水蚀风蚀过程中土壤可蚀性研究述评

1 IntroductionSoil erosion is the process of detachm ent and transport of soil particles caused by w ater andw ind (M organ,1995).Soilerosion by w ater and w ind leads to decline in soilfertility,brings ona series of negative im pacts of land degradation …     

土壤可蚀性研究述评

土壤可蚀性是土壤对侵蚀作用的敏感性。对土壤可蚀性的研究是认识土壤侵蚀机理的一个重要环节。土壤可蚀性可以通过测定土壤的理化性质、水冲、模拟降雨、小区和风洞试验测定,可以使用土壤侵蚀模型与诺谟图计算土壤可蚀性。研究中产生了许多可蚀性指数和计算公式。土壤可蚀性是一个相对的概念,它受空间变化、土壤性质的时间动态变化和人类活动等因素的影响。在土壤可蚀性的研究中存在着一些不足,具体表现为:农田土壤是土壤可蚀性研究的主要对象,区域之间的土壤可蚀性缺乏对比,因此加强对土壤可蚀性机理、实验与风水复合侵蚀作用下土壤可蚀性的研究有着十分重要的意义。     

Soil erodibility and processes of water erosion on hillslope

The importance of the inherent resistance of soil to erosional processes, or soil erodibility, is generally recognized in hillslope and fluvial geomorphology, but the full implications of the dynamic soil properties that affect erodibility are seldom considered. In Canada, a wide spectrum of soils and erosional processes has stimulated much research related to soil erodibility. This paper aims to place this work in an international framework of research on water erosion processes, and to identify critical emerging research questions. It focuses particularly on experimental research on rill and interrill erosion using simulated rainfall and recently developed techniques that provide data at appropriate temporal and spatial scales, essential for event-based soil erosion prediction. Results show that many components of erosional response, such as partitioning between rill and interrill or surface and subsurface processes, threshold hydraulic conditions for rill incision, rill network configuration and hillslope sediment delivery, are strongly affected by spatially variable and temporally dynamic soil properties. This agrees with other recent studies, but contrasts markedly with long-held concepts of soil credibility as an essentially constant property for any soil type. Properties that determine erodibility, such as soil aggregation and shear strength, are strongly affected by climatic factors such as rainfall distribution and frost action, and show systematic seasonal variation. They can also change significantly over much shorter time scales with subtle variations in soil water conditions, organic composition, microbiological activity, age-hardening and the structural effect of applied stresses. Property changes between and during rainstorms can dramatically affect the incidence and intensity of rill and interrill erosion and, therefore, both short and long-term hillslope erosional response. Similar property changes, linked to climatic conditions, may also significantly influence the stability and resilience of plant species and vegetation systems. Full understanding of such changes is essential if current event-based soil erosion models such as WEPP and EUROSEM are to attain their full potential predictive precision. The complexity of the interacting processes involved may, however, ultimately make stochastic modelling more effective than physically based modelling in predicting hillslope response to erodibility dynamics.     

Exploring some relationships between biological soil crusts, soil aggregation and wind erosion

A portable wind tunnel was used to test the contribution of biological and physical elements to overall soil aggregation on a soil dominated by biological soil crusts in south-eastern Australia. After moderate disturbance and simulated wind erosion, 90% of surface aggregates on the loamy soil and 76% on the sandy soil were dominated by biological elements (cryptogams). Lower levels of biological bonding were observed on the severely disturbed treatment. Linear regression indicated a significant positive relationship (r²=0·72) between biological soil crust cover and dry aggregation levels greater than 0·85mm. To maintain sediment transport below an erosion control target of 5gm⁻¹s⁻¹ for a 65kmh⁻¹ wind at 10m height, a crust cover of approximately 20% is required. When a multiple regression model which sequentially fitted biological crust cover and dry aggregation greater than 0·85mm was applied to the data, dry aggregation accounted for more of the variation in sediment transport rate than biological crust cover. These data were used to develop a conceptual model which integrates crust cover and dry aggregation, and provides a useful framework within which to predict the likely impacts of changes in soil crust cover and aggregation.     

不同时间尺度下农田土壤风蚀可蚀性的变化

土壤风蚀可蚀性(简称土壤可蚀性)作为风蚀模型的必要输入参数之一,会随风蚀事件过程、耕作措施以及气象气候等因素发生显著变化,但目前对其变化趋势尚认识不足.本文采用野外观测、采样分析与空间换时间的方法,就次风蚀事件、风蚀月、风蚀季、多年4个时间尺度下坝上地区农田土壤可蚀性变化问题进行研究.结果 表明:严重风蚀事件过程中,地...     

