The velocity structure of the upper mantle of europe from the ambient noise surface wave tomography

The method for surface wave tomography based on the records of ambient seismic noise (Ambient Noise Tomography, ANT) is applied to the data from the East European and West European stations. In order to reduce the effects of the earthquakes at long periods, the cross correlation functions were calculated for the time interval of 2001–2003, when distinct clusters of the earthquakes were absent. Using the local dispersion curves in the range of 10–100 s, we reconstructed the vertical velocity sections at the nodes of the 3° × 3° grid. On the basis on these curves, we calculated the horizontal distributions of S-velocity variations in the upper mantle in the depth interval of 75–275 km and the vertical velocity sections along the profiles across the Vrancea zone and the region of the Baltic and Ukrainian shields. The velocity distribution in the Vrancea zone confirms the subduction of the ancient oceanic plate from the east westwards and the detachment of its bottom part, as hypothesized by some authors. Beneath the Baltic Shield lithosphere, there is a low-velocity zone, which can be interpreted as the asthenospheric layer. It is noted that the velocity distributions beneath the Baltic and Ukrainian shields are similar, which probably points to the genetic relationship between these two structures.     

Three dimensional shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath China from ambient noise surface wave tomography

We determine the three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in China using Green's functions obtained from seismic ambient noise cross-correlation.The data we use are from the China National Seismic Network,global and regional networks and PASSCAL stations in the region.We first acquire cross-correlation seismograms between all possible station pairs.We then measure the Rayleigh wave group and phase dispersion curves using a frequency-time analysis method from 8 s to 60 s.After that,Rayleigh wave group and phase velocity dispersion maps on 1° by 1° spatial grids are obtained at different periods.Finally,we invert these maps for the 3-D shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath China at each grid node.The inversion results show large-scale structures that correlate well with surface geology.Near the surface,velocities in major basins are anomalously slow,consistent with the thick sediments.East-west contrasts are striking in Moho depth.There is also a fast mid-to-lower crust and mantle lithosphere beneath the major basins surrounding the Tibetan plateau (TP) and Tianshan (Junggar,Tarim,Ordos,and Sichuan).These strong blocks,therefore,appear to play an important role in confining the deformation of the TP and constraining its geometry to form its current triangular shape.In northwest TP in Qiangtang,slow anomalies extend from the crust to the mantle lithosphere.Meanwhile,widespread,a prominent low-velocity zone is observed in the middle crust beneath most of the central,eastern and southeastern Tibetan plateau,consistent with a weak (and perhaps mobile) middle crust.     

新疆地区环境噪声层析成像研究

本文利用北京大学宽频带流动地震台阵和新疆地震监测台网12个月连续地震记录数据,采用环境噪声层析成像方法获得了新疆地区的周期从10~35 s范围内的瑞利面波相速度异常分布图像.研究结果与地表地质构造相一致,新疆地区的天山、两盆大地构造与瑞利面波相速度异常有较好的对应关系.短周期10~20 s的图像显示两个盆地内都呈现低速异常,对应盆地较厚的沉积层.中长周期25~35 s的层析成像结果显示东西天山地区存在明显异常差异.本文获得的新疆地区地壳和上地幔相速度结果,也为进一步结合传统天然地震面波成像方法,最终获得新疆地区的三维剪切波速度结构奠定基础.     

Shear velocity structure of crust and uppermost mantle in China from surface wave tomography using ambient noise and earthquake data

