全国酸雨观测网纯水质量状况分析

2005年中国气象局下发的《酸雨观测业务规范》对各酸雨观测站的纯水质量提出了明确要求,从2006年起,年度酸雨观测业务质量考核中增加对纯水电导率（K值）的考核内容。文章对2006-2008年的各酸雨观测站纯水K值考核成绩和各站上报的纯水来源信息进行分析。结果显示：近3年来全站网纯水质量逐年改善,95%台站使用的纯水可以达到《酸雨观测业务规范》的要求,83.3%台站使用的纯水质量达到优秀成绩（电导率K＆lt;5μS.cm^-1）的水平。全站网的纯水来源呈现多样化特点,可以分为自制蒸馏水、市售饮用纯净水、医院自制水、其他单位自制水4类。市售饮用纯净水在台站的纯水来源中所占比例呈现增加趋势,医院自制水的使用比例相对下降。4类纯水水源中,瓶装饮用纯净水和医院自制蒸馏水的总体质量相对较好,而台站自制蒸馏水的质量情况相对不理想,其他单位自制水中的少数质量相对较差。     

Incorporating resilience into sustainability indicators: An example for the urban water sector

The development and use of indicators is common practice in efforts to promote urban sustainability. Indicators used to measure urban sustainability tend to focus narrowly on describing the current state of the urban system. Although a time series analysis using these indicators may lend insights into trends towards or away from certain ‘sustainability’ goals, existing indicators of urban sustainability do not provide information on the ability or the likelihood that the current system state can be maintained or improved over time. Indicators that incorporate a measure of system resilience would provide useful information on system sustainability. Through development of a new indicator, Water Provision Resilience (WPR), we provide an example of how measures of resilience could be incorporated into sustainability indicators. The new indicator adds six color codings to the existing indicator ‘percent of the population with access to safe water.’ Each color coding represents a measure of the ability of the water system to maintain or improve the current percent of the population with access to safe water in key areas of the water provision sector: supply, infrastructure, service provision, finances, water quality and governance. The metric is then applied to three cities. The goal in developing this metric is to provide a starting point for re-thinking the metrics used to measure progress and sustainability in order to incorporate the ability to absorb and adapt to stresses into sustainability analysis.     

Technogenic influence on the quality of water resources of small river basins (with a special reference to the Protva river)

The underground waters in small river basins in central Russia are recharged as a result of the atmospheric precipitation infiltration on the catchment and river water inflow to the horizons hydraulically connected with the river. In the first case, the atmospheric precipitation on its way of transit is being enriched in elements of water-bearing rocks, in the second case, of the surface runoff and domestic wastes waters. Both fluxes get mixed at the coastal water withdrawals of underground water. Some regularities in the drinking water quality formation connected with climatic conditions and water use regime were established based on geochemical and hydrodynamic studies of underground waters of the Protva River basin deposits.     

FY-2E卫星资料在基于LAPS的台风三维云分析中的应用

LAPS(Local Analysis and Prediction System)采用物理初值化与三维变分约束相结合的方法,通过融合多源观测资料,发挥各种资料的优势,分析得到较为客观的三维云场,并可改善数值模式初始场。将FY-2E卫星可见光反照率和红外亮温资料引入LAPS,针对2014年6月登陆我国的台风"海贝思",设计不同水平分辨率的同化试验,研究台风三维云结构和初始场的改善情况。结果表明:1)LAPS云分析中引入卫星可见光反照率资料之后,总云量有显著的调整,能够较清晰地分辨出台风眼区、云墙和螺旋云带,卫星红外亮温资料在云顶高度的调整中发挥了重要作用,而且高分辨率的云分析结果有助于更好地分析出台风结构和强对流区域。2)LAPS物理初值化技术将卫星资料中的云结构和微物理信息添加到初始场中,一定程度上调整了数值模式初始场中垂直速度、云水、云冰和水汽场等变量的分布,提高了模式初值质量,对模拟和预报台风系统将会产生一定的影响。     

雷电资料分析处理系统的设计与应用

为了充分发挥雷电资料的作用,解决资料的质量问题,建立雷电综合数据库及其资料分析处理加工平台。基于JavaScript的WebGIS框架和CIMISS数据库,设计开发了具有数据处理和质量控制、分析和应用功能的雷电资料分析处理系统,建立了以闪电、大气电场、雷暴日和雷击灾害数据为主要内容的雷电信息数据库。该系统能够实时监测卫星、雷达、闪电、大气电场等多种探测信息,开展雷电数据的质量控制,回演、动态播放历史信息,具有信息查询统计、分析绘制曲线、制作雷电报告等多项功能,为防雷业务、科研和服务工作提供方便、高效的应用工具和技术平台。以2015年6月1—2日湖北监利县的一次强雷电天气过程为例,通过对这次雷电过程的应用实践表明:雷电资料分析处理系统闪电监测准确,图表绘制快速,统计分析结果适用,能够满足防雷业务及科研工作的需要,为高效开展雷电灾害防御和服务提供了高效的基础性平台。     

