复杂地形景区三维导览图的设计与实现

为满足复杂地形景区对三维地图导览的需求,构建更为清晰的三维地图模型,提供良好的三维导览地图设计方案显得尤为重要。为了更好地与卫星影像进行贴合,DEM数据的采样密度要与卫星影像的分辨率一致。本文通过对比当下常用的四种空间插值方法的适用范围与运用特点,设置相关阈值及权重,直观比较了四种插值方法产生的插值结果,选择更适合复杂景区DEM插值的插值方法并对其进行精度提升,以此得到符合精度要求的DEM数据。最后利用相应地区的卫星影像进行地图投影及影像贴图,两种数据结合构建复杂景区的三维地图模型,给游客带来更为精确直观的定位信息和空间要素信息。     

CE-1立体相机成像几何模型研究

传感器成像几何模型是摄影测量数据处理的关键问题.本文分析了CE-1立体相机成像几何原理、阐述了立体相机内定向以及根据探月卫星辅助数据计算外定向参数的原理和方法;提出一种快速反投影变换算法,建立了 CE-1立体相机成像几何模型.通过对CE-1三线阵影像、激光高度计数据的配准买验,验证了本文的有效性本文立体相机成像几何模型...     

基于稀疏表示模型重建TanDEM-X DEM数据

为了解决传统DEM插值方法会导致地形过于平滑、数据精度不高的问题,提出基于稀疏表示重建DEM数据.以最新公布的TanDEM-X DEM为实验数据,利用双线性插值法、克里金插值法、反距离权重插值法和本文方法对TanDEM-X 90m DEM进行重建生成较高分辨DEM,并从视觉检查、统计值和DEM差值图对不同算法进行分析和评估.实验结果表明,本文方法生成的DEM可以避免传统插值方法造成的平滑地形问题,有效抑制地形噪声,地形细节特征丰富,能够较好地保持真实地形.     

CE-1立体相机与激光高度计数据联合平差

CE-1三线阵立体相机和激光高度计主要用于获取月球形貌信息.CE-1沿轨运动过程中,可同时获取高分辨率的三线阵扫描影像和高精度的激光测高数据.在分析立体影像与激光高度计数据不一致性的基础上,为提高定位精度,将激光测距数据引入三线阵立体影像光束法平差处理.本文提出一种改进的外定向参数模型,采用3阶Lagrange多项式模型(LPM)建立外定向线元素内插模型,采用四元数球面线性内插建立外定向角元素模型,并根据改进模型建立激光高度计数据与影像数据的联合平差数学模型.试验表明,本文立体相机和激光高度计数据联合平差模型是有效的.     

基于杨赤中滤波推估法的地形剖面分析的设计与实现

应用杨赤中滤波推估法,将地形碎部点高程观测值经插值转换为格网DEM数据,并利用VB和MapInfo来实现其立体等高线的绘制功能。在此基础上,阐述其地形剖面分析功能的设计与实现。最后通过实验比较,验证了基于杨赤中滤波推估法的地形剖面分析能取得较好的效果。     

一种基于嫦娥一号CCD影像的影像匹配方法

月球测绘是完成月球探测任务的基础保障。这里提出了一种适合于CE-1获取的CCD影像的多尺度约束自动匹配方法。首先利用SURF算子提取影像上特征点;然后进行基于准核线和最小欧式距离约束的影像匹配;最后采用随机采样算法对误匹配点进行剔除而得到同名点信息。实验结果表明,该匹配方法提取的同名点有利于CE-1月球影像DEM的生成。     

机载LiDAR点云数据自动生成DEM的方法与精度评价

设计了一种点云数据快速处理自动生成DEM的算法,介绍了滤波结果的评价方法以及通过标准DEM评价内插的DEM整体精度的方法;并选用河北承德地区的机载激光LiDAR点云数据进行了实验。结果表明,数据处理结果具有较高的精度,为激光点云数据自动生成DEM提供了一种有效的技术途径。     

DEM插值算法的局部地形特征适应性研究

对于绝大多数DEM插值算法而言,很大程度上依赖于局部范围内采样点数据集的地形特征。因此,本文选用地表粗糙度和空间分布指标建立了局部地形特征描述模型,用以描述局部范围内采样点数据集的特征;然后运用K均值聚类分析和残差比较分析等方法,研究了地表粗糙度指标和空间分布指标对DEM插值算法的相关关系,相应结论有助于DEM插值算法的局部地形特征适应性选择。     

三维激光扫描技术在河道测量中的应用

传统的河道测量工作量大、效率低、采样密度有限,其数据获取方式和数据处理模式已经不能满足河道信息化的需要。三维激光扫描技术为空间三维信息的获取提供了全新的技术手段。本文以焦作市新河为试验区,采用Riegl VZ-1000三维激光扫描仪获取枯水期河道数据,首先对获取的河道激光点云数据进行预处理,包括数据拼接、坐标转换、点云数据滤波分类处理等,采用反距离加权插值(IDW)算法生成DEM和基于DEM自动获取断面的方法,实现了河道断面的提取,并对断面数据进行了精度分析,建立了基于三维激光扫描技术的河道水上地形信息提取技术流程。     