We present a 3D model of shear velocity of crust and upper mantle in China and surrounding regions from surface wave tomography.We combine dispersion measurements from ambient noise correlation and traditional earthquake data.The stations include the China National Seismic Network,global networks,and all the available PASSCAL stations in the region over the years.The combined data sets provide excellent data coverage of the region for surface wave measurements from 8 to 120 s,which are used to invert for 3D shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle down to about150 km.We also derive new models of the study region for crustal thickness and averaged S velocities for upper,mid,and lower crust and the uppermost mantle.The models provide a fundamental data set for understanding continental dynamics and evolution.The tomography results reveal significant features of crust and upper mantle structure,including major basins,Moho depth variation,mantle velocity contrast between eastern and western North China Craton,widespread low-velocity zone in midcrust in much of the Tibetan Plateau,and clear velocity contrasts of the mantle lithosphere between north and southern Tibet with significant E–W variations.The low velocity structure in the upper mantle under north and eastern TP correlates with surface geological boundaries.A patch of high velocity anomaly is found under the eastern part of the TP,which may indicate intact mantle lithosphere.Mantle lithosphere shows striking systematic change from the western to eastern North China Craton.The Tanlu Fault appears to be a major lithosphere boundary.     

华北地区基于噪声的瑞利面波群速度层析成像

本文利用华北地震科学台阵2007年1~4月份、190个宽频带和10个甚宽带垂直分量的地震噪声数据,通过互相关方法提取了瑞利面波的经验格林函数,用多重滤波方法测量了瑞利面波的群速度频散曲线.我们将研究区域划分为0.5°×0.5°的网格,利用噪声层析成像方法得到了研究区域7 s、12 s、16 s、23 s的瑞利面波群速度分布图像,所得结果较好地揭示了地壳内部、尤其是浅部地壳的横向速度变化.研究表明,短周期的群速度分布同地表地质结构、地形密切相关;华北地区的地壳结构具有明显的横向不均匀性,华北盆地及山间的沉积盆地显示出低速异常,而基岩广泛出露的太行山和燕山隆起区,呈现高速异常;多数强震(M≥6.0级)都发生在高群速度与低群速度的过渡地带.     

High-resolution Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps from ambient noise tomography in North China

We presented high-resolution Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps at periods ranging from 5 s to 30 s in the northeast part of the North China Craton (NNCC). Continuous time-series of vertical component between October 2006 and December 2008, recorded by 187 broadband stations temporarily deployed in the NNCC region, have been cross-correlated to obtain estimated fundamental mode Rayleigh wave Greenos functions. Using the frequency and time analysis technique based on continuous wavelet transformation, we measured 3 667 Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curves. High-resolution phase velocity maps at periods of 5, 10, 20 and 30 s were reconstructed with grid size 0.25° × 0.25°, which reveal lateral heterogeneity of shear wave structure in the crust and upper mantle of NNCC. For periods shorter than 10 s, the phase velocity variations are well correlated with the principal geological units in the NNCC, with low-speed anomalies corresponding to the major sedimentary basins and high-speed anomalies coinciding with the main mountain ranges. Within the period range from 20 s to 30 s, high phase velocity observed in eastern NCC is coincident with the thin crust, whereas low phase velocities imaged in central NCC is correlated to the thick crust. However, the low-velocity anomaly in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region displayed in the 20 s and 30 s phase maps may be associated with fluids.     

Crust and upper mantle structure of East Asia from ambient noise and earthquake surface wave tomography

The complex tectonic background of East Asia makes it an ideal region for investigating the evolution of the continental lithosphere, for which high-resolution lithospheric structural models are essential. In this study, we measured Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity dispersion curves at periods of 10–120 s and group velocity dispersion curves at periods of 10–140 s using event records from more than 1,000 seismic stations in and around China. By jointly inverting new and previously published dispersion data from ambient noise and earthquakes, we developed a high-resolution shear-wave velocity model down to a depth of ～300 km beneath East Asia. Our model revealed heterogeneous lithospheric structures beneath East Asia, and allowed us to investigate the velocity structure of the entire lithosphere. We also derived crustal and lithospheric thickness models from the three-dimensional (3D) shear-wave model, revealing strong spatial heterogeneity and a general thinning trend of lithospheric thickness from west to east across the study region. Overall, our models reveal important lithospheric features beneath East Asia and provide a valuable baseline dataset for understanding continental-scale dynamics and evolution.     

