中国流动人口地域类型——划分方法及空间分布(英文)

With the rapid increase of the number and influence of floating population in China,it is urgently needed to understand the regional types of China’s floating population and their spatial characteristics. After reviewing the current methods for identifying regional types of floating population,this paper puts forward a new composite-index identification method and its modification version which is consisted of two indexes of the net migration rate and gross migration rate. Then,the traditional single-index and the new composite-index identification methods are empirically tested to explore their spatial patterns and characteristics by using China’s 2000 census data at county level. The results show:(1) The composite-index identification method is much better than traditional single-index method because it can measure the migration direction and scale of floating simultaneously,and in particular it can identify the unique regional types of floating population with large scale of immigration and emigration. (2) The modified composite-index identification method,by using the share of a region’s certain type of floating population to the total in China as weights,can effectively correct the over-or under-estimated errors due to the rather large or small total population of a region. (3) The spatial patterns of different regional types of China’s floating population are closely related to the regional differentiation of their natural environment,population density and socio-economic development level. The three active regional types of floating population are mainly located in the eastern part of China with lower elevation,more than 800 mm precipitation,rather higher population densities and economic development levels.     

中国流动人口地域类型的划分方法及空间分布特征

随着中国流动人口规模快速增长和影响日趋深远,各级政府在制订经济社会发展战略、区域与城市规划等各类重大决策时,亟需准确地认识和把握中国流动人口的空间分布特征及不同地域类型。本文在综合比较现有流动人口地域类型划分方法优缺点的基础上,提出了综合考虑净迁移率和总迁移率的复合型指标及其修正方法,并根据中国第五次人口普查分区县的流动人口数据,运用以上多种划分方法实证研制出中国流动人口地域类型的多种划分方案,并进行了比较分析。结果表明：① 综合考虑净迁移率和总迁移率的复合指标法,可以同时测度区域流动人口的方向性与活跃度,兼具以上两种单一性指标法的特色和优势,特别是能清晰地分辨出区域流入人口与流出人口的规模均比较大的平衡型活跃区这种独特类型,具有显著的优势。② 进一步考虑份额指标的修正型复合指标法,能有效地消除因区域人口总量过小或过大而导致流动人口活跃度被高估或低估的偏差,划分结果更加符合实际。③ 中国流动人口地域类型的空间分布格局与其自然环境、人口密度及经济社会发展水平的区域差异关系密切。中国各类流动人口活跃区主要分布在位处第三阶梯和大于800 mm等降雨线的东部季风区,其人口密度及经济社会发展水平相对较高。     

The temporal and spatial patterns and potential evaluation of China’s energy resources development

The issue of China’s energy supply security is not only the key problem which affects China’s rapid and sustainable development in the 21st century, but also the one which international attention focuses on. Based on the notable characteristic of spatial imbalance between energy production and consumption in China, this paper takes the evolution of China’s primary energy resources development(excluding hydropower) from 1949 to 2007 as the study object, with the aim to sum up the evolutive characteristics and laws of China’s energy resources development in the past nearly 60 years. Then, based on comprehensive considerations of coal’s, oil’s and natural gas’s basic reserves, qualities, geological conditions, production status, and ecological service function of every province, this paper adopts development potential index (DP)to evaluate the development potential of every province’s energy resources, and divide them into different ranks. Conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) Generally speaking, China’s gross energy production was increasing in waves from 1949 to 2007. From the viewpoint of spatial patterns, China’s energy resources development has shown a characteristic of “concentrating to the north and central areas, and evolving from linear-shaped to “T-shaped” pattern gradually since 1949. (2) The structure evolution of China’s energy resources development in general has shown a trend of “coal proportion is dominant but decreasing, while oil and gas proportions are increasing” since 1949. (3) At the provincial scale, China’s energy resources development potential could be divided into large, sub-large, general and small ranks, four in all. In the future, the spatial pattern of China’s energy production will evolve from “T-shaped” to “Π-shaped pattern”. These conclusions will help to clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics and laws of China’s energy resources development, and will be beneficial for China to design scientific and rational energy development strategies and plans, coordinate spatial imbalance of energy production and consumption, ensure national energy supply, avoid energy resources waste and disorderly development, and promote regional sustainable development under the globalization background with changeful international energy market.     