基于LROC NAC影像的高分辨率连续DEM数据制作

具有高分辨率和连续表面的DEM数据是获取月球形貌特征并进行数字地形分析的主要数据源。本文选择嫦娥五号候选着陆区中的一个区域作为试验区,首先,基于LROC NAC立体影像、ISIS3和Stereo Pipeline软件生成高分辨率DOM影像及对应DEM数据,并将其与日本SELENE数据进行对比;然后,利用反距离权重、径向基函数和经验贝叶斯克里金3种插值方法对DEM数据的空洞区域进行修复,并对不同修复方法进行交叉验证分析。结果表明：生成的DOM和DEM分辨率约3.5 m,明显比7.4 m分辨率的日本SELENE数据清晰,并具有更强的地形表达能力;径向基函数插值法的空洞修复效果最好,交叉验证均方根误差为0.26 m。本文对准确获取月球形貌特征、探测器选址等具有一定作用,并能够为其他区域的高分辨率连续DEM数据生成提供参考。     

Fusion of high-resolution DEMs derived from COSMO-SkyMed and TerraSAR-X InSAR datasets

Voids caused by shadow, layover, and decorrelation usually occur in digital elevation models (DEMs) of mountainous areas that are derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) datasets. The presence of voids degrades the quality and usability of the DEMs. Thus, void removal is considered as an integral part of the DEM production using InSAR data. The fusion of multiple DEMs has been widely recognized as a promising way for the void removal. Because the vertical accuracy of multiple DEMs can be different, the selection of optimum weights becomes a key problem in the fusion and is studied in this article. As a showcase, two high-resolution InSAR DEMs near Mt. Qilian in northwest China are created and then merged. The two pairs of InSAR data were acquired by TerraSAR-X from an ascending orbit and COSMO-SkyMed from a descending orbit. A maximum likelihood fusion scheme with the weights optimally determined by the height of ambiguity and the variance of phase noise is adopted to syncretize the two DEMs in our study. The fused DEM has a fine spatial resolution of 10 m and depicts the landform of the study area well. The percentage of void cells in the fused DEM is only 0.13 %, while 6.9 and 5.7 % of the cells in the COSMO-SkyMed DEM and the TerraSAR-X DEM are originally voids. Using the ICESat/GLAS elevation data and the Chinese national DEM of scale 1:50,000 as references, we evaluate vertical accuracy levels of the fused DEM as well as the original InSAR DEMs. The results show that substantial improvements could be achieved by DEM fusion after atmospheric phase screen removal. The quality of fused DEM can even meet the high-resolution terrain information (HRTI) standard.     

全球高分辨率数字高程模型研究进展与展望

简要介绍了数字高程模型（digital elevation model,DEM）的起源与定义,根据4种不同的观测平台分类介绍了DEM数据获取方法,给出目前国际上发布的高分辨率全球DEM的主要性质和特点。重点介绍了9大类全球DEM,分析了DEM质量评估相关的评定方法和精度指标。论述了DEM在地质灾害监测、海岸带脆弱性分析方面的应用,以美国地质勘探局和德国航空太空中心正在开展的DEM项目为例,讨论了高精度、高分辨率全球同质DEM和地形测深高程模型的最新需求,最后总结展望全球高分辨率DEM的发展趋势。     

Artificial Neural Networks as a Method of Spatial Interpolation for Digital Elevation Models

This paper examines the performance of artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a method of spatial interpolation, when presented with irregular and regular samples of elevation data. The results of the ANN interpolation are compared with results obtained by kriging. Tests of spatial bias in the systematic errors contained in each of the neural network-derived DEMs were conducted using four attributes: slope, aspect, average direction and average distance from the nearest sampled value. Based on RMS and other evaluation measures, the accuracy of estimated DEMs from regular and irregular sample distributions using neural networks is lower than the accuracy level derived from kriging. The accuracy level of the ANN interpolators also decreases as the range of elevation values in DEMs increases. As reported in the literature, ANNs are approximate interpolators, and the pattern of under-prediction and over-prediction of elevation values in this study revealed that all estimated values fell within the range of sample elevations. Neural networks cannot predict values outside the range of elevation values contained in the sample, a property shared by other interpolators such as inverse weighted distance.     