风水复合侵蚀研究述评

1 Introduction Water erosion and wind erosion are two main types of soil erosion. Water erosion is generally linked with humid climate and wind erosion is connected with arid climate. Whereas, water and wind erosion often occurs simultaneously or alterna…     

A review of the research on complex erosion by wind and water

Complex erosion by wind and water, which is also called aeolian-fluvial interactions, is an important erosion process and landscape in arid and semiarid regions. The effectiveness of links between wind and water process, spatial environmental transitions and temporal environmental change are the three main driving forces determining the geomorphologic significance of aeolian-fluvial interactions. As a complex interrelating and intercoupling system, complex erosion by wind and water has spatial- temporal variation features. The process of complex erosion by wind and water can be divided into palaeoenvironmental process and contemporary process. Early work in drylands has often been attributed to one of two schools advocating either an ‘aeolianist’ or a ‘fluvialist’ perspective, so it was not until the 1930s that the research on complex erosion by wind and water had been conducted. There are two obstacles restricting the research of complex erosion by wind and water. Firstly, how to transform in different temporal and spatial scales is still unsettled; and secondly, the research methodology is still immature. In the future, the mechanism and control of erosion, the complex soil erodibility in wind and water erosion will be the focus of research on complex erosion by wind and water.     

风蚀气候侵蚀力研究进展

风蚀气候侵蚀力是土壤风蚀方程中的气候因子,计算模型经多次修正后已基本发展成熟,广泛应用于干旱半干旱地区风蚀气候条件评估与响应机理分析及其与风沙地貌、风沙灾害的相关性研究等方面,其中风蚀气候侵蚀力对区域气候变化的响应研究是当下的热点问题。目前,风蚀气候侵蚀力研究仍存在计算模型不完善、研究区域发展不平衡、气候变化响应分析不全面、风沙地貌及风沙灾害相关性争议较多等问题。未来应进一步从构建区域校准性计算模型、计算并分析沿海地区风蚀气候侵蚀力、综合分析风蚀气候侵蚀力对气候变化的响应、建立风沙地貌及风沙灾害相关的综合性风蚀气候评价指标等方面开展风蚀气候侵蚀力的研究。     

土壤侵蚀模型研究中的几个问题

土壤侵蚀模型是定量研究土壤侵蚀的有效工具,探讨土壤侵蚀模型研究中的有关问题对于土壤侵蚀模型的发展及相关研究具有重要意义。从模型的过程模拟、模型时空尺度变异、模型验证和不确定性几方面对模型研究现状及局限进行了归纳和分析,认为:不同过程的模拟及其模拟方法的不同导致了各具特色的土壤侵蚀模型的出现;大多水蚀模型是对不同时空尺度上的水流及相应侵蚀过程进行模拟预测,在不同的时空尺度上,不同的侵蚀过程占主导地位;现实过程和现象的复杂性、观测方法和手段的限制以及模型的自身的局限性是导致土壤侵蚀模型预测的不确定性的主要原因;与GIS结合的强预测力、低数据要求的模型是土壤侵蚀模型发展的趋势。     

Wind tunnel test of the influence of moisture on the erodibility of loessial sandy loam soils by wind

Loessial sandy loam soils are the major soil categories in the northern Loess Plateau, China. Owing to a dry, windy climate and sparse surface cover, wind erosion is a serious problem and dust (sand) storms occur frequently. Soil moisture is one of the most important factors influencing resistance to wind erosion. The influence of moisture content on the erodibility of sandy loam soils was investigated through wind tunnel simulations. Results showed that the threshold velocity for soil particle movement by wind increases with increasing soil moisture by a power function. The intrinsic factor in the increase in soil resistance due to moisture content is the cohesive force of soil water. Cohesive forces of the film and capillary water are different; the influence of soil moisture on threshold velocity was shown to follow a step-like pattern. The wind erosion modulus of sandy loam was directly proportional to the cube of the wind velocity or the square of the effective wind velocity (V−V_t). There existed a negative exponential relationship between the wind erosion rate and soil moisture content. Initially, as soil moisture increased the decrease in the wind erosion rate was rather rapid. When the moisture content reached more than 4%, the rate of decrease in erosion slowed and became almost constant with successive increments of moisture. This suggests that different soil moisture contents can prevent wind erosion at different levels. Four percent soil moisture could only reduce the erodibility of the sandy loam soil by a small degree.     

