Specific features of the technique of airborne gravity surveys at high latitudes

Specific features of the technique of airborne gravity surveys in the Arctic are considered. The main requirements for aerogravimetric complexes used for such surveys and for reference GPS stations located at high latitudes are formulated, as well as the conditions necessary for converting an aircraft into an aircraft-laboratory. Specific features of the planning of measurements of aerogravimetric profiles in the Arctic are described. The need in the operations necessary for the rapid estimation of the results is substantiated. The obtained regional gravimetric map on a 1:200000 scale is presented as an example.     

Application of GT-2A Gravimetric Complex in the Problems of Airborne Gravimetry

The airborne gravity measurements both in Russia and abroad widely use the GT-2A aerogravimetric complex. This complex has a number of benefits but suffers from a serious limitation: in high latitudes, it is incapable of making measurements on westward courses. In this paper, we consider the causes of this drawback and propose theoretical solutions to fix it. Based on the obtained extensive empirical data, we select the most suitable solution. This enables us to suggest a modification of the GT-2A gravimetric complex for conducting airborne gravity surveys in the regions of the polar caps of the Earth.     

航空重力重复线测试数据质量评价方法研究

为了量化评估航空重力系统的性能指标,通常采用多次往返的重复线测量方式来测试航空重力仪动态测量的重复性和一致性,但现有规范中没有明确针对航空重力重复线测试数据质量的评估准则,本文研究总结了航空重力重复线测试数据均方差精度计算方法,依据重复线测试数据均方差内、外符合精度的计算结果,可以更为客观地评估仪器的动态测量精度指标和工作状态.     

飞行高度同时反演的固定翼航空瞬变电磁-维反演

航空电磁测量记录中,不仅感生电动势测量数据有观测误差,而且高度计测量数据也有误差,直接进行常规反演往往导致反演结果不可靠,研究飞行高度数据有误差下的反演算法具有实际意义.本文以层状模型的固定翼时间域航空电磁多分量理论响应数据为例,提出了两种针对飞行高度计记录数据有误差时的正则化反演算法,一个是自适应正则化反演方法,另一...     

Levelling aeromagnetic survey data without the need for tie‐lines

A new methodology that levels airborne magnetic data without orthogonal tie‐lines is presented in this study. The technique utilizes the low‐wavenumber content of the flight‐line data to construct a smooth representation of the regional field at a scale appropriate to the line lengths of the survey. Levelling errors are then calculated between the raw flight‐line data and the derived regional field through a least squares approach. Minimizing the magnitude of the error, with a first‐degree error function, results in significant improvements to the unlevelled data. The technique is tested and demonstrated using three recent airborne surveys.     

基于姿态变化的航空频率域电磁法仪器偏置实时校正方法研究

磁偶极子的航空频率域电磁法仪器在飞行测量的过程中由于仪器偏置的存在,且仪器偏置会随着外部气压、温度等环境因素以及收发线圈晃动的影响而呈现非线性变化,使得观测数据出现误差,因此需要对仪器偏置进行校正.而传统的在测线飞行前后将仪器抬至高空的"零场值"标定方法具有成本高、受测区环境影响大以及采用线性插值获取测线飞行过程中仪器偏置的精度低等缺点.本文根据仪器偏置与仪器姿态角变化无关的特性,通过测得仪器的姿态角信息,在满足重叠偶极子模型的条件下,实现对仪器偏置的高精度实时校正.模型仿真结果表明,在30m常规飞行高度下,该方法实时测得的仪器偏置精度接近于110m高空测得的精度;校正后仪器偏置的绝对误差与理论二次场的比值即相对误差小于5%,满足反演大地电导率的精度要求.该方法不仅减少了飞行的工作量,降低了飞行成本和飞行难度,而且可更加精确地获得测线飞行过程中仪器偏置的非线性变化值,提高航测数据的观测精度.     

Oscillations of the geomagnetic field caused by the flight of Vitim bolide on September 24, 2002

The results of observation and analysis of oscillations of the geomagnetic field within the 1–1000 s range that followed the flight of a bolide with a mass of 50 t, diameter of about 3 m, and initial kinetic energy of 1013 J at a distance of 4850 km are given. Spectral analysis of the time variations of the geomagnetic field oscillation level was performed using three integral transformations. Four groups of disturbances to which the transport velocities of 7–8 km/s, 800–850, 300–400, and 260–280 m/s corresponded were detected and identified. The enumerated velocities are close to the velocities observed in geomagnetic pulsations after rocket launchings from the Plesetsk and Baikonur rocket sites. The magnetometer data were confirmed by the results of analysis of the recordings at a microbarograph located at a distance from the flight trajectory of the bolide of 4350 km.     

基于异常线圈的时间域AEM系统测试和标定方法研究

为了检验和测试时间域航空电磁系统的测量精度和有效性,采用地面铺设闭合的异常线圈模拟地下有限导体的方法,将异常线圈的电磁响应理论值与系统实测数据进行拟合分析,来确定系统误差和飞行几何参数误差.在计算异常线圈电磁响应的基础上,研究了衰减曲线、剖面曲线与线圈的电性、几何参数关系,设计了野外测试实验方案.在长春市大鹅岛附近,采用吊车进行了系统测试,测试结果表明:单点实测数据的平均绝对误差为0.48 mV,系统相对误差小于1%,飞行高度误差为0.4 m、水平偏移误差为0.2 m.基于异常线圈进行时间域航空电磁系统的测试和标定,是一种准确、快速、经济可行的方法,具有野外施工便捷、参数调整灵活等特点,适用于任何时间域电磁测量系统的检测.     

Selection of parameters for the Saturn’s magnetospheric model based on the pioneer 11 data

The Saturn’s magnetospheric model is described in the paper. This model is based on the existent paraboloid models of the magnetic field of the Earth’s and Jupiter’s magnetospheres. The input parameters of the Saturn’s magnetospheric model are determined from observations using the parameter selection method presented here. The parameters are selected for the Pioneer 11 flight.     

微火箭电场仪的原理及其应用

介绍一种新型的雷雨云电场探测仪器---微火箭电场仪 ,由直径为 55mm×760mm农用消雹小火箭改装而成 .它利用导体在电场中感应电荷原理 ,由电场传感器、测量线路、1 680MHz遥测发射机及天线组成 .仪器特点是结构简单、高密集、超小型、快速机动、低功耗、低成本 .此仪器于 1 998年年初试飞成功 .电场探测范围 1- 1 0 0kV/m .探测高度为7 5km左右 .主要用于飞行器升空安全保障 ,以及气象部门对雷电、冰雹的探测和预警     

The first airborne scalar gravimetry system based on SINS/DGPS in China

China has developed an airborne gravimetry system based on SINS/DGPS named SGA-WZ,the first system in which a strapdown inertial navigation system(SINS)has been used for airborne gravimetry in China.This gravity measurement system consists of a strap-down inertial navigation system and a differential global positioning system(DGPS).In April 2010,a flight test was carried out in Shandong Province of China to test the accuracy of this system.The test was designed to assess the repeatability and accuracy of the system.Two repeated flights and six grid flights were made.The flying altitude was about 400 m.The average flying speed was about 60 m/s,which corresponds to a spatial resolution of 4.8 km when using 160-s cutoff low-pass filter.This paper describes the data processing of the system.The evaluation of the internal precision is based on repeated flights and differences in crossover points.Gravity results in this test from the repeated flight lines show that the repeatability of the repeat lines is 1.6 mGal with a spatial resolution of 4.8 km,and the internal precision of grid flight data is3.2 mGal with a spatial resolution of 4.8 km.There are some systematic errors in the gravity results,which can be modeled using trigonometric function.After the systematic errors are compensated,the precision of grid flight data can be better than1 mGal.     

从工程实践浅析基桩高应变法检测承载力误差问题

高应变法检测是基桩检测技术的一种重要手段,但是该方法检测承载力存在误差,因此受到许多争议。本文以广东惠州地区两项工程的检测实践为例,分别采用前后两组不同拟合参数,对检测数据进行了承载力拟合计算,分别得出了前后两种不同的计算结果。并通过动、静两种方法的对比检测,分析了高应变法检测承载力误差产生的主要原因,粗略探讨了对高应变法检测的一些认识。     

BICUBIC SPLINE INTERPOLATION: A QUANTITATIVE TEST OF ACCURACY AND EFFICIENCY*

Two different methods for the construction of an approximation to bicubic splines for interpolating irregularly spaced two-dimensional data are described. These are referred to as the least squares line (LSL) and linear segment (LINSEG) construction procedures. A quantitative test is devised for investigating the absolute accuracy and efficiency of the two spline interpolation procedures. The test involves (i) laying of artificial flight lines on the analytically known field of a model, (ii) interpolation of field values along the flight lines and their subtraction from the original field values to compute the residuals. This test is applied on fields due to four models (three prism models and one dyke model) placed at different depths below the flight lines, and for each case the error estimates (the mean error, the maximum error and the standard deviation) are tabulated. An analysis of the error estimates shows in all cases the LSL interpolation to be more accurate than the LINSEG, although the latter is about 50% faster in computer time. The relative accuracy and efficiency of the LSL interpolation is also tested against a recent method based on harmonization procedure, which shows the latter to be more precise, though much slower in speed.     

频率域航空电磁法一维正演与探测深度

计算了偶极一偶极方式均匀半空间的频率域航空电磁响应及层状模型的相对异常响应,阐明了大地电导率、磁化系数,以及飞机飞行高度、探测装置、收发距对电磁响应的影响,计算结果说明了频率域航空电磁法的探测能力和探测条件．分析了三层模型的相对异常响应,给出了基于层状模型确定探测深度的方法．在水平共面方式下,收发距8m,飞行高度30m时,在3～4ppm噪声水平条件下,100Ωm大地探测深度为120m．     

Generation of electrostatic emissions by lightning-induced whistler-mode radiation above thunderstorms

Data from two separate thunderstorm sounding rocket experiments – Thunderstorm-II (T-II), which involved two rockets, and Thunderstorm-III (T-III) – are compared. In both cases, the sounding rockets over-flew active storm cells, but the bottomside of the ionosphere had a lower density and was much more structured for the first experiment than for the second. Electric field measurements on the flight through a structured ionosphere (T-II) show a triggered emission that has a height variation with altitude that seems to track the lower hybrid resonance frequency (LHR). Theories and other experimental data are presented supporting the concept that LH waves can be stimulated by intense whistlers when density gradients are present, and we interpret these T-II data in just such a context. We believe these emissions may be responsible for the irregularities causing the remote-sensing phenomenon called explosive spread F. The T-III flight had no such height-dependent emissions, which we attribute to the smoothness of the medium during that flight. Curiously, long-lasting emissions also occurred during T-III, but at frequencies that were constants with height and harmonics of the cut-off frequency for the earth-ionosphere wave guide. To our knowledge, there is no existing theory against which to test the T-III emissions.     

Automated trend reinforcement of aeromagnetic data

Aeromagnetic maps poorly represent lineaments that are at acute angles to the flight-line direction. Commonly used gridding algorithms cannot cope with local trends, magnetic anomalies at an angle with the main trend of the map, and tend to generate closed contours around the flight lines. By introducing some a priori information, it is possible to add extra data between the flight lines, i.e. trend lines, to reinforce local trends. The proposed automated technique is based on a nearest neighbour search of the maxima and minima in the aeromagnetic map. The resulting map is more realistic and derived maps, such as vertical gradients and analytical signal maps, are greatly improved. Moreover, this automated procedure is user independent and easy to implement. The technique is demonstrated on aeromagnetic data from the Kirkland Lake region, in north-eastern Ontario, Canada.     

Optimization of UAVs-SfM data collection in aeolian landform morphodynamics: a case study from the Gonghe Basin,China

UAVs-SfM (unmanned aerial vehicles-structure-from-motion) systems can generate high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) topographic models of aeolian landforms. To explore the optimization of UAVs-SfM for use in aeolian landform morphodynamics, this study tested flight parameters for two contrasting aeolian landform areas (free dune and blowout) to assess the 3D reconstruction accuracy of the UAV survey compared with field point measurements using differential RTK-GPS (real-time kinematic-global positioning system). The results reveal the optimum UAVs-SfM flight set-up at the free-dune site was: flying height = 74 m, camera tilt angle = −90°, photograph overlap ratio = 85%/70% (heading/sideways). The horizontal/vertical location error was around 0.028–0.055 m and 0.053–0.069 m, respectively, and a point cloud density of 463/m³ was found to generate a clear texture using these flying parameters. For the < 20 m deep blowout the optimum set-up with highest accuracy and the lowest cliff texture distortion was: flying height = 74 m combined camera tilt angle = −90° and −60°, photograph overlap ratio = 85%/70% (heading/sideways), and an evenly distributed GCPs (ground control points) density of 42/km² using these flying parameters. When the depth of the blowouts exceeded 40 m, the optimum flight/survey parameters changed slightly to account for more challenging cliff texture generation: flying height = 80 m (with −90° and −60°combined camera tilt angle), GCPs density = 63/km² to generate horizontal and vertical location error of 0.024 m and 0.050 m, respectively, and point cloud density of 2597.11/m³. The main external factors that affect the successful 3D reconstruction of aeolian landforms using UAVs-SfM are the weather conditions, manipulation errors, and instrument system errors. The UAVs-SfM topographic monitoring results demonstrate that UAVs provide a viable and robust means for aeolian landform morphodynamics monitoring. Importantly, the rapid and high precision 3D reconstruction processes were significantly advanced using the optimal flight parameters reported here. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Orbital monitoring of the ionosphere and abnormal phenomena by the small Vulkan-Compass-2 satellite

Natural disasters, the processes of their origin and large-scale technogenic catastrophes are accompanied by anomalous physical phenomena in near-Earth space (NES). In order to reveal such phenomena, record and investigate them, complex NES monitoring is required with the use of specially designed research equipment onboard a low-orbiting spacecraft. This work presents the results of flight tests of the small Vulkan-Compass-2 satellite with research equipment specially designed for orbital monitoring of the ionosphere and search for abnormal phenomena caused by large-scale catastrophes of different nature.