松辽盆地沉积层结构的短周期地震背景噪声成像研究

使用位于松辽盆地内部的NECESSArray台阵连续两年背景噪声数据,通过波形互相关和多重滤波方法提取到2~14 s较短周期的Rayleigh波群速度和相速度频散曲线,基于快速行进（FMM）面波成像方法得到群速度和相速度成像结果,并采用最小二乘迭代线性方法反演获得了松辽盆地深至12 km的三维S波速度结构.本文成像结果显示：松辽盆地内部S波速度分布的横向不均匀性与该区域的构造单元呈现出良好的空间对应关系.从地表至下方的6 km深度,盆地北部比南部表现出更加强烈的低速异常,这一特征可能与盆地南北的沉积构造差异有关.中央坳陷区低速异常的边界与嫩江断裂走向相互平行,表明盆地基底断裂对盆地形成演化具有一定的控制作用.在垂直速度结构剖面中,2.9 km·s^-1的S波速度等值线与地震反射剖面显示的盆地基底深度大致对应.基于S波速度模型和盆地基底速度（2.9 km·s^-1）,我们获得精细的松辽盆地沉积层厚度模型,结果表明松辽盆地的沉积层厚度分布呈现出中间厚、四周薄的特征,中央坳陷区的沉积层厚度范围大约在3~6 km.

     

广东省东部地区背景噪声面波群速度层析成像

选取广东省东部及福建和江西测震台网的26个固定台站2011年3～9月的地震背景噪声的垂直分量数据,用互相关方法获得瑞利面波的格林函数,再用频时分析方法提取瑞利面波的群速度频散曲线,最后用面波层析成像方法反演得到研究区周期为5～15s的瑞利面波群速度图像.反演结果揭示了广东省东部地区浅部地壳群速度结构存在明显横向不均匀性.短周期群速度异常与研究区内山脉、盆地的分布有较好的对应关系,沉积厚度较大的盆地地区表现为低速异常,而基底埋深较浅的山脉则显示了高速异常;地热分布对面波群速度产生重要影响,地热值较高的区域面波群速度一般表现为低速异常;粤东地区特别是粤东沿海地区地壳中部可能存在低速层.     

合肥市地壳浅部三维速度结构及城市沉积环境初探

合肥市位于合肥盆地东南缘,东侧紧邻郯庐断裂带,多条大型隐伏断裂穿过市区.为进一步认识合肥城市下方隐伏断裂的空间展布、性质,以及城市复杂的沉积环境,本文利用布设在合肥市区的58套三分量短周期地震仪组成的台阵,获得了37天的三分量连续波形数据,通过基于射线追踪的面波走时直接成像方法反演得到了合肥市地壳浅部0.6~3.6 km的三维剪切波速度结构,速度结构图像展现了地壳浅部的横向不均匀性和纵向成层性,揭示出NNE、NWW和近EW三组不同走向的隐伏断裂在城市地下浅部的构造特征.取得以下认识：（1）合肥市南、北方向在浅地表（2 km以内）存在显著速度差异,速度分界线位置与已知的近EW向的蜀山断裂一致,断裂南侧呈现低速凹陷,北侧则为高速隆起.低速中心深度达2~3 km,速度异常与该断裂在合肥盆地东部演化过程中的构造反转沉积了不同地层有关;（2）合肥市区存在明显的高速异常带,其走向、位置与穿过该区域的郯庐断裂带西支主干断裂相符,其中五河—合肥断裂在市区北部以东呈现低速凹陷特征,低速区范围与肥东凹陷晚白垩纪以来的沉积构造边界一致,认为肥东凹陷的最大沉积厚度可达2 km以上;（3）合肥市中心跨郯庐断裂带西支主干断裂之间呈现明显的凹、隆相间的复杂构造,推测其是在多组断裂的共同拉伸作用下形成的小型沉积盆地,沉积中心位于郯庐断裂带内部,最大厚度可达3~4 km.由于其展布方向在不同深度与该区域断裂的走向具有明显的相关性,推测不同深度的沉积形态与郯庐断裂带在不同时期的构造演化过程有关.     