Theoretical expressions for soil particle detachment rate due to saltation bombardment in wind erosion

Saltation bombardment is a dominate dust emission mechanism in wind erosion. For loose surfaces, splash entrainment has been well understood theoretically. However, the mass loss predictions of cohesive soils are generally empirical in most wind erosion models. In this study, the soil particle detachment of a bare, smooth, dry, and uncrusted soil surface caused by saltation bombardment is modeled by means of classical mechanics. It is shown that detachment rate can be analytically expressed in terms of the kinetic energy or mass flux of saltating grains and several common mechanical parameters of soils, including Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, cohesion and friction angle. The novel expressions can describe dust emission rate from cohesive surfaces and are helpful to quantify the anti-erodibility of soil. It is proposed that the mechanical properties of soils should be appropriately included in physically-based wind erosion models.     

风力侵蚀对无定河流域产沙作用定量分析

本文利用无定河的水文泥沙观测日值资料和该流域内及周围气象站气象观测月值资料,通过流域的水沙关系与各年风蚀气候因子,估计了风力作用对无定河流域产沙的贡献量。结果揭示出:在风沙区,由于水力的搬运作用仍然决定了流域输沙量的大小,所以风力作用产生的输沙模数很小,在总输沙量中只占约1/4;风力作用增加输沙量比例最大的地区是穿过风沙区和丘陵沟壑区交界区,既有活跃的风沙活动又有强烈的黄土水蚀,风力和水力形成强耦合侵蚀搬运作用的干流上游,占输沙量的1/3以上;位于靠近风沙区并有片沙分布的黄土丘陵沟壑区的流域,风蚀产沙占流域输沙量的比例约为1/10;在黄土丘陵沟壑区,相对强烈的水力侵蚀,风力作用对产沙影响较小。整个无定河流域风力作用产生的输沙量包括入河风沙、降尘以及风力与水力的耦合侵蚀搬运作用可能增加的泥沙,接近流域总输沙量的1/6。     

风蚀作用下的土壤碳库变化及在中国的初步估算

土壤有机碳库储量巨大且在表层富集 ,而风力侵蚀具有巨大的卷挟起沙、搬移输运和空间再分配能力 ,对土壤有机碳库的演变具有重要影响。在风力侵蚀作用下 ,风蚀发生地、风蚀土壤输运途中以及风蚀土壤沉降地的土壤有机碳库有着不同的变化过程。基于质量平衡原理 ,可以建立土壤有机碳流失及各路径碳输移量估算的模型。依据第二次全国遥感侵蚀调查以及第二次全国土壤普查数据 ,在GIS支持下 ,分析了中国土壤有机碳库以及风力侵蚀的空间格局 ,并计算得到风力侵蚀作用下中国土壤有机碳库储量变化以及各路径碳输移量。研究表明 ,我国因风力侵蚀造成的土壤有机碳流失量约为 5 9 76× 10 6 tC/yr,风蚀所致CO2 排放约为 2 9 88× 10 6 tC/yr;风蚀所致的土壤有机碳流失主要发生在中国西北部的干旱半干旱的农区和牧区     

土壤风蚀过程颗粒释放机理研究

针对目前土壤风蚀中土壤颗粒释放过程机理研究存在的不足,建立了颗粒在土壤表面起动、滚动、起跳的土壤颗粒释放力学模型,同时考虑了太阳辐射及地表温度产生的向上垂向风速对颗粒起动风速的影响,并采用前人的实验结果与本文模型数值计算结果进行了对比分析,证明其模型的合理性。数值结果表明：起动风速随颗粒粒径的增大先减小后增大,其中在0.12~0.14 mm粒径范围内颗粒最容易起动,同时床面温度越高对颗粒的起动风速影响也越明显,同一粒径下床面温度越高起动风速越小。颗粒在床面上的运动不是纯滚动,而是滚动中有滑动。颗粒起跳速度主要分布在0.3~0.65 m/s之间;起跳角度30°~35°之间;颗粒起跳的角速度主要分布在600~1 200 rev/s。土壤颗粒释放微观过程的研究将对改进土壤风蚀输送过程中的宏观监测与预报起到重要作用。     

Techniques for simultaneous quantification of wind and water erosion in semi-arid regions

Wind and water erosion are usually studied as two separate processes. However, in semi-arid zones both processes contribute significantly to soil degradation. Whereas for water erosion the direction of sediment transport is controlled by topography, in wind erosion the direction of transport is controlled by the wind direction. Furthermore, the spatial pattern of erosion and deposition for wind erosion is determined by the spatial distribution of source material, soil erodibility factors and non-erodible roughness elements. Given this difference in dependence on topography, different approaches are needed to determine the mass balance for a given area. For water erosion, the research area has to be defined such that no input of sediment occurs, whereas in wind erosion the input and output fluxes of sediment should be measured, or a non-eroding boundary should be created.In semi-arid regions, wind erosion events are often followed immediately by heavy rain. As wind and water erosion occur almost simultaneously at the same site, the effect of wind and water erosion at a given site should be studied concurrently. To do so, a number of measurement techniques with different spatial and temporal scales are necessary. The research should be started at the scale of a Sahelian field. For a complete insight into the processes at a site, the research should include measurement techniques that quantify the impact of wind and water erosion separately and techniques that quantify their combined effect.     