流动人口购房意愿影响因素的空间异质性——基于MGWR模型的研究

基于2016年中国流动人口动态监测数据,运用多尺度地理加权回归模型对流动人口流入地购房意愿影响因素的空间异质性进行分析。研究发现：① 中国流动人口在流入地城市的购房意愿整体偏低,尤其在流动人口聚集的东南沿海地区,流动人口购房意愿最低。② 多尺度地理加权回归（multi-scale geographically weighted regression,MGWR）模型能识别出不同因素对购房意愿的影响具有空间尺度差异,其中户口类型、流动范围、流动次数等显著变量对不同区域流动人口购房意愿的影响存在明显的区域差异。③ 各影响因素呈现显著的空间分异格局,其中婚姻状况、户口类型、职业类型、房价、公共服务等因素对东南地区购房意愿的影响较大,收入、流动次数、已购住房、随迁子女等因素对东北地区购房意愿的影响更大,西北地区平均受教育年限和拥有住房公积金对流动人口购房意愿的正向促进作用显著,而跨省流动的负向影响由西北向中部地区梯度递减。     

Temporal and spatial differences and imbalance of China’s urbanization development during 1950–2006

A better understanding of the regional disparity and imbalance characteristics of China’s urbanization development is the important premise for constituting correct policy and strategy and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of urbanization in the 21st century. The regional differences of China’s urbanization level have close relations with natural conditions of landform and climate etc., the urbanization level reduces with the elevation of topography and decrease of precipitation. According to the statistical data set of urbanization in 1950–2006, the temporal change course of inter-provincial disparity of Chinese urbanization level since the founding of New China in 1949 was studied, and then the inter- regional and intra-regional disparities of urbanization development were analyzed by the Theil index and its nested decomposition method, to grasp the dynamic change of spatial disparities of China’s urbanization level on the whole. Using the imbalance index model, the imbalance status of urban population distribution relative to total population, grain output, total agricultural output value, gross output value of industry, tertiary industrial output value as well as gross regional product was discussed, to hold the balance characteristics of urbanization development relative to the regional development conditions from the macroscopic scales.     

中国东部地区流动人口城市间横向迁移规律

基于中国东部地区6 个城市流动人口问卷调查,并在对已有人口迁移规律研究进行梳理的基础上,通过比较流动人口每一次迁移前一城市和后一城市的差异以及整个迁移过程中迁移速度、迁移距离、迁移城市规模、城市经济发展水平、区域路径等方面的变化趋势,分析流动人口进入城市后在城市间横向迁移的规律和特点。研究发现:东部地区流动人口城市间横向迁移不仅速度快,城市平均居留时间短,而且在多次迁移过程中迁移流向、迁移的空间轨迹方面呈现出更为复杂的特点:随着迁移次数的增加,迁移距离增加,遵循由近及远的同时回流现象明显;随着迁移次数的增加,由收入较高城市流向收入较低城市的比例以及流向中等城市的比例显著提高,不存在由大到小的递补特征;在相邻城市或相同经济区范围内多次往返迁移现象明显。     

社区尺度下流动人口聚居区空间识别与尺度效应——以北京市为例

以北京市为案例区,以土地利用与人口分布的同一性为基础,通过建立基于空间配置法的流动人口聚居区识别方法,实现了社区尺度流动人口聚居区的空间识别。在此基础上,对比街道尺度和社区尺度流动人口聚居区的识别结果,判断流动人口聚居区的空间尺度效应,探析流动人口聚居区空间尺度效应的形成原因,明确选择社区尺度作为识别空间单元的必要性。研究发现：基于空间配置法的社区尺度流动人口聚居区识别方法具有较高的准确度,能够有效识别案例区约90%的流动人口聚居区。流动人口聚居区具有显著的空间尺度效应,主要原因包括：较大空间尺度容易忽略区域内部社会空间差异、城乡分割的二元社会经济体制和高速城市化进程。研究结论将为流动人口聚居区系统化、精细化研究提供技术支撑和方法借鉴,为政府相关部门进行流动人口聚居区顶层制度设计提供科学依据。     

Economic Opportunities and Internal Migration: A Case Study of Guangdong Province,China*

Economic opportunities are considered a primary determinant of human migration, but their explanatory power in Communist China has been limited because of strong government intervention in controlling migration and in planned population transfers. Since the late 1970s, however, economic reform has brought about changes in China's regional economies and generated new push and pull forces for migration, and the relaxation of migration restrictions has created greater opportunities for nongovernment-induced migration. Using data primarily from the 1990 census, I review the spatial patterns of migration and the characteristics of the new migrants. A case study of Guangdong Province reveals that its attractiveness to migrants from other provinces and its intra-provincial migration patterns are attributable to differentials in per capita output and foreign investment. The findings support the argument that China has entered a new era of migration in which present and expected economic opportunities are important explanations for the volume and directions of population movement.     

