城市相对湿度的直接模式输出修正预报的研制

给出了一种非统计的直接模式输出（ＤＭＯ）的修正预报方法，它无需任何历史资料（包括数值预报资料及观测资料），仅以我国国家气象中心实时Ｔ１０６模式的离地２ｍ之相对湿度预报格点值（１．１２５°×１．１２５°经纬度）为基础，经非线性插值、部分系统性误差订正及相对湿度的日较差修正后制作全国２６４个城市的相对湿度预报。其中北京、上海、香港等１０个城市的相对湿度预报经预报员把关后，每天晚间由中央电视台播出。     

SSFM方法在中国城市天气预报中的应用

应用英国气象局的特定点预报模式，对2001年6月1日～7月15日中国10个城市的地面温度、相对湿度、海平面气压和风速等气象要素进行平均误差和均方根误差分析检验。结果表明，SSFM方法可用于中国城市天气预报预报业务。     

SSFM方法在中国城市天气预报中的应用

应用英国气象局的特定点预报模式 ,对 2001年6月1日～7月15日中国 10个城市的地面温度、相对湿度、海平面气压和风速等气象要素进行平均误差和均方根误差分析检验。结果表明 ,SSFM方法可用于中国城市天气预报预报业务     

新一代CAPPS系统的开发与推广应用

2002年5月由中国气象局预测减灾司组织,中国气象科学研究院将城市空气质量数值预报系统(CAPPS)第二版发送给全国47个重点城市的气象部门,以取代CAPPS第一版在各城市的空气质量业务预报中应用.与此同时,中国气象科学研究院对47个城市的空气质量预报业务人员进行了培训.CAPPS2以Linux为工作平台在PC机上运行,污染气象预报场由MM5提供,T213资料和常规气象观测资料从MICAPS中获取,可以作48 h的城市污染预报,解决了预报时效问题.CAPPS2还提供各标准等压面上的位势高度、温度、相对湿度、风和降水等气象预报要素场,模式的中心点和网格距可以根据需要随意调整,各省市气象局可以在CAPPS基础上发展适用于本地区的中尺度气象预报、城市污染预报以及其他城市环境气象服务预报模式.     

利用T106资料制作降水概率和相对湿度预报

利用T10 6模式产品 ,采用MOS预报方法 ,建立了甘肃省 15个站降水概率和相对湿度的预报方程。通过相对湿度的绝对误差评分、降水概率的B评分和Bs 评分对预报方程的预报结果进行评估 ,认为预报方程有一定的预报能力。     

冬季高海拔复杂地形下GRAPES Meso要素预报的检验评估

利用GRAPES(Globe/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)对2010年温哥华奥运会6个场馆气温、相对湿度、风及降水量的预报结果,采用预报准确率、平均误差、平均绝对误差、Alpha Index、TS和ETS评分等统计量对其进行了较详细的评估。结果表明:GRAPESMeso预报相对湿度的准确率最高,且随预报时效的增加,其变化趋于稳定。起初模式对相对湿度的预报偏干,之后逐渐变为预报偏湿;气温预报偏低;风速预报偏大。逐日各要素预报检验结果表明,气温的变化幅度最小;各级降水检验发现,晴雨预报的TS评分最高,且随降水增大,ETS评分逐渐接近TS。与其他模式预报结果对比发现,GRAPES-Meso对复杂地形下要素预报还存在一定的不足。本研究还发现,模式存在一定的系统误差,若能有效订正其误差,将有助于改进模式预报。     

浙江省温度和相对湿度释用技术及其效果检验分析

基于多模式的要素预报和浙江省乡镇站点观测资料,结合全省天气统计特点,利用最优集成方案,改进了温度和相对湿度的1~7 d预报。统计检验发现,模式的温度预报在浙江省中南部主要表现为系统性偏差,在浙江省北部平原地区主要为随机误差。使用滑动平均误差订正后,浙中南等地形复杂地区温度预报的系统性偏差明显减小。在模式订正基础上,使用动态集成进一步减小了浙北平原地区温度预报的随机误差。基于温湿关系,使用改进后的温度预报对相对湿度预报进行订正。与传统的加权平均方法相比,改进后的温度预报均方根误差减小16.7%,相对湿度预报均方根误差减小13.8%,对改善浙江省精细化预报有一定参考意义。     

基于模式相对湿度的降水概率预报方法研究

本文采用EC数值模式预报结果与历史观测资料结合的方法,建立了一种基于模式确定性相对湿度预报制作降水概率产品的方法。通过对2012—2013年华东地区EC细网格模式大气相对湿度预报进行分类,将不同层次和不同湿度等级的大气进行分类采样,并统计各类别对应的历史降水概率,分析模式相对湿度与实际降水概率的分布特征,进而根据当前模式预报的相对湿度预报降水概率。采用ETS评分、Brier评分、可信度对比及个例分析方法检验2013年7月至2014年5月降水预报试验效果,结果表明:本文建立基于模式相对湿度的降水概率预报方法可较好的反映未来降水的分布,对天气尺度雨带的预报效果优于对流性降水;与EC模式相比,可有效降低空报现象;与传统集合概率预报相比,本文建立的降水预报方法可更好地反映实际降水的发生概率,降水概率产品能较好的指示降水发生的位置和可能性,具有较好的实际参考价值。     

利用卫星云图变分同化初始场对热带气旋路径影响的数值试验

利用上海台风研究所的东海热带气旋预报模式，讨论用卫星亮温资料变分同化初始温度场及相对湿度场对热带气旋移动路径的影响。结果表明，对400—925hPa模式层的温度场、相对湿度场和温度场的变分同化对热带气旋移动路径预报有较好的实用意义。     

客观定量预报中降水的预处理

建立预报模型前, 对降水量进行一定的处理会对预报效果有较大的影响。对于降水量为0的样本, 根据对应的相对湿度情况分别赋予0或不同的负值, 并通过神经网络方法, 以中国国家气象中心T213模式、德国气象局业务模式和日本气象厅业务模式相应的降水量预报结果作为预报因子, 利用2003年和2004年夏季资料分别建立了处理后降水量以及未经处理降水量的预报模型。以北京等站为例, 2005年夏季试报结果的对比分析表明:通过相对湿度对降水量进行适当处理后, 预报结果从TS评分、空报率、漏报率及预报偏差来说, 不论是与不进行处理的预报结果还是与模式直接的预报结果相比都有提高, 尤其是减少了空报的情况。该处理方法简单可行, 并且对降水预报效果提高明显。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.