The ODP color digital imaging system: Color logs of quaternary sediments from the Santa Barbara basin,site 893

Digital color logs of cores from leg 146, holes 893A and 893B, have been taken from images captured during January 1993, within days after the cores were split and described. The images were captured and color analyses performed on the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) color digital imaging system, which was assembled from relatively inexpensive, off‐the‐shelf components. The images were used to calculate sedimentation rates by fitting chronological data from hole 893A to void‐corrected depths determined by eliminating all voids mapped from the images as >1 cm in length measured downcore. Color measurements were made at intervals between 0.22 and 1.0 mm in length, and then Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) 1931 chromaticity values were computed. Results plotted within CIE chro‐maticity space lie in close proximity to the Munsell 5Y hue plane, confirming that the instrumental color analysis technique has produced results consistent with those of the human observers who described colors visually. Significant periodicities occurring at 12, 17, 31, and 90 years correlate with sunspot activity cycles, suggesting that color variations may reflect global climatic forcing functions. Linear correlation between color data sets from holes 893A and 893B suggests that as much as 1.2 m of material present at or near the top of hole 893B may not have been recovered from hole 893A, and that there is a 70‐cm depth discrepancy in the opposite direction at 51.5 m below seafloor (mbsf). The article recommends that the 1931 CIE chromaticity system be used routinely for describing colors of geological materials because it readily accommodates the mathematical manipulations required for statistical and time‐series analyses and avoids the subjectivity and other weaknesses inherent in the Munsell Color System.     

水体石油类物质生物-光学遥感反演模型

A biooptical modeling, which is based on a radiation transfer model, can be employed to simultaneously retrieve the concentration of various colour factors by multi-spectral remote sensing data, after connecting inherent optical properties （absorption coefficient and backward scattering coefficient） of colour factor with apparent optical properties （remote sensing reflectivity）. At present, this method has been used in a relatively wide range of applications in the inversion of a conventional water colour factor concentration in the case II water body： applications such as chlorophyll, suspended sediment, yellow substance. On the basis of extensive field testing data of water quality, correspondingly apparent optical properties, and the full use of the existing parametric model of colour factor inherent optical properties （with the parametrization of petroleum substance inherent optical properties established in the project） the remote recognition model for oil concentration is established by introducing oil as a new water co/our factor into a biooptical remote algorithm. The estimated value of the oil concentration was obtained by solving the biooptical model, using the data measured in May 2008 and August 2009 and June 2010 in seawater. The highly accurate inversion result promises to estimate the oil concentration in water for remote sensing.     

An Iterative Equalization and Decoding Approach for Underwater Acoustic Communication

In this paper, we present an iterative approach for recovering information sent over a shallow underwater acoustic (UWA) communication channel. The procedure has three main tasks: estimation of channel model parameters (CMPs), channel equalization, and decoding. These tasks are performed cyclicly until the algorithm converges. Information bits are convolutionally encoded, punctured and permuted, mapped into quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) symbols, linearly modulated, and transmitted through a downward-refracting ocean waveguide. Training symbols are prepended to the transmitted sequence for initial estimation of CMPs. Our algorithm processes data from a single receive sensor. Data are received on a vertical array and the performance of the algorithm for each sensor in the array is examined. There is negligible Doppler spread in the received data. However, difference between transmitter and receiver clocks as well as slight motion of the receive array produce a nonnegligible compression of the received signals. Consequently, there is observable Doppler “shift.” Nonuniform resampling of the data produces time series we model as the output of a linear time-invariant system. Resampling and CMP estimation are done iteratively, in conjunction with equalization and decoding. The algorithm successfully processes the data to yield few or no information bit errors.      

Colour variation in the southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii and its economic impact on the commercial industry

Southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii varies in shell coloration throughout southern Australia. Predominantly exported as a live product to Asian markets, price is influenced by colour with prices higher for dark red than paler coloured lobsters, which are discounted. This paper explores spatial and depth variation in shell colour for the Tasmanian, South Australian and Victorian fisheries using catch sampling data. The proportion of red lobsters decreased with depth and was prevalent at depths less than 30 m, whereas paler coloured lobsters dominated the deeper depth ranges. The depth of transition where 50% of lobsters were classified as red showed a weak trend of increase with latitude from southern Tasmania to northern South Australia. Under quota management, lobster colour was a significant driver of fleet dynamics as fishers target areas of high price per unit. Consequently, catches of pale lobsters from greater depths remain low despite the high catch rates in these areas. The colour price differential varies seasonally (higher in summer) so fishers increase supply of pale lobsters during winter. Discounting on colour equates to AUS$6.67 million/year for the Tasmanian Fishery alone, which indicates value from management or marketina research to reduce discountina.     