人口流迁对长江经济带区域经济差距的影响及空间溢出效应

人口流迁对区域经济差距是扩大效应还是缩小效应的争论一直存在,文章利用长江经济带104个城市2001—2017年的空间面板数据,对此议题再作分析。主要结论为：1）对于全局区域经济差距,人口流动、人口迁移与经济差距存在倒“U”型的非线性关系：早期为扩大效应,后期为收敛效应,这与中国梯度发展战略和“先富带动后富,最终实现共同富裕”的阶段化发展理念吻合。2）对于省内区域经济差距,人口流动亦表现为先扩大后收敛的作用,人口迁移则仅表现为扩大效应而无收敛效应。人口流动与人口迁移作用差异来源于后者户籍变更所带来的经济行为和资源配置空间转换。3）考虑空间效应后,判断人口流迁与区域经济差距的内生关系变得相对复杂,但更为全面客观;效应分解显示,人口流动和人口迁移最终是利于区域均衡发展的,其中溢出效应发挥了重要作用。     

中国省际人口迁移格局演变及其对城镇化发展的影响

基于2000年和2010年人口普查数据,利用多种指标和方法研究了中国省际人口迁移的格局演变及其对城镇化的影响。研究发现：省际迁入和迁出人口在空间分布上均呈分散化态势,迁入迁出重心均向北向东偏移,迁入地由广东省“一枝独秀”向多极化演变,安徽、四川、河南、湖南成为新的四大迁出地。利用净迁移流构建的省际人口迁移网络,表现出紧凑化和均衡化趋势;迁移流仍然是从中西部地区指向东部地区,但新增加迁移流集中指向长三角、京津以及福建。综合考虑省际人口迁移强度和方向,可将全国31个地区划分为净流入型活跃区、平衡型活跃区、净流出型活跃区以及非活跃区四种类型。省际迁移改变了迁入地和迁出地的城乡人口结构,通过不同模式促进了城镇化率的提高和省际差异的缩小,对2000-2010年全国城镇化率增加的贡献占到了18.13%。     

1995—2015年中国人口迁移的时空变化特征

本文利用人口普查数据,估算了1995—2015年中国地（市）间人口O-D迁移流和迁移率,结合GIS空间分析和社会网络分析方法,揭示了20年间中国人口迁移的时空变化特征。研究发现：① 中国人口迁移由相对不活跃、局部地区参与的“低活性时代”,逐步走向相对活跃、绝大多数地区参与的“高活性时代”。② 人口迁移地域类型的时空演化过程呈现出各活跃型地（市）不断扩散,而非活跃型地（市）大幅缩减的特点。③ 人口迁移网络以“胡焕庸线”为界,东、西两侧迁移流“东密西疏”且差异悬殊,这一空间格局具有很强的稳定性和顽健性。④ 在人口省内迁移持续增强,以及跨省迁移中沿海三大城市群吸引力的“此消彼长”和西南地区吸引力不断增强的背景下,东中西部地区的人口迁移流场结构表现为：沿海地区主要城市群内部分化和影响范围减弱,中部地区（除湖北省）未能演化出以省为单元的独立社区,西部地区则是西北相对稳定而西南持续变动。     

International trade and industrial dynamics: Geographical and structural dimensions of Chinese and Sino-EU merchandise trade

This paper draws on trade data to examine the degree of upgrading of China’s trade structure with the world as a whole and in particular with the European Union (EU). More specifically it examines the evolution of the industrial structure of China’s trade with the world and with the EU between 1996 and 2008 and of the underlying dynamic indicators of revealed comparative advantage. This method of analysing China’s industrial structure provides clear evidence of upgrading into more advanced industries without at present losing significant competitive advantage in industries employing unskilled workers. The examination of revealed comparative advantage indices for world and Sino-EU trade also indicates an increasingly high degree of interdependence between the EU and China between 1996 and 2008. The EU (especially Germany, the UK, and France) is China’s most important export market, though it is also much more important as a market for China’s exports than the EU is as a supplier for China. China’s consequent trade surplus with the EU has gradually shifted from textiles and clothing to machinery and furniture. Further investigation reveals that the complementary Sino-EU bilateral trade is moving towards intra-industry trade at the 4-digit level of HS (Harmonization System) commodity classification. Although China is still a ‘global sweatshop’ with a strong specialization in labour-intensive commodities produced for economically developed countries (by importing machinery, raw materials and exporting processed goods), there are signs of technological upgrading in number of selected sectors in China, noticeably electronics, computers and telecommunications equipment. China’s reliance of imports of minerals indicates however that energy and resource security could be an important constraint on China’s long-term economic development.     

