P- and S-wave velocity and dynamic elastic properties under confining pressure has been quantified. The evolution of P- and S-wave velocity were monitored as a suite of dry Westerly granite samples were taken to 60, 70, 80 and 90 % of the unconfined uniaxial strength of the sample. The damaged samples were then subjected to hydrostatic confining pressure from 2 MPa to 200 MPa to quantify the effect of varying crack density on the P- and S-wave velocity and elastic properties under confining pressure. The opening and propagation of microcracks predominantly parallel to the loading direction during uniaxial loading caused a 0.5 and 6.3 % decrease in the P- and S-wave velocity, respectively. During hydrostatic loading, microcracks are closed at 130 MPa confining pressure. At lower pressures the amount of crack damage in the samples has a small but measureable effect. We observed a systematic 6 and 4 % reduction in P- and S-wave velocity, respectively, due to an increase in the fracture density at 2 MPa confining pressure. The overall reduction in the P- and S-wave velocity decreased to 2 and 1 %, respectively, at 50 MPa. The elastic wave velocities of samples that have a greater amount of microcrack damage are more sensitive to pressure. Effective medium modelling was used to invert elastic wave velocities and infer crack density evolution. Comparing the crack density results with experimental data on Westerly granite samples shows that the effective medium modelling used gave interpretable and reasonable results. Changes in crack density can be interpreted as closure or opening of cracks and crack growth.     

EXPERIMENT STUDY ON ACOUSTIC EMISSION,MICROSEISM AND CHARGE INDUCTION DURING FRACTURE PROCESS OF GRANITE WITH FAULT ZONE UNDER UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION

As the rock samples will produce abnormal signals of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge signals under external loading, the waveform comprehensive monitoring devices are used to synchronously monitor acoustic emission, microseismic and charge signals during the deformation and failure process of granite with fault zone under uniaxial compression. The results show that, the granite with fault zone has obvious synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction in the elastic deformation stage, and has high amplitude synchronous precursory signals in the instability destruction stage. The influence of fault zone on granite samples strength is remarkable, and the uniaxial compressive strength of samples with the fault zone is greatly reduced. With the angle of the fault zone decreasing, the uniaxial compressive strength of the specimens is reduced, the samples are more liable to instability and the energy of instability destruction is greater. With the fault zone angle of granite samples decreasing, the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction signals increase in the deformation and failure process of samples. The samples stress decreases when the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals appear synchronously. The duration of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals is increasing in the instability destruction stage. When the angle of the fault zone reaches 30°, the mutability of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction signal increases, the time to enter the dangerous stage is much earlier, and the acoustic emission events of large magnitude increase significantly, and the large angle faults of coal mine are more dangerous. The intensive and high amplitude synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction are produced before the instability destruction, and the signals duration is shorter. The intensive and strongest synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction are produced in the instability destruction, and the signals duration is longer. Acoustic emission monitoring data can better reflect the micro rupture of rock. And combined with the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals, the precursory information of rock instability destruction can be obtained more accurately.     

不同性质岩块构成的样品破裂前的波速变化

用超声脉冲法研究了不同性质岩块构成的样品破裂前的波速变化。样品为长方形大理岩板,中心镶嵌大理岩、辉长岩、花岗岩,砂岩圆块。实验表明,样品破裂时裂纹穿过低强度镶嵌岩块而绕过高强度镶嵌岩块。在第一种场合样品破裂前,镶嵌岩块內波速变化显著,在第二种场合样品破裂前镶嵌岩块內波速变化不大。穿过两种岩石界面的波速测量表明,波速下降的起始点提前到样品破坏应力的60%左右。样品破裂前波速总的变化趋势是下降,但不是单调下降而呈现起伏。这说明介质不均匀性会对岩石破裂前的波速变化规律产生不可忽视的影响。      

应力途径和破裂前兆

本文研究了在不同的应力途径下岩石破坏的条件和破裂的前兆.选定了三种应力途径进行研究:在一定应力状态下增加最大主应力σ₁, 保持σ₂, σ₃不变, 使岩石破坏（A 型）;减小最小主应力使岩石破坏（B 型）;增加最小主应力岩石不破坏（C 型）.通过实验得到了济南辉长岩和昌平花岗岩 A 型途径和 B 型途径破裂强度的比较.对三种途径岩石的体应变、声发射和波速V_p, 进行了对比研究.A 型途径的破裂前兆表现与许多作者的结果相符合.B 型途径岩石断裂前处于"过密"状态, 与此相联系的声发射增加和波速V_p下降出现得很晚.C 型途径岩石处于超膨胀状态, 出现了声发射增加和波速V_p下降而岩石并未破坏的现象.      

岩石受压过程中应力反复对电阻率的影响

在岩石电阻率随压力变化的不同阶段,部份地减低轴向压力后再加压(每回总压降约为破坏应力的10%).研究这种特殊的加载方式下,即所谓应力反复对电阻率的影响.结果如下:(1)对高水饱和度岩石,随压力不断增加电阻率变化的总趋势为上升——平稳——下降的变化形态(包括饱和度为100——70%).对低饱和度岩石(实验中饱和度为70%和50%),电阻率变化的总趋势已改变.(2)对高饱和度岩石共作了十一次应力反复实验.除了水饱和度为71%的岩石在压力为30MPa 处,应力反复时电阻率无明显变化外,其余均呈现电阻率的负异常(下降幅度约2%左右),我国地电台在震前观测到的地电阻率变化以负异常为主.实验结果为解释这种负异常提供一种新的可能机制.(3)在电阻率随压力变化的下降段,特别是接近岩石破坏时,应力反复所引起的电阻率负异常与一般情况下出现的负异常相比,有以下三个特征:a)负异常的幅度要大一个数量级(约-20%);b)不仅应力下降时电阻率下降,而且应力恢复时电阻率仍然下降;c)各个方向电阻率变化的差别很大(约10%).以上这三个特征可作为岩石临近破坏的标志.而一般的电阻率负异常可能只与应力反复有关,并不意味着岩石处于临近破裂的危险状态.(4)低饱和度岩石,应力反复可能引起电阻率的正异常.作者还用      

Experimental Study on the Stick-slip Phenomenon of Intact Granite under Solid Confining Pressure

In this paper,compression tests of intact granite samples have been made in a triaxial testing machine with solid confining pressure.From the tests,the influences of confining pressure and loading rate(axial strain rate)on the deformation and fracture process of rock samples,on the stress drop and recurrence interval of stick-slip events,and on the geometric distribution of the main fracture have been studied.The experimental results show that the loading rate influences the stress drop and recurrence interval of stick-slip events greatly.At lower loading rates,the stress drop of stick-slip events is greater,their recurrence interval is longer and shows no regularity in distribution.When the loading rate goes higher,the stress drop will become smaller and the recurrence interval will tend to be constant and stick-slip events show a quasi-periodicity.At lower confining pressures and strain rates,the main fracture may evolve into 2 X-shaped conjugate shear faults; whereas at higher confining pressures and