合肥市地壳浅部三维速度结构及城市沉积环境初探

合肥市位于合肥盆地东南缘,东侧紧邻郯庐断裂带,多条大型隐伏断裂穿过市区.为进一步认识合肥城市下方隐伏断裂的空间展布、性质,以及城市复杂的沉积环境,本文利用布设在合肥市区的58套三分量短周期地震仪组成的台阵,获得了37天的三分量连续波形数据,通过基于射线追踪的面波走时直接成像方法反演得到了合肥市地壳浅部0.6~3.6 km的三维剪切波速度结构,速度结构图像展现了地壳浅部的横向不均匀性和纵向成层性,揭示出NNE、NWW和近EW三组不同走向的隐伏断裂在城市地下浅部的构造特征.取得以下认识：（1）合肥市南、北方向在浅地表（2 km以内）存在显著速度差异,速度分界线位置与已知的近EW向的蜀山断裂一致,断裂南侧呈现低速凹陷,北侧则为高速隆起.低速中心深度达2~3 km,速度异常与该断裂在合肥盆地东部演化过程中的构造反转沉积了不同地层有关;（2）合肥市区存在明显的高速异常带,其走向、位置与穿过该区域的郯庐断裂带西支主干断裂相符,其中五河—合肥断裂在市区北部以东呈现低速凹陷特征,低速区范围与肥东凹陷晚白垩纪以来的沉积构造边界一致,认为肥东凹陷的最大沉积厚度可达2 km以上;（3）合肥市中心跨郯庐断裂带西支主干断裂之间呈现明显的凹、隆相间的复杂构造,推测其是在多组断裂的共同拉伸作用下形成的小型沉积盆地,沉积中心位于郯庐断裂带内部,最大厚度可达3~4 km.由于其展布方向在不同深度与该区域断裂的走向具有明显的相关性,推测不同深度的沉积形态与郯庐断裂带在不同时期的构造演化过程有关.

     

基于噪声面波直接反演法研究天山中段地壳S波速度结构

天山造山带是新生代以来复活隆升的陆内造山带,强烈的地震活动性使得理解和认识天山造山带深部结构及盆山耦合关系尤为重要。文章中使用天山造山带及邻区(40°～49°N,79°～93°E)85个台站2017—2019年的背景噪声资料,结合背景噪声互相关方法获得了6～52 s瑞利波相速度频散曲线,利用基于射线追踪的面波直接反演法对天山中段地壳三维S波速度结构及盆山耦合关系进行研究。结果显示：地壳浅层S波速度分布与构造单元中沉积层厚度相关,塔里木盆地北缘、准噶尔盆地南缘表现为低速,天山造山带表现为高速;到了中下地壳,天山造山带下方存在被高速异常包裹的低速体;莫霍面附近,天山造山带表现出相对低速;准噶尔盆地南缘和天山造山带的地壳厚度分别在45～50 km、50～62 km之间,沿南北向,天山造山带莫霍面呈现较为宽缓的形态;在82°～86.5°E之间,塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地向天山下方双向俯冲,86.5°～88°E之间,准噶尔盆地向天山南向俯冲,由西向东,不同盆山耦合关系揭示了新生代以来天山中段不同区域构造运动差异,为进一步探讨造山动力过程提供参考。     