Variability of suspended particulate matter in the Bohai Sea from the geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)

This study assesses the performance of the Geostationary Ocean Imager (GOCI) for mapping of suspended particulate matter in the Bohai Sea, a turbid water region. GOCI imagery for remote sensing reflectance and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is analysed in detail for two days in June 2011 (8 images per day). Both instantaneous and daily composite maps are considered and a comparison is made with corresponding reflectance and TSS products from MODIS-AQUA. Results show TSS distributions corresponding to previous studies of the region. The advantage of the higher acquisition frequency (8 images/day instead of 1) offered by GOCI is clearly demonstrated in the daily composite which is more complete during this period of scattered but moving clouds. Consideration of temporal variation over the day indicates low natural variability but some artificial variability from processing errors ?? this analysis provides a first indication of how the higher frequency of data from geostationary ocean colour could lead to improved data quality control via temporal coherency outlier detection. While there is room for improvement on the GOCI calibration, atmospheric correction and retrieval algorithms, the current study suggests that the GOCI data can already be used now to study qualitatively sediment dynamics except in the extremely turbid waters which are masked out of the current dataset. In a wider context, it is considered that the technical challenges of geostationary ocean colour have been met by the GOCI concept, and, notwithstanding potential improvements on the concept and data processing methods, it is recommended that this mission serve as a model for future geostationary ocean colour sensors over Europe/Africa and the Americas.     

山东和浙江沿岸唇口类(苔藓虫)三新种

1985-1986年作者在中国水产科学院黄海水产研究所投放于胶州湾灵山岛的人工鱼礁上获得许多苔藓虫标本,从中发现了唇口目(Cheilostomata)三个新种,本文为其描述。其中刺轴缘孔苔虫(新种) Smittina spinigera sp.nov.也发现于山东半岛北岸和浙江沿岸水域。新种的模式标本保存于中国科学院海洋研究所。     

Video cathodoluminescence microscopy of diagenetic cements and its applications

Diagenetic studies of sedimentary rocks using cold cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy have been severely limited because of the very low intensity of visible luminescent emissions, which required long photographic exposure times, and because of the difficulty in obtaining quantitative data from CL observations. The solution to this problem is to fit the microscope with a high-sensitivity digital colour video camera linked to a computer with image enhancement and image analysis software. The new technique described in this paper:

• produces digital CL images of consistent high quality, both quickly and cheaply;

• controls the capture and editing of CL images, to reveal detailed textural information even from minerals exhibiting low level luminescence such as quartz;

• acquires quantitative information on pore systems and the abundance of cement zones from CL images.

Examples are presented to demonstrate the high quality of images produced in this way and the range of uses to which the new technique can be applied. The ability to image exactly the same field of view in both plane polarised light and CL is a particular advantage. Image analysis techniques have been developed to give a statistical characterisation of both pore systems and cement phases that infill them. The abundance of contrasting cement zones seen in CL can be measured and the abundance of cement phases can be mapped across a reservoir. The history of porosity occlusion can be reconstructed quantitatively and integrated with burial history and hydrocarbon migration. Porosity can be measured accurately and, since the technique obtains data on pore geometry as well as abundance, the pore system can be characterised by pore size distributions and pseudo-capillary pressure curves. This also opens the possibility of estimating permeability from thin sections.     

Habitat use of inter‐tidal chitons – role of colour polymorphism

This study presents a new approach to examining European chiton habitat use according to morphological characteristics. Time‐search transects were conducted on four Portuguese rocky shores at two shore levels. The chiton species, abundance and individual morphometric features were recorded and related to the substratum dominant epiphytes and surface roughness. The chiton Lepidochitona cinerea (Linnaeus 1767) was the dominant species (77%), followed by Leptochiton algesirensis (Capellini 1859) (15%) and Acanthochitona crinita (Pennant 1777) (8%). Species abundance did not vary significantly with shore level or amongst shores. Six colour morphs were considered for Lepidochitona cinerea, four for A. crinita and one for Lepidochiton algesirensis. Substratum characteristics significantly explained the variation in species and colour morph distribution. There was a high correlation between the presence/absence and type of epiphytic algae and the substratum surface roughness level. We hypothesize that three mechanisms operating either independently or in interaction may explain the non‐random distribution of colour polymorphisms according to their habitat characteristics: (i) presence of algae that are part of their diet; (ii) use of rock as shelter – for instance, crevices and cover resulting from algae fronds and; (iii) morph–rock colour matching as a camouflage mechanism to reduce predation pressure.     

