Long-term variations of long-wave radiation in Moscow

Using the data of long-term (1958–2012) actinometric and meteorological observations of the Meteorological Observatory of Lomonosov Moscow State University, the observed and computed long-wave fluxes and the factors defining their variability are estimated. Obtained are the normals and determined are the limits of variability of effective radiation. Analyzed are the peculiarities of atmospheric back radiation. Demonstrated is the trend towards the decrease (in absolute value) in effective radiation caused by the increase in the atmospheric back radiation flux (E _a). The trend towards the increase in the atmospheric back radiation is determined by the increase in the values of meteorological parameters: cloudiness, atmospheric moisture content, and temperature. The content of aerosol and carbon dioxide does not affect the long-term variations of E _a registered in Moscow. Derived empirical formulae can be recommended for estimating the atmospheric back radiation and effective radiation of the Earth surface using meteorological observations.     

Solar energy system design: The impact of mesoscale variations in solar radiation

Abstract

A 12‐station network located in and around Vancouver, B.C. has been used to define the local (mesoscale) variations in solar energy. Numerical models are used to convert the horizontal data to inclined surface irradiances which, along with temperature, are the inputs required by the simulation models used to assess the significance of these variations on the performance and economics of both active and passive solar heating systems.

Solar radiation differences over the study area have a marked influence on the operation of a domestic hot water heating system while the temperature variations between the same stations have a comparatively small impact. For both active and passive space heating the situation is reversed because temperature has a large impact on the energy demand and hence on the extent of solar energy utilization. The results suggest that local variations of solar radiation should be incorporated in solar domestic hot water design studies while spatial variations in temperature should receive relatively more attention in space heating studies.     

1960年以来长江流域太阳总辐射的时空变化

基于长江流域147个站点的气象数据,利用气候学计算方法估算1960年以来的太阳总辐射数据,运用线性回归和相关分析等方法,探讨1960年以来太阳总辐射在长江流域的时空变化特征,并分析太阳总辐射的影响因子.结果表明:太阳总辐射在整个长江流域(除去上游源头区金沙江流域)自东向西递减,且上游地区变化波动大,中下游地区下降趋势显著;自1960年以来太阳总辐射在长江流域呈现下降趋势,1990年以后开始呈现上升趋势;近50a来太阳总辐射的减少趋势与云量和大气水汽含量没有显著相关性.     

太阳辐射各因子的变化对太阳紫外辐射的影响

利用北京地区１９９０年太阳分光辐射的观测资料，计算了影响太阳紫外辐射的各因子的变化所引起的太阳紫外辐射的变化。当臭氧、水汽、气溶胶分别减少５％时，到达地面的太阳紫外辐射将分别增加０．８４％、０．２７％和１．９０％。在分析太阳紫外辐射的变化趋势时，应当全面考虑各个因子的影响。     

Possible influences of solar radiation variations on the atmospheric circulation in the northern hemisphere of the earth

The strength of the circumpolar zonal circulation of the atmosphere in the northern hemisphere, expressed by an index calculated from the air pressure gradient between 35° N and 65°N, shows a remarkable secular change in this century in the years 1935 to 1938, and probably again in the years after 1970. A contemporary change and parallel course with a high positive correlation can be found in a solar radiation index calculated by means of sunspot numbers and solar faculae areas. A good correlation was also found between this solar radiation index and a series of UV measurements on Mt. Wilson. The possible mechanism of action in the atmosphere will be discussed, and it is shown that this solar radiation index is also correlated with circulation parameters in the troposphere and stratosphere over Europe. There are indications of a decrease of the action from the upper to the lower atmosphere. The consequences of this secular change of circulation for the climatic history in the 20th century in Europe are presented and from that a hypothetical retrospective view of the European climatic history before the 20th century, based on the total series of sunspot numbers, is briefly discussed. In a general view with smoothed data it can be concluded that the sun seems to determine the basic structure of the north hemispheric circulation in middle latitudes, if a strong influence of sunspots and solar faculae on the solar radiation is assumed.     