大别-苏鲁及其邻近地区基于背景 噪声的勒夫波群速度成像

大别-苏鲁造山带是中国大陆东部地区最重要的构造之一. 为了研究该地区的地壳上地幔速度结构,本文收集了国家数字地震台网和中国区域地震台网的山东、河南、安徽、江苏和湖北等省的144个宽频带地震台连续两年(2009年5月—2011年5月)的水平向地震记录(E分量和N分量)数据,首先对台站对之间E-E,E-N,N-N和N-E分量进行互相关,然后分别对这4个互相关分量采用相位权重叠加法进行叠加,最后旋转到横向分量(T-T)获得勒夫波经验格林函数(EGF);用频时分析(FTAN)方法获得4000余条勒夫波群速度频散曲线,并进一步反演得到了周期为6—40s的勒夫波群速度分布图.结果表明,周期为6—10s的勒夫波群速度分布与地表构造特征相吻合.大别造山带、苏鲁造山带、湖北西部隆起均表现为高速;华北盆地发育,表现为大面积的低速;江汉盆地、南襄盆地、合肥盆地等因其规模不同而显示不同程度的低速.在周期为6—30s的勒夫波群速度分布图上,大别和苏鲁地区均显示高速,已有的研究结果中地壳的低速并没有得到反映.其原因一方面可能与勒夫波群速度纵向分辨不高有关,另一方面高压变质岩深度分布可能比已有研究结果给出的要深. 6—30 s的分布图上郯庐断裂带及其邻近地区表现为不同程度的高速,可能与该地区白垩纪以来处于拉张构造体制,地幔物质受到扰动,造成物质上涌有关.     

基于背景噪声研究大别-苏鲁及其邻区的瑞雷波群速度结构

大别-苏鲁造山带是中国大陆东部地区最重要的构造带之一. 为了研究该地区上中下地壳的速度结构, 选用国家数字地震台网和中国区域地震数据台网5省(山东、 安徽、 江苏、 河南和湖北)连续两年(2009年5月—2011年5月)的垂直向地震记录, 进行背景噪声互相关处理, 叠加得到了台站对间的面波经验格林函数. 采用多重滤波法提取了近4000条频散曲线, 并反演得到了研究区10—25 s的瑞雷波群速度分布结果. 通过分析大别-苏鲁及其邻区的瑞雷波群速度结构图像, 发现不同构造块体具有不同的瑞雷波群速度结构: ① 研究区内的郯庐断裂带及其周边地区包括鲁西地块和胶北地块上中下地壳均表现出明显的高速异常, 可能是在拉张环境下岩浆岩上涌, 导致高速、 高密度的变质岩在地壳富集而形成; ② 苏鲁高压变质带的瑞雷波速度在10—25 s周期内明显高于其它地区, 其上中下地壳均表现出较高的群速度结构特征, 认为苏鲁高压变质带至少延伸到下地壳, 而大别造山带在10 s时表现出高速特征, 但在15—25 s没有明显的高速特征, 故无法从其结果中判断大别高压变质带的垂向延伸范围; ③ 华北板块上中下地壳均表现为低速特征, 体现了研究区内华北板块的大陆地壳减薄特征.      

Love wave tomography in Italy from seismic ambient noise

We estimate Love wave empirical Green's functions from cross-correlations of ambient seismic noise to study the crust and uppermost mantle structure in Italy.Transverse-component ambient noise data from October 2005 through March 2007 recorded at 114 seismic stations from the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) national broadband network,the Mediterranean Very Broadband Seismographic Network (MedNet) and the Austrian Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG) yield more than 2 000 Love wave group velocity measurements using the multiple-filter analysis technique.In the short period band (5-20 s),the cross-correlations show clearly one-sided asymmetric feature due to non-uniform noise distribution and high local activities,and in the long period band (20 s) this feature becomes weak owing to more diffusive noise distribution.Based on these measurements,Love wave group velocity dispersion maps in the 8-34 s period band are constructed,then the SH wave velocity structures from the Love wave dispersions are inverted.The final results obtained from Love wave data are overall in good agreement with those from Rayleigh waves.Both Love and Rayleigh wave inversions all reveal that the Po plain basin is resolved with low velocity at shallow depth,and the Tyrrhenian sea is characterized with higher velocity below 8 km due to its thin oceanic crust.     

