A simple kriging method incorporating multiscale measurements in geochemical survey

In this study, we propose a kriging algorithm, multiscale kriging model, to incorporate geochemical data observed at multiscales (multiresolutions). We assume that there are a number of measurements at different scales, and that the target scale at which the parameter values are needed may be different from the measurement scales. Several synthetic examples and the vanadium geochemical data from 8402 stream sediment samples in Zhejiang Province, China, have been used to illustrate the method. These examples demonstrate that, by incorporating measurements from all scales, the estimated field is better than the field estimated using measurements from any individual scale. This method also allows us to estimate a parameter field at the scale that does not have any measurements.     

曲面位场的正则化线性规划法直接反演技术

讨论了可用于起伏地形上重磁位场数据直接反演的、正则化的线性规划反演方法,给出了求解模型、求解方法及相关的技术措施。通过理论模型试算,证明了方法的可行性,在某铜镍矿区的应用验证了方法的实用性。     

多功能标准物质数据处理系统

将在ＵＮＩＸ系统下开发的标准物质定值与数据处理软件成功地移植在ＤＯＳ系统。软件由于拉式菜单和弹出式菜单控制,应用文件提示框,对话盒、多窗口等技术,增强了软件功能、扩充了多种定值模式,提高了应用的灵活性,人机界面友好。     

MapGIS和Section整合绘制边界约束下的属性等值线的方法——以堆积铝土矿为例

矿体作为一种特殊的地质体,其厚度等值线应受限于边界之内,这种约束特征用常规的计算机等值线绘制无法体现,为了表示边界线的约束特征,通过MapGIS和Section整合,可对边界线进行处理,提取子图元,赋予子图元边界线特有的相关属性,在属性结构相同的条件下使之与探矿工程子图元融合,然后采用Krining泛克立格法网格化模型绘制厚度等值线,形成的等值线均受限于边界线范围之内,真实的反映了矿体属性的本质,这种方法还可以绘制品位等其它属性等值线。作为约束条件的属性值必须是相同的,一般为零厚度、边界品位,边界含矿率等。矿体边界的属性值无法获得一致时,可通过外推边界的方法令其一致,具备此条件后即可进行属性等值线绘制。该方法实用、简捷。     

Constraining Surface Interpolations Using Elastic Plate Bending Solutions with Applications to Geologic Folding

Geologic surface interpolations can be augmented by adding physical constraints to available data. Here a method is outlined that allows one to constrain surface interpolations for two geologic surfaces based on the apparent thickness of the bounded layer. The resulting interpolation scheme is posed as a quadratic programming in which the interpolation of each surface is solved approximately and subject to linear constraints on the apparent thickness. Results can be further improved by adding cubic polynomials to the interpolating functions to regularize the problem. In one-dimensional interpolations of geologic folds, the method improves the results over unconstrained interpolations by eliminating interpenetrations (negative apparent thicknesses) and regions of small apparent thicknesses. In a two-dimensional application for the monocline at Raplee Ridge, UT, the capability of this method is illustrated by overcoming interpenetration of two surfaces, the tops of the Mendenhall oil sand and the Unnamed limestone. The minimum curvature spline interpolation is applied to topographic data taken from an airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM) survey and interpolated by detailed geologic mapping. This method can be extended to allow for multiple layers.     

基于空间插值的工程岩体RQD预测方法

作为工程实际中评价岩体性质的重要指标,RQD的应用已相当广泛。但工程岩体中RQD值的分布存在一定的结构性和随机性,因此,通过对特定位置钻探获取的RQD值无法很到位地表达整个空间区域的实际岩石质量。为了弥补这方面的不足,统计学中的空间插值法为此提供了有力的手段。考虑到空间RQD分布存在各向异性,以及在工程坐标系中很难描述RQD分布的结构性,首先计算工程坐标系下已获取RQD值的主要黑塞方向（pHd）;然后构建空间旋转与比例缩放矩阵对其进行坐标标准化处理。在标准化的空间中,引入Kriging插值法,采用变异函数描述RQD在标准空间结构上的变化,建立其空间变异规律的数学模型,并对其进行插值计算;最后将标准空间进行坐标逆变换,实现了对工程坐标系下RQD分布的预测。利用R语言编程将该方法应用于工程实例,结果表明,这种空间插值法能够有效地预测工程岩体中RQD值的分布规律,弥补了局部钻探的局限性。     