Climate, water management, and policy in the San Pedro Basin: results of a survey of Mexican stakeholders near the U.S.–Mexico border

This paper reviews regional climate knowledge and vulnerability in the northern Mexico San Pedro River Basin, with a focus on water quality, quantity, and management issues on the Mexican side of the border. A discussion based on the available literature is supplemented by a survey assessing concerns about water and the quality and usability of climate and hydrologic information available to water managers and communities. The surveys indicate that the central concern for urban residents is the lack of reliable potable water due to frequent service breakdowns–with climate change and variability, specifically drought and high temperatures, as contributing factors. Water managers desire appropriate meteorological and hydrologic information to improve planning strategies, but access to this information remains limited. Considerable disagreement exists about who should pay for previously free or low-cost water and wastewater treatment. Urban users have little incentive to conserve because of the present flat, low rate and frustration with service. In rural areas, while a majority of ranchers recognize that variable climate and water loss could increasingly jeopardize their lifestyle, they seldom use meteorological information in planning or modify their water consumption. Climate vulnerability also includes potential for serious environmental health issues due to the presence of heavy metals and organic contaminants in the San Pedro.     

沙澧河流域致洪预警系统设计与应用

沙澧河流域致洪预警系统基于中小河流致洪预警气象服务需求,以气象与水文相结合,应用地理信息(GIS)先进技术,利用气象常规数据、地面自动雨量站资料、数值模式、卫星雷达资料及水文雨量、水位数据等资料,运用动力学诊断和统计分析、多元线性回归方法、模式输出法、相似预报等方法,输出暴雨和水位增量预报模型。该系统通过C/C++语言编程,集气象水文信息显示分析、数据库、预报模型和用户界面于一体,建立了涵盖流域暴雨预报、水位增量监测预测、洪涝灾害预警服务等多功能的可视化业务技术平台。在本地基层台站首次将气象和水文两个学科结合,建立降水、水文和洪涝数据库;首次对沙澧河流域进行暴雨形势分型,并建立流域暴雨预报模型;首次建立沙澧河流域五大水库水位增量预报模型。自系统运行以来,成功对沙澧河流域出现的几次致洪暴雨进行了预警,服务效果明显。     

Voluntary relocation - An exploration of Australian attitudes in the context of drought, recycled and desalinated water

Throughout history settlements have been abandoned due to lack of water. Such a fate is of concern to public officials in settlements facing water scarcity - a condition which is anticipated to increase due to the impacts of climate change, and other factors including increasing per capita water use, and population growth. Key questions surround how to best adapt to these circumstances. A strategy little explored is relocation. This paper presents results from a qualitative study conducted in eight geographically diverse Australian locations. The willingness of individuals to relocate under three hypothetical water scenarios was investigated: (1) if the water in their community ran out, (2) if recycled wastewater was put in their community's drinking water supply, and (3) if desalinated water was put in their community's drinking water supply. Results indicate that most people would not relocate if recycled or desalinated water was used to augment their community's drinking water supply, but they would if their water supply ran out. Our results highlight that while there is initial public opposition to the augmentation of existing potable water supplies with recycled or desalinated water, people would prefer these solutions, over being forced to move location. Respondents were highly aware of the social, economic and public infrastructure costs associated with relocation decisions. Relocation would therefore, for most, only be the very last option if their water demands could not be met. However, it was difficult for most to imagine the situation becoming so dire. Our results highlight the importance of a comprehensive and consultative approach to managing supply in water scarce locations.     

Exploring fog as a supplementary water source in Namibia

Namibia is an arid country where many rural and urban centres depend on ephemeral rivers for their water supply. These water sources are, however, limited and display seasonal salinisation. Fog occurs along the coast and extends for some distance inland, and it could be used as a source of drinking water. Data on groundwater salinisation and fog deposition were collected at villages of the indigenous communities and at the Gobabeb Training and Research Centre (GTRC) in the Central Namib Desert. Fog collection experiments were done with Standard Fog Collectors (SFCs) and 1-m² fog collectors made from the Raschel mesh that is used in SFCs from 1996 onwards. The results indicate that fog occurs throughout the year and that it has low major ion concentrations (chemical composition). The period of high fog deposition coincides with that of high groundwater salinity and would suit mixing of the two waters to provide water of good drinking quality to people in these areas. In conclusion, fog is a viable source of water in the Namib and could supplement traditional sources in rural settlements and perhaps also in urban water supply schemes in this region as in other parts of the world where it is used as a source of drinking water.