华北地区勒夫波噪声层析成像研究

利用华北地震科学台阵200个流动地震台站、14个月的连续波形数据,通过互相关方法提取了勒夫波的经验格林函数,使用多重滤波方法测量了5229条勒夫波的群速度频散曲线,采用噪声层析成像方法得到了研究区域4~30 s的勒夫波群速度分布图像,横向分辨率在多数区域可以达到0.25°×0.25°. 层析成像结果显示,短周期的群速度分布特征与地表地质和构造特征基本一致,华北盆地和山西断陷带内的盆地呈现低速异常,燕山隆起和太行山隆起表现为高速异常;中周期的群速度分布图揭示了华北盆地内部隆起和坳陷的空间分布范围及沉积层的厚度差异. 勒夫波频散曲线具有明显的分区特征,太行山隆起、燕山隆起和鄂尔多斯块体东北缘的频散曲线形态基本一致,和其它典型克拉通相似;张渤地震带和山西裂谷盆地的频散曲线基本一致,接近于埃塞俄比亚裂谷. 中西部块体的平均频散曲线和其它典型克拉通相似,而东部块体的频散曲线和中西部块体存在较大差异,且低于其它典型克拉通,表明东部块体的地壳受到了强烈的破坏和改造,而中西部块体受改造的程度较低,仍具有稳定克拉通的物理性质. 太行山重力梯度带的东西两侧在地形地貌、速度结构、频散特征、地壳厚度、岩石圈厚度以及地幔过渡带厚度均存在显著差异,是划分华北克拉通破坏空间范围的一条重要界线,推测华北克拉通的破坏范围主要在太行山重力梯度带以东.     

基于背景噪声的川滇地区勒夫波层析成像

本文选取了川滇地区98个固定台站记录到的三分量地震背景噪声数据,采用互相关方法提取了勒夫波互相关函数,并利用自适应时频分析方法获取了勒夫波群速度频散曲线,经反演得到周期为8—30 s的勒夫波群速度分布图像.层析成像结果显示:短周期的勒夫波群速度分布图像呈明显的横向不均匀性,且与地表地质和构造特征基本一致,其中四川盆地呈不均匀的低速异常,盆地内成都平原地区的群速度相对低于盆地中部的丘陵地区,速度分界线为遂宁与峨眉山之间的连线,四川盆地内的群速度变化反映出沉积层厚度的变化情况;攀枝花地区呈高速异常,可能与古地幔活动有关,幔源物质以侵入岩和底侵岩浆的形式停留在地壳的不同深度,从而形成高速异常的特征.本文结果为了解川滇地区的构造运动提供了地震学线索,并为下一步研究地壳径向各向异性奠定了基础.      

天山造山带地区瑞利面波相速度与方位各向异性

天山造山带作为世界上陆内最大的造山带之一,现今地震活动频繁,造山运动强烈,是开展陆内造山和内陆地震活动研究的天然试验场.本文利用整个天山造山带地区国内及国际台网的108个地震台站连续三年的背景噪声资料,提取了8~50 s周期的瑞利面波相速度频散曲线,并构建了整个天山造山带地区的二维瑞利面波相速度与方位各向异性分布图像.结果表明：浅部结构与地表的地质构造单元具有较大的相关性.低波速异常主要分布于沉积层厚度较大的盆地地区,而高波速异常主要分布于构造活动比较活跃的山脉地区.东天山地区中下地壳存在比较弱的低波速异常,而塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地汇聚边缘的上地幔区域则表现为明显的高波速异常,各向异性快波方向呈现近NS向的特征,暗示着塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地的岩石圈已经俯冲至东天山的下方.中天山地区的中下地壳至上地幔区域均呈现为明显的低波速异常,且各向异性快波方向变化比较复杂,表明中天山地区的整个岩石圈结构已经弱化,热物质上涌可能对介质的方位各向异性有一定的影响.西天山及帕米尔高原的上地幔区域存在低波速异常,各向异性表现为NW-SE方向,可能与欧亚板块的大陆岩石圈南向俯冲有关.塔里木盆地内部存在相对弱的低波速异常,推测塔里木盆地可能已经受到上涌的地幔热物质的侵蚀和破坏.