基于不同尺度的中国区域经济差异

采用变异系数、泰尔指数、空间自相关和尺度方差等统计方法从地带、省级、地级和县级4 个尺度对1998-2009 年中国区域经济差异进行测度和空间格局比较分析。① 差异测度研究表明, 自1998 年以来, 中国区域经济差异在4 个尺度上均表现出扩大的趋势;省级、地级和县级单元人均GDP具有显著的空间自相关性, 其中地级和县级人均GDP的空间自相关程度呈扩大趋势。② 尺度方差及其分解研究表明, 尺度方差及其构成大小依次排列均为县级、地级、省级、地带, 即尺度越小, 尺度方差越大, 对区域经济差异的贡献份额也越大。③ 空间格局研究表明, 不同尺度区域经济空间关联格局总体相对稳定, HH类型集聚区大多分布于东部沿海地区, LL类型在中西部地区的大规模集聚是不同尺度区域经济空间自相关性的主要原因;各尺度显著空间关联类型对总体空间自相关和区域经济差异的影响各不相同。     

中国流动人口多阶段流动的空间格局及变动特征——基于初次流动和当前流动的对比

基于2017年全国流动人口动态监测数据,运用描述统计和社区发现等方法,研究流动人口在初次流动和当前流动的空间格局及其变动特征。结果发现：1）从区域差异看,流动人口初次流动和当前流动的流出地格局保持相对稳定,流入地格局的变化主要体现在：在当前流动阶段,流入中部地区的比例下降而西部地区比例上升;流入特大城市的比例明显下降而I型大城市、中等城市和I型小城市的比例上升;流向直辖市和计划单列市的比例上升而流向副省级和省会城市的比例下降。2）从行政地级市间净迁移格局看,流动人口初次和当前流动的净迁移格局稳定性强,净迁入地区以“块状”分布于东部沿海省份的发达地市和“点状”分布于中西部省会及部分资源型和口岸型地市,净迁出地区连片分布在中西部地区的大多数地市与沿海省份的内陆地市。3）流动人口初次和当前流动以就近迁移与远程迁移交织的流迁模式为主,且由此刻画的行政地级市间迁移网络格局呈现以“胡焕庸线”为界的“东密西疏”现象;但也出现在当前流动阶段迁往京津冀的迁移流规模降低,长三角取代珠三角成为流入地首选区域的特征。4）流动人口生计策略的稳定性与人口迁移流动的空间惯性,是流动人口初次和当前流动空间格局表现出相似性的主要原因,而产业结构转型升级及在不同地市间的梯度转移是促使流动人口在流入地选择上发生变化的重要力量。     

老年人口迁移的研究进展及其启示

随着中国进入老龄化加速阶段,老年人口的规模不仅快速扩大,而且异地迁移也逐渐增多。老年人口迁移不仅直接影响个体家庭福祉,而且对迁入迁出地的人口结构和社会经济发展产生影响,但目前聚焦于这一现象的学术与政策研究尚有不足。论文从老年人口迁移的空间格局、决策机制和影响效应3个方面梳理既有国内外文献,发现：(1)空间格局上,老年人口迁移存在长距离中小城市迁移、长距离大城市迁移、短距离郊区迁移和短距离中心城区迁移4种模式,不同国家、不同发展阶段具有不同特点;(2)决策机制上,老年人口迁移意愿受到经济、健康、舒适和归属等需求因素的驱动,而迁移能力则受到生理、经济与社会基础等因素影响;(3)影响效应上,老年人口迁移对个体身心健康、社会融入以及区域的经济社会发展均会产生显著影响。未来研究需要进一步夯实研究的数据和方法基础,并构建符合中国国情的理论框架,从而为积极应对人口老龄化、推动老年友好城乡建设提供科学依据。     