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长江流域雨情监测分析系统及其关键技术

介绍长江流域雨情监测分析系统的总体设计与关键技术实现。系统利用新一代气象通信系统及现代信息存储技术,实现了长江流域12个省(市)气象部门的703个国家级自动气象站、12000余个区域级自动站等资料的实时收集、监控、质量控制、存储及共享,满足了流域雨情资料实时监测、分析业务的高时效性、高质量性的应用需求;利用长江流域气象历史和实时资料,实现了长江流域及其子流域日、月、季、年等固定时间尺度及任意时段的雨情监测,并利用物理统计方法,提炼出长江流域不同年代不同季节的降水空间分布;采用基于Flex的WebGIS框架设计,实现了人机交互实时分析,满足了在多用户并发条件下高密度自动站数据的快速响应。该系统的建成为三峡梯调中心提供了一个集气象信息收集、整理、加工分析、基于WebGIS展示分析产品等功能为一体的业务应用系统,为长江三峡水利枢纽综合调度和上游水资源开发利用提供气象服务技术支撑。     

全球大尺度信息在3 km GRAPES-RAFS系统中的应用

为了缓解快速分析预报循环过程中固定边界条件造成的预报锁定,缩短动力、热力调整时间,提高模式预报能力,全球模式产品的大尺度部分的信息被引入GRAPES-RAFS系统中,通过二维离散余弦变换方法对全球模式产品和区域分析进行谱分解,获得综合全球大尺度和区域中小尺度信息的混合尺度分析。通过2018年5月9日—6月9日1个月间歇分析预报循环,比较对照试验和混合尺度分析试验的冷启动和暖启动预报结果表明,在快速分析预报循环中,全球大尺度信息的加入不仅增加分析的大尺度部分信息和降低地面气压倾向,缩短模式预报的动力、热力调整时间,且地面要素场、分析场和降水的暖启动预报质量有显著提高;台风艾云尼路径预报也更加接近观测。另外,GRAPES-RAFS循环的暖启动与冷启动预报相比,初始场更加协调,但地面2 m气温和10 m风场的预报质量比冷启动预报差,且其ETS降水评分也明显低于冷启动预报。混合尺度方案在RAFS系统中的应用能有效提高初始场的协调性,地面、高空要素和降水预报质量得到提升。      

The envivonment of the Russian Federation in 2006-2015: State and pollution dynamics

The present research is based on the annual Reviews of Environmental Conditions and Pollution in the Russian Federation and Yearbooks of Environmental Pollution in the Russian Federation for the period of 2006-2015. The parameters and estimates of abiotic environmental component (air, surface water, and soil) and radiation conditions are generalized from the data of the national observation system of environmental conditions (a base of the national system of environmental pollution monitoring in the Russian Federation) as well as from the data of local environmental observation systems. The results of the analysis of observational data and the conclusion on the conservation of high levels of air pollution in the cities and surface water pollution in many water bodies (including the assessment of priority of existing problems) are an important element of the informational support of state control of the sources of pollutant emissions (discharges) to the environment. The given information is also used for the comprehensive assessment of the influence of unfavorable environmental factors on the population health and terrestrial and water ecosystems. Besides, information on the dynamics and actual levels of environmental pollution allows assessing the efficiency of nature protection measures taking into account the observed trends and dynamics of variations.     

基于熵权的水环境质量评价物元分析模型及其应用

水环境质量评价是水环境保护和治理工作中的一项重要任务。应用熵权法来确定评价指标的权重,建立了基于熵权的水环境质量评价物元分析模型,对重庆市凤嘴江的水环境质量进行了评价,并与传统物元分析方法和BP网络法进行对比。结果表明,该方法的评价结论合理,用熵权法确定评价指标的权重客观、计算简便。     

Risky responsibilities for rural drinking water institutions: The case of unregulated self-supply in Bangladesh