A comparison between cokriging and ordinary kriging: Case study with a polymetallic deposit

Cokriging is applied to the estimation of mineral resources in a polymetallic deposit. Several major steps, which should be taken in using cokriging, are highlighted as necessary practical considerations. The case study is related to an ultramafic copper-nickel deposit. Six elements, Cu, Ni, Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd, occurring in the deposit, are partitioned into three subgroups and the elements within each group are simultaneously estimated on the basis of over 4000 drill assays. A comparison was made between ordinary kriging and cokriging methods through cross-validation. The results show that cokriging has significantly improved the estimates of resources by reducing the overall estimation error by over 15% and the variance of error by over 20%.     

CRM─PCIPS物化探数据图像处理系统的开发与实现

本文对ＣＲＭ－ＰＣＩＰＳ物化探数据图像处理系统的需要分析、开发环境、系统结构、文件系统、设计编码、程序调试与测试方法做了概括的介绍，并从“软件工程学”的角度对该项开发工作的进程，成功经验与不足之处进行了全面的评述。     

CRM—PCIPS物化探数据图像处理系统的开发与实现

本对ＣＲＭ－ＰＣＩＰＳ物化探数据图像处理系统的需要分析、开发环境、系统结构、件系统、设计编码、程序调试与测试方法做了概括的介绍，并从“软件工程学”的角度对该项开发工作的进程，成功经验与不足之处进行了全面的评述。     

频率域电磁测深资料处理软件包

本文利用混合语言编程技术,设计编制了频率域电磁测深资料处理程序包,描述了程序各功能模块的基本功能,给出了利用该软件包对实际数据处理的例子。     

A note on partition coefficient distributions

Much interest has been generated in assessing the possible risks of contamination for humans and marine life resulting from the dumping of nuclear waste in Arctic Seas by the former Soviet Union. Models are being used to predict the transport of radionuclides released from the dumping grounds. A key parameter in these models is the partition coefficient representing the uptake potential of marine sediments and seawater for radioactive contaminants. Partition coefficients are dependent upon the independent variables of sediment concentration and the sediment/water radionuclide distribution coefficients. Modelers must use estimated average values for the independent variables because data for these variables are lacking for the Arctic environment. In this note, we illustrate the differences between assuming that partition coefficients can be computed solely from the average values of the independent variables vs. exact probability distributions, and illustrate the technique for one of the radioactive contaminants,¹³⁷Cs. In general, errors in the sediment partition coefficient can be as high as 67% using average values; for¹³⁷Cs. the error is about 37%.     

关于地质灾害孕灾因子权重确定的探讨

地质灾害易发区划模型中,不同地区孕灾因子权重不同。因子权重的确定、求解权重的准确性将直接关系到区划结果的可靠度。本文根据地质灾害点在不同孕灾因子分区中的分布频率,推出不同孕灾因子对地质灾害发育的贡献率的相对大小。不同因子对地质灾害发育的贡献率实际上就是各因子在地质灾害易发模型中的权重,因此通过以上分析可得出不同孕灾因子的相对权重,再利用层次分析法(AHP法)得出孕灾因子的权重。通过统计分析得出各因子相对权重的方法弥补了层次分析法确定权重的人为随意性,提高了区划的准确度。     

限制性克立格法在阿舍勒铜矿储量计算中的研究与应用

为提高矿产储量计算的精确性，本文运用了限制性克立格法。给出了限制性克立格法的计算理论，并设计出限制性克立格法在阿舍勒铜矿中的储量计算流程，实现了对阿舍勒铜矿体的限制性克立格储量计算。结果表明，限制性克立格法的储量计算结果（783654．39t）要比普通克立格法的储量计算结果（706541．53t）更接近于实际勘探值（919454t），限制性克立格储量计算方法能够取得较为理想的预测结果。     

基于证据权的矿山地质环境定量评价

由于地质条件的复杂和地理区域的差异,我国的矿山地质环境问题较为突出,矿山地质环境评价工作至今还没有形成成熟和普遍适用的体系。通过证据权的评价研究,建立基于证据权的矿山地质环境定量评价模型,探索了矿山地质环境定量评价方法。结合具体实例,利用WorldView-Ⅱ数据对北京市房山、门头沟重点矿集区中的部分工作区进行矿山地质环境定量评价,针对评价结果提出了相应的治理建议。     

A preliminary note on kimberlite occurrences in South Australia

Dykes and plugs of micaceous kimberlite are found within an area centred 25 kilometres east‐southeast of the town of Terowie in South Australia.     