中国流动人口的省际迁移模式、集疏格局与市民化路径

系统回顾了中国流动人口的省际变动与集疏格局,包括总体特征与演化趋势,基于迁出地和迁入地属性差异的省际流动人口模式以及基于城市规模的流动人口分布特征,采用趋势分析和马尔科夫链方法预测了中国省际流动人口的空间迁移趋势,由此提出了中国流动人口的市民化路径与建议如下：① 人口的跨区域流动重塑着中国的人口空间格局,东部地区应审慎而稳妥地推进市民化;②积极稳妥地推进中西部地区的城镇化进程,重点推进省内流动人口的就近市民化;③ 不同地区要制定不同的政策,因地制宜地推进市民化进程。     

Regional differences of vulnerability of food security in China

In view of food affordability and the threshold for food security, this paper has established an integrated index for assessing the vulnerability of food security in China, which is composed mainly of the balance between food supply and demand, the reserve for food security and the economic capacity for offset food demand. Six types of food security regions are identified based on the data from county-level statistics. At regional scale, China’s food security is not optimistic. Under normal conditions without the emergence of extreme disasters and decline of grain-sown areas, China’s most vulnerable areas (Type VI) account for 30.3% of the total number of counties (cities), which are unable to meet the ends by food productivity or market based measures at subsistence levels. In China, there are only 14.5% of the counties (cities) that could guarantee well-off food security through grain production (Type I) or economic measures to meet the demand by themselves (Type III). According to the different vulnerable levels of food security and its dominant forming factors, vulnerable regions of food security in China could be classified into three categories: (1) Vulnerable regions of food security dominated by natural factors (including Type IV and Type VIa), which account for 39.4% of the total number of counties (cities), mainly located in fragile ecologic zones, i.e., farming-grazing transitional zones in the marginal areas of summer monsoon, the poor hilly areas in southern China and so on; (2) Vulnerable regions of food security dominated by low ratio of grain-sown areas (including Type VIb and Type V), which account for 16.7% of the total number of counties (cities), mostly located in the developed areas in the eastern coast of China; (3) Potential vulnerable regions of food security with underdeveloped local economies (Type II), of which 57% are the main grain-surplus regions in China, mainly located in the areas of plains and basins with favorable climate.     

2005年中国流动人口的空间分布及其与区域经济发展的关系

以2005年全国1％人口抽样调查数据、中国人口统计年鉴（2006）、中国统计年鉴（2006）及其相关文献资料为依据,从三大经济地带和省际层面考察2005年中国流动人口的空间分布格局,并通过运用多元回归分析方法探讨了流动人口的空间分布格局与区域经济发展之间的关系及其作用。研究结果表明,流动人口的空间分布格局与区域的经济总量、产业结构、城市化水平等存在着显著的正相关性,即流动人口分布越多的地区,经济越发达,固定资产投资的总量越大,“三资”企业所占的比例越大,同时城市化的水平也越高。     

中国大中城市流动人口迁移规律研究

本文在对西方国家人口流动研究进行综述的基础上,通过北京,天津,南京,廓坊,唐山和昆山等大中城市流动人口问卷调查,首次对大中城市流动人口迁移和流动特征,从业结构,迁移原因与途径进行了系统的研究。中国现在正在经历大规模的农村流动人口向城市迁移的过程。     

流动人口的城市定居意愿及影响因素——以安徽省为例

流动人口市民化是以人为核心的新型城镇化的客观要求,系统探索流动人口的城市定居意愿既是促进流动人口市民化的前提,又能为城市管理提供决策依据,已成为当前地理学、社会学研究的重点。本研究基于2015年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,以安徽省为案例地,在探讨安徽省人口流动的总体特征上,运用Logistic回归模型,解析流动人口城市定居意愿及影响因素,探究流动人口城市定居意愿的代际差异。结果表明：（1）安徽省流动人口以跨省流动为主,人口流动家庭化趋势明显,流向省外人口主要向长三角城市集聚,但流动人口规模已呈现逐年下降的趋势,经济发展水平和空间距离是影响人口流动的主要原因。（2）安徽省流动人口的定居意愿较高,有随着流入地经济水平的提高而增加的趋势;从新生代与初代流动人口来看,初代流动人口更倾向于选择经济发展较好的城市定居,而新生代流动人口更倾向于选择经济发展中等和较弱的城市定居,但整体差异不大。（3）从流动人口城市定居意愿的影响因素来看,同住人数、流动原因、流动时长、流入地经济发展水平、户口所在地的影响最大;从代际之间来看,性别、就业收入、净收入、就业身份等因素显著影响新生代流动人口,而家属随迁、流动地经济水平、年龄对初代流动人口的影响较为显著。