Long-term variations in thermal comfort in Vienna

Summary A human energy balance model is calculated using the homogeneous data set of Vienna, Austria (48°N and 16° E). Variations in the different stages of comfort since 1873 are discussed. The historical data are then used to generate scenarios of a changing climate and calculate the impact of these variations on thermal comfort.With 5 Figures     

Long-term summer temperature variations in the Pyrenees

Two hundred and sixty one newly measured tree-ring width and density series from living and dry-dead conifers from two timberline sites in the Spanish Pyrenees were compiled. Application of the regional curve standardization method for tree-ring detrending allowed the preservation of inter-annual to multi-centennial scale variability. The new density record correlates at 0.53 (0.68 in the higher frequency domain) with May–September maximum temperatures over the 1944–2005 period. Reconstructed warmth in the fourteenth to fifteenth and twentieth century is separated by a prolonged cooling from ∼1450 to 1850. Six of the ten warmest decades fall into the twentieth century, whereas the remaining four are reconstructed for the 1360–1440 interval. Comparison with novel density-based summer temperature reconstructions from the Swiss Alps and northern Sweden indicates decadal to longer-term similarity between the Pyrenees and Alps, but disagreement with northern Sweden. Spatial field correlations with instrumental data support the regional differentiation of the proxy records. While twentieth century warmth is evident in the Alps and Pyrenees, recent temperatures in Scandinavia are relatively cold in comparison to earlier warmth centered around medieval times, ∼1450, and the late eighteenth century. While coldest summers in the Alps and Pyrenees were in-phase with the Maunder and Dalton solar minima, lowest temperatures in Scandinavia occurred later at the onset of the twentieth century. However, fairly cold summers at the end of the fifteenth century, between ∼1600–1700, and ∼1820 were synchronized over Europe, and larger areas of the Northern Hemisphere.     

Long-term variations of cyclone activities in East Asia

A statistical analysis is made of the temporal and spatial variability of cyclone activities in middle latitudes in East Asia for 52 years during the period from 1934 to 1985.Three principal tracks of cyclones are distinguished in East Asia almost all year around except for the disappearance of the south one in summer.A longer-term variation in frequency of cyclones passing over the Japanese Islands with a period of about 20 years is found, in addition to a shorter-term variation with a period of a few years. A significant decreasing trend in cyclone frequency is noted between the late 1960s to around 1980.     

The regression of net radiation upon solar radiation

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - A number of studies have sought to relate net radiation over natural surfaces to incoming global radiation. Several deficiencies are noted in interpretation of...     

Estimating global solar radiation

A model is presented to calculate daily totals of global solar radiation. First, cloudless sky radiation is evaluated from transmission due to absorption and scattering. Cloud effects are added using cloud layer transmission. A simple expression to account for additional radiation due to reflection between the ground surface and cloud bases is also included. Atmospheric transmissions are obtained from previous studies. Precipitable water and observations of cloud type and amount for different layers in the atmosphere are the only meteorological variables required. The model is evaluated and tested with data collected at stations in and around Lake Ontario: a lake station near Grimsby in 1969 and land stations at Burlington, Scarborough, Peterborough, Trenton and Kingston, Ontario in 1972 and 1973 during the International Field Year for the Great Lakes. Good agreement between calculated and measured radiation was obtained at all stations, particularly for 5- and 10-day means. Model performance was largely independent of both cloud amount and season.     

Transient processes of solar radiation

In the present study, transients—rises and falls of the value of solar irradiance in the conditions of alternating Cumulus humilis and Cumulus fractus clouds—are studied to find their main characteristics, that is, the scope of their duration, magnitude, frequency, and shape. Of course, all these variables have a stochastic character and have been calculated using statistical analysis of ten automatic recordings. The results of the study characterize these clouds and show the degree of problems in generating PV electricity.     

On the annual and monthly mean diurnal variations of diffuse solar radiation at a meteorological station in west Africa

Summary In addition to global solar radiationE ^g , the hourly diffuse componentE ^d incident on a horizontal surface has been measured from February 1993 to January 1995 at a meteorological station in tropical West Africa. The measured diffuse solar irradiance data was corrected for shadow band effects. The monthly mean diurnal variations of diffuse solar irradiance obtained for identical months in the two years have been compared and found to be generally consistent. The corresponding monthly mean hourly values ofE ^d for identical months in 1993 and 1994 agreed to within 9% while yielding correlation coefficients greater than 0.960. In addition, the monthly mean daily totals ofE ^d for identical months were found to agree mostly to within 6% and showed virtually the same annual variations in both years. The monthly mean daily total values of diffuse solar radiation for most months in the two years ranged between 7.94 MJm^–2d^–1 and 10.50 MJm^–2d^–1. The monthly mean of daily hourly maximum values ofE ^