MAPGIS环境下实现证据权法确定最佳缓冲区

断裂和某些特殊的岩体等地质要素通常与成矿作用密切相关,寻找其空间位置与成矿的关系是一项值得研究的内容,但目前尚缺乏定量分析的有力工具。这里利用证据法和MAP-GIS的空间分析功能,实现了线缓冲区与矿点分布的空间关系的定量分析,介绍了应用原理和实现的技术流程,讨论了实现的关键技术,并以云南维西为例展示了应用效果。     

A note on the glacial and late glacial history of caithness

It is generally accepted that in the last glaciation Scottish ice from the Moray Firth flowed to the northwest across Caithness depositing shelly drift. Examination of striae along the east coast of Caithness shows that some were formed by ice flowing into and not out of the Moray Firth. It is argued that the flow into the Moray Firth may have occurred in the last glaciation and that the shelly drift may be a relic of an earlier glaciation. The cliffs of Caithness were formed during the Loch Lomond Readvance and have since been raised isostatically and so have been protected from further marine erosion by their own wave-cut platform which can be traced into Orkney where it intersects the present level.     

圆印木Jurinodendron在中国的地层和地理分布

现已查明，化石圆印木属Cyclostigma Haughton，1859一名是现代植物的晚出同名，应该废弃使用。古植物学者Doweld建议用Jurinodendron Doweld，2001来取代它，并对该属在国外的分布作了具体的报道。笔者就Jurinodendron在中国的地质地理分布作了详细的阐述。     

基于地统计学烟区土壤养分及pH值空间异质性分析——以重庆市酉阳县岩溶区为例

调查了解土壤养分及pH值空间异质性特征是制定烟区土壤养分管理与施肥决策的前提。本研究基于经典统计学和地统计学方法,分析了酉阳烟区土壤表层pH值及土壤养分要素的空间异质性特征。结果表明:酉阳烟区土壤有机质含量丰富,有效磷较缺乏;土壤养分指标的变异系数在13.11%～71.46%之间,有效磷的变异系数最大,而有机质、全氮、碱解氮在土壤中比较稳定;土壤有机质和全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷呈极显著的正相关,pH值和有效磷和速效钾呈极显著的负相关;有机质、全氮、全磷及速效钾的变异函数曲线理论模型符合指数模型,而pH值和碱解氮则与球状模型拟合较好;全氮、碱解氮、全磷及有效磷表现出中等空间相关性,而有机质、全钾及速效钾的空间相关性表现较弱;分维数大小表现为:全钾的分维数最大,pH值、速效钾、有机质其次,全氮、碱解氮最少;土壤养分及pH值空间分布在东西和南北方向具有显著性差异,且在东西方向上的变异要高于南北方向。酉阳烟区土壤养分空间相关性不强,说明地形、施肥及耕作等随机性因素能够显著影响烟区土壤养分空间异质性。      

水平浅埋条形锚板极限抗拔力上限计算

作为一种提供抗拔力的基础形式,锚板在实际工程中有广泛的应用。在上限定理的基础上,根据线性破坏准则,对锚板上的填土建立机动容许的速度场,运用关联流动法则以及速度边界条件求解条形锚板极限抗拔力的上限解。把锚板上填土的抗剪强度指标c、? 作为变量参数,对锚板上部填土建立两种新的含有变量的容许速度场。根据外力功率与内部耗能相等原理,求出极限抗拔力的目标函数与约束条件,并根据“序列二次规划算法”对该问题进行优化。将研究结果与已有文献资料进行分析比较,可以证明本文方法的有效性。参数分析结果表明：在同样条件下,两种破坏模式的极限抗拔力差别不大;岩土体密实度、抗剪强度指标c、?、锚板埋深率和锚板几何形状对锚板承载能力和锚板抗拔破坏区域均有较大的影响。