秋免耕对坝上地区农田风蚀及土壤理化性质的影响

秋免耕是中国北方风蚀区农田保护性耕作的主要措施,对土壤风蚀的抑制作用已得到普遍验证,但对土壤性质的影响还缺乏足够认识,是否具有保墒作用还存在争议.以地处北方农牧交错带的河北坝上地区康保县作为典型研究区,采用野外调查取样和室内实验分析手段,通过比较秋免耕地与邻近秋翻耕地风蚀前后表层土壤理化性质变化的差异,研究秋免耕对土壤...     

黑土侵蚀速率及其对土壤质量的影响

利用¹³⁷Cs示踪法,研究了东北黑土耕作土壤的流失厚度和速率,探讨了水土流失对土壤机械组成、有机质、土壤水分、容重及其N、P含量的影响。结果表明:研究区侵蚀坡面¹³⁷Cs的分布深度在0～25cm,¹³⁷Cs的活度在1246.05±85.90～1499.45±101.73Bq/m²,侵蚀厚度可达0.316～0.433mm/a,侵蚀强度3033.6～3940.3t/km²·a,已属于中度侵蚀水平。水土流失造成土壤质地粗化,从坡顶向坡底,耕层土壤有机质增加、容重变化不大,含水量增加,土壤养分的“贫化”现象明显。     

土壤含水率对风沙流结构及风蚀量的影响

通过对科尔沁沙地典型生境(流动沙丘、沙质草地和农田)的土壤进行风洞试验,分析了不同含水率下3类土壤的风沙流结构、输沙率及总输沙量的变化趋势.结果表明:(1)不同含水率下,3类土壤的输沙率随高度的增加均呈现减小趋势,且有良好的指数函数关系.(2)随含水率的增加,流动沙丘和沙质草地土壤风沙流沙粒的平均跃移高度增加、0-12...     

土壤侵蚀研究中降雨过程随机模拟综述

土壤侵蚀是中国严峻的环境问题之一。土壤侵蚀模型是诊断和防治土壤侵蚀问题的有力工具。降雨随机模拟模型可以弥补观测资料在时空尺度上的不足,满足土壤侵蚀模型对降雨过程数据的需求。论文总结了降雨过程基本特征、随机模拟的研究进展以及未来的发展方向。主要结论有：① 最小降雨间歇(Minimum Inter-event Time, MIT)为分割次降雨的最小时间间隔,当干期小于该临界值,则合并为1次降雨;否则分割为2次独立的次降雨事件。采用指数方法计算得到中国中东部最小降雨间歇变化于7.6~16.6 h 之间,平均值为10.7 h;当MIT值较小时,次降雨过程参数如次雨量、历时、平均雨强与峰值雨强等对MIT的变化敏感。② 降雨的时程分配特征反映次降雨量在降雨过程中的分配,是降雨过程随机模拟的重要方面。采用Huff雨型分析方法得到中国降雨以峰值出现在前期的降雨为主,峰值出现在前1/2时段的降雨占65.1%;峰值出现在前期的降雨事件,与峰值出现在后期的降雨事件相比,历时较短、雨强较大。③ 美国农业部水蚀预报项目WEPP中自带的天气随机模型CLIGEN能较好地模拟日雨量,整体上低估次降雨历时,高估峰值雨强;且对于不同大小的日雨量等级,次降雨历时和峰值雨强的偏差方向和程度不一致。④ CLIGEN的参数输入需要降雨过程观测资料,难以获取,小时降雨观测资料相对更易获取,基于此,发展了使用小时降雨数据计算CLIGEN中2个与降雨过程相关的参数TimePk和MX.5P的方法。未来需加强随机模型对极值的模拟能力,以及建立多站点、多气象要素相关的天气条件约束型随机模型。     

中国土壤风力侵蚀空间格局及驱动因子分析

利用遥感与地理信息系统方法对全国土壤风力侵蚀状况进行了宏观调查，建立了全国1：10万土壤风力侵蚀数据库，对导致土风力侵蚀的原因进行分析，指出风速，土壤干燥度，地表植被指数，土培质地和坡度是土壤风力侵蚀的重要驱动因子，分析了这些因子与土壤侵蚀的空间关系，利用主成份分析方法，建立风力侵蚀动力指数模型，模型输出的风力侵蚀动力指数与全国土壤风力侵蚀遥感调查的结果有较好的一致性，表明土壤风力侵蚀动力指数可以较好地反映地区土壤风力侵蚀过程，并对沙漠化治理有指导意义。