Comparison of basin morphometry derived from topographic maps,ASTER and SRTM DEMs: an example from Kerala,India

The drainage network of a sixth-order tropical river basin, viz. Ithikkara river basin, was extracted from different sources such as Survey of India topographic maps (1: 50,000; TOPO) and digital elevation data of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) (30 m) and Shuttle Radar Topography Mapping Mission (SRTM) (90 m). Basin morphometric attributes were estimated to evaluate the accuracy of the digital elevation model (DEM)-derived drainage networks for hydrologic applications as well as terrain characterization. The stream networks derived from ASTER and SRTM DEMs show significant agreement (with slight overestimation of lower order streams) with that of TOPO. The study suggests that SRTM (despite the coarser spatial resolution) provides better results, in drainage delineation and basin morphometry, compared to ASTER. Further, the variability of basin morphometry among the data sources might be attributed to spatial variation of elevation, raster grid size and vertical accuracy of the DEMs as well as incapability of the surface hydrologic analysis functions in the GIS platform.     

Digital Elevation Models By Laser Scanning

The TopoSys laser scanner system is designed to produce digital elevation models (DEMs) at a maximum accuracy of 0.5 m in x and y and 0.1 m in z. The regular scan pattern and the measurement frequency of 80 000 measurements per second (on average 5 measurements per m2) form the basis for high quality DEMs.
The mainly automated data processing makes it possible to generate DEMs of large areas in a short production time. The DEMs produced come into common use as basic data for different applications, some of which are water resources management, shoreline control, planning of utility lines and urban planning (simulation of noise and pollution distributions). The performance of the system is illustrated with the help of DEM sections produced with the TopoSys system.     

Topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR images using InSAR-derived DEM

Topographic corrections of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images over hilly regions are vital for retrieval of correct backscatter values associated with natural targets. The coarse resolution external digital elevation models (DEM) available for topographic corrections of high resolution SAR images often result into degradation of spatial resolution or improper estimation of backscatter values in SAR images. Also, many a times the external DEMs do not spatially co-register well with the SAR data. The present study showcases the methodology and results of topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR image using high resolution DEM generated from the same data. High resolution DEMs of Jaipur region, India were generated using multiple pair SAR images acquired from ALOS-PALSAR using interferometric (InSAR) techniques. The DEMs were validated using differential global positioning system measured elevation values as ground control points and were compared with photogrammetric DEM (advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer – ASTER) and SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEM. It was observed that ALOS-PALSAR images with optimum baseline parameters produced high resolution DEM with better height accuracy. Finally, the validated DEM was used for topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR images of the same region and were found to produce better result as compared with ASTER and SRTM-DEM.     

Accuracy assessment of GDEM,SRTM, and DLR-SRTM in Northeastern China

This paper compares the accuracy of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) C-band and German Aerospace Centre (DLR)-SRTM X-band digital elevation models (DEMs) with the Ziyuan 3 (ZY-3) stereoscopic DEM and ground control points (GCPs). To date, the horizontal error of these DEMs has received little attention in accuracy assessments. Using the ZY-3 DEM as reference, this study examines (1) the horizontal offset between the three DEMs and the reference DEM using the normalised cross-correlation method, (2) the vertical accuracy of those DEMs using kinematic GPS data and (3) the relationship between the three DEMs and the reference ZY-3 DEM. The results show that the SRTM and DLR-SRTM have greater vertical accuracy after applying horizontal offset correction, whereas the vertical accuracy of the ASTER GDEM is less than the other two DEMs. These methods and results can be useful for researchers who use DEMs for various applications.     

A case study of using external DEM in InSAR DEM generation

Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) has been used as an innovative technique for digital elevation model (DEM) and topographic map generation. In this paper, external DEMs are used for InSAR DEM generation to reduce the errors in data processing. The DEMs generated from repeat-pass InSAR are compared. For steep slopes and severe changes in topography, phase unwrapping quality can be improved by subtracting the phase calculated from an external DEM. It is affirmative that the absolute height accuracy of the InSAR DEM is improved by using external DEM. The data processing was undertaken without the use of ground control points and other manual operation.     

A vector-based method for the extraction of catchment from grid DEMs

The methodology of catchment extraction especially from regular grid digital elevation models (DEMs) is briefly reviewed. Then an efficient algorithm, which combines vector process and traditional neighbourhood raster process, is designed for extracting the catchments and subcatchments from depressionless DEMs. The catchment area of each river in the grid DEM data is identified and delineated, then is divided into subcatchments as required. Compared to traditional processes, this method for identifying catchments focuses on the boundaries instead of the area inside the catchments and avoids the boundary intersection phenomena. Last, the algorithm is tested with a set of DEMs of different sizes, and the result proves that the computation efficiency and accuracy are better than existent methods.     

A vector-based method for the extraction of catchment from grid DEMs

The methodology of catchment extraction especially from regular grid digital elevation models (DEMs) is briefly reviewed. Then an efficient algorithm, which combines vector process and traditional neighbourhood raster process, is designed for extracting the catchments and subcatchments from depressionless DEMs. The catchment area of each river in the grid DEM data is identified and delineated, then is divided into subcatchments as required. Compared to traditional processes, this method for identifying catchments focuses on the boundaries instead of the area inside the catchments and avoids the boundary intersection phenomena. Last, the algorithm is tested with a set of DEMs of different sizes, and the result proves that the computation efficiency and accuracy are better than existent methods.