Improved processing of Hydrosweep DS multibeam data on the R/V Maurice Ewing

We have developed a new software package, called MB-System, for processing and display of Hydrosweep DS multibeam data on the R/V Maurice Ewing. The new software includes tools for modeling water sound velocity profiles, calculating multibeam bathymetry from travel time values by raytracing through a water sound velocity profile, interactive and automatic editing of multibeam bathymetry, as well as a variety of tools for the manipulation and display of multibeam data. A modular input/output library allows MB-System programs to access and manipulate data in any of a number of supported swath-mapping sonar data formats, including data collected on Hydrosweep DS, Sea-Beam Classic, SeaBeam 2000, SeaBeam 2100, H-MR1, Simrad EM12, and other sonars. Examples are presented of the software's application to Hydrosweep data recently collected on the R/V Maurice Ewing.     

提取江蓠琼脂新工艺条件的研究

提取江蓠琼脂新工艺条件的研究李来好，陈培基，王道公，吴燕燕（中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所水产加工研究室）摘要采用＂高温稀碱法＂提取江蓠琼脂，系统地研究了江蓠的碱处理、漂白和提胶的新工艺条件。其主要特点是：（１）在碱处理中，添加了蒽衍生物，使琼脂的...     

海洋水色遥感资料红光波段的大气纠正

通常的大气纠正方法不考虑对红光波段进行大气纠正,文章在阐述海洋水色遥感资料大气纠正基本原理和方法的基础上,提出了简单可行的方法,对红光波段与其它波段一同进行大气纠正,并用C语言完成了该纠正方法的程序编制和调试,使海洋水色遥感资料的大气纠正更加完善,有利于更好地对近岸海区开展海洋水色遥感应用研究。     

海洋贝类的病害性纤毛虫研究Ⅰ.吻毛类纤毛虫

报道采自山东沿海贝类鳃表及外套腔中寄生 /共栖的 3种吻毛类纤毛虫 :原生钩毛虫(Ancistrocoma primigenius)、派氏钩毛虫 (Ancistrocoma pelseneeri)及威海下毛虫 (Hypocomidesweihaiensis)。作者依据活体观察、蛋白银和银浸法染色对其活体形态学、纤毛图式及银线系进行了综合描述。该研究系钩毛虫属纤毛虫在我国的首次报道。     

中国北部近海涟虫目的初步研究

涟虫类(Cumacea)是甲壳动物软甲类中的一个目,与端足目、等足目等同属囊虾类(Peracarida)。其形态构造较为独特(图1),头部与前3或4胸节愈合,留下5或4个活动胸节,外覆以膨大的头胸甲,其侧缘与胸足紧密结合,形成封闭的鳃室。鳃叶附于第1颚足宽大的外肢上。腹部细长呈链状,许多种类缺少尾节,雌性腹肢完全退化。大部分涟虫埋栖于海底泥沙中,属底栖生物。许多涟虫在交配期或夜间离开海底沉积,到水层中营游泳生 活,所以浮游生物拖网中也常能大量采到。涟虫也是鱼类和大型甲壳类食物的组成部分。 最早记载的涟虫是 Lepichin于1780年报道的 Oniscus scorpioides ,即现在的蝎形针尾涟虫 Diastylis scorpioides。第二例有关涟虫的报道是 Colone Montagu 于1804年所作。H. Milne-Edwards于1828年为此种建立了Cuma属,涟虫类 Cumacea一词的名称即来源于此。按常规,涟虫目的名称应从最早发表的属名,即针尾涟虫属(Diastylis),但因源于Cuma属的 Cumacea一名已被广泛应用和接受,不便更改,散仍保留Cumacea一名。 现今涟虫目已知共有近800种(Robert,190),分隶于11科,100多属,大多分布在0-500m之间,也见于大洋深渊底(如发现于爪哇海沟的 Makrokylindrus halis Jone，1969,栖息深度可达7160m)。关于中国近海的涟虫,以往研究较少,台湾省曾有少量报道,华北的涟虫仅罗玛金娜(JIOMAKИHA)于1960年报道过8种(其中1个未定种)。由于涟虫埋栖于泥沙之中,其分布范围局限性较大。涟虫的地方性种(endemic species)较多。搞清我国涟虫目的种类组成,对底栖生物生态学、浮游动物学、动物地理学以及鱼类食性的研究都有重要意义。 本文报道了我国北部涟虫目15种,分隶于6科、13属。其中有3个新种:舌突圆涟虫Cyclaspis linguiloba sp.nov.、六刺丽涟虫 Lamprops hexaspinula sp. nov.、二齿半尖额涟虫 Hemileucon bidentatus sp.nov;7个新纪录是卵圆涟虫 Bodotria ovalis、宽甲古涟虫 Eocuma lata、蛇头女针涟虫 Gynodiastylis anguicephala、梭形驼背涟虫 Campylaspis fusiformis、笨凸背涟虫 Campylaspis amblyoda、光亮拟涟虫 Cumella arguta、和太平洋方甲涟虫 Eudorella pacifica。另外,罗玛金娜1960年报道的新变种脊腹异涟虫 Heterocuma sarsi var. costata应为萨氏异涟虫 Heterocwma sarsi 的同物异名。 本文所研究的标本均采自长江口以北的中国近海,主要为底栖生物海底表面采泥、拖网和浮游生物拖网取样所获,个别的为潮间带采集所得。体长的测量自头胸甲前缘至尾节末端(不包括尾节端刺),如果不存在尾节,则至第6腹节末端。新种模式标本保存在中国科学院海洋研究所。     

Benchmarks for validating range-dependent seismo-acousticpropagation codes

The availability of fast and relatively low-cost computing power has resulted in radical changes to the role of seismo-acoustic modeling. With the increase in the number of models available, there is the inevitable question of how can one go about validating all these numerical schemes. Recently, the issue of establishing reference solutions for range dependent ocean acoustic problems was addressed within the Acoustical Society of America. This has resulted in a set of well-defined benchmarks for range-dependent fluid problems. However, to date, there is no consistent set of benchmarks for the range-dependent seismo-acoustic codes. In this paper, we present a collection of problems intended for general use by the modeling community for validation of new computational schemes. A number of new seismo-acoustic codes are applied to produce reference solutions for these benchmarks     

东海大陆架沉积物中的放射虫

利用海洋沉积物中放射虫的研究资料来判別海底地层和解决与海洋学有关的问題, 系探索海洋资源的手段之一。近年来,一些国家对世界大洋的调查研究工作进展很快，目前,除北冰洋外；几乎对各大洋的大部分海域都进行了钻探取样。其中,用放射虫沉积岩样结合地层学进行分析划带的工作已有很大进展。东海大陆架范围辽阔,资源丰富,亟待开发利用,但对其海底情况过去了解较少。为配合当前渔场调查和海底矿产资源的探测,对海底沉积物及有关方面进行调查研究是急需的。本文就东海大陆架部分地区(东经121°30′-127°,北纬26°30′-32°30′；图1)海底沉积物中的放射虫进行研究整理、以供作海洋开发的基础资料。     

西沙群岛粗胞苔虫属两新种

1975年3-5月作者参加了中国科学院南海海洋研究所组织的西沙群岛生物调查,获得不少苔藓动物(Bryozoa)标本,发现其中有五号标本与以往报道的粗胞属(Scrupocellaria Van Beneden,1845)内各已知种显著不同,经研究确认系两个新种。新种的模式标本均保存在中国科学院海洋研究所。     

碟形浮标观测方向波谱误差分析及修正

改进了方向波谱的分析方法及噪声谱经验公式，使本法随测波环境及仪器特性自动修正经验参值，更易于实际应用。基于Maximum heave/pitch quad-spectrum method，由时域及频率域上的浮标动力反应数值计算，推求反应增益因子及相位延迟项，并进一步将其导入方向波谱计算，使其能修正资料浮标对波浪之轴不对称动态反应所造成的相位延迟不一致及主波向误差。经数值仿真验证，该方法的确能消减因资料浮标对波浪之轴不对称动态反应所造成的相位延迟及对主波向估算所造成之影响。应用花莲现场观测资料验证改良之主波向估算方法，得出是否考虑波浪运动与浮标运动间之振幅响应因子及相位延迟因子，所得之主波向的差异介于0－12℃之间。