The drinking water sector is off track to reach Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.1 with over a quarter of the world’s population lacking safe and reliable services. Policy approaches are shifting away from provision of access towards managing the multiple risks of water supply and quality. By considering how infrastructure, information, and institutional systems evolved in Bangladesh, this article identifies the unintentional consequences of reallocating management responsibility for rural water services away from government agencies towards individuals and households.Between 2012 and 2017, we estimate up to forty-five unregulated tubewells were installed privately for every publicly funded rural waterpoint. This growth rate more than doubled total national waterpoint infrastructure since 2006. The scale of growth is reflected in the declining ratio of households per tubewell from over fifty-seven in 1982 to less than two in 2017, potentially approaching market saturation. This scale of growth aligns to an observed decrease in the real price of private market shallow tubewells by seventy percent between 1982 and 2017. In 2018, we estimate households invested up to USD253 million in tubewells, nearly sixty-five percent of the total national water and sanitation sector’s household-level finance. In effect, household investments became critical to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of improved infrastructure access, but now pose challenges for meeting targets of safely managed services. The scale of continued private investment provides an opportunity for policymakers to explore blended public finance models to meet emerging consumer preferences, while at the same time introducing regulatory and monitoring systems.     

基于熵权的水环境质量评价物元分析模型及其应用

水环境质量评价是水环境保护和治理工作中的一项重要任务。应用熵权法来确定评价指标的权重,建立了基于熵权的水环境质量评价物元分析模型,对重庆市凤嘴江的水环境质量进行了评价,并与传统物元分析方法和BP网络法进行对比。结果表明,该方法的评价结论合理,用熵权法确定评价指标的权重客观、计算简便。     

区域大气质量评价数值模式系统的建立及试用

区域大气质量评价数值模式系统是以CALPUFF的应用开发为核心,根据陕西省的实际情况和大气环境业务服务需求,利用预报实时业务的网络环境,通过VB6.0编程,建立了一个具有自动数据处理、操作简便、比较实用的区域大气质量评价数值模式系统平台。依据2004年1月1日至12月31日的气象资料及源排放清单,对某工程的5个拟建地进行了大气质量数值模拟评价分析。结果表明,5地日均浓度超标的概率分别为27%、11%、5%、3%、8%。年平均浓度5地中3地未出现超负荷浓度值,满足2级标准要求,其他2地出现超负荷浓度值。其中一地污染超标最重,其可能原因是由于山体的影响,山谷中低层水平风速相对较小,不利于污染物的水平扩散,同时易形成地形山谷风次级环流,次级环流的存在把输送出去的污染物带回原地,形成二次污染。     

基于WEBGIS的农业气象信息共享与发布技术应用研究

气象部门观测台站通信网络，开展了基于WebGIS技术的农业气象信息共享与发布技术研究。根据气象行业标准和网络数据标准，对农业气象信息进行标准化处理，选用SQ L Server 2000建立了WebGIS应用系统所需的网络共享数据库，利用IIS、ArcIMS (Internet Map Server) 构建农业气象信息服务WebGIS平台。采用JavaScript、ArcXML和ActiveX编程方式，结合ArcGIS和ArcIMS Manager地理信息软件和管理工具，开发服务端的相关应用软件。在客户端实现了从属性到空间和空间到属性的农业气象信息双向查询以及农业气象信息专题地图分析功能，为用户提供详细、丰富、高质量的农业气象信息服务。     

沿海缺水灌区地表水地下水联合调配管理信息系统

根据沿海地区实际情况,集成以往的研究成果及相关数据,建立沿海缺水灌区地表水地下水联合调配管理信息系统.该系统具有友好的界面,是地理信息系统、数据库技术以及水资源系统模拟优化等多技术综合集成的动态管理系统.模型具有一定的通用性,可为沿海缺水灌区地表水地下水规划管理服务,也可为各级水管部门准确及时提供水资源信息.     

闹德海水库水环境氮磷容量预测及防治对策

为保障饮用水源地闹德海水库的水质安全,通过选取不同氮磷允许负荷量的测算模式进行综合分析。结果表明:闹德海水库实际负荷量总氮为139.98 t/a、总磷为28.28 t/a,目前已处于中—富营养化状态;水库若要达到贫—中营养化状态,应削减总氮129.96 t/a,总磷27.27 t/a。为此,从发展农业节水、综合防治化肥、农药、畜禽养殖业污染及治理水土流失等方面提出了科学的污染防治思路及削减对策。     

柳州市暴雨渍涝气象预警系统

介绍柳州市暴雨渍涝气象预警系统的技术路线及原理，该系统利用城市暴雨内涝灾害仿真模型，并结合了柳州市的地理特征、城市规划、排水系统、防洪工程等多方面的非气象资料，具备一定的暴雨渍涝动态监测预报能力，对拓展城市灾害预报服务领域，提高城市暴雨渍涝灾害监测、预报、灾害风险评估水平具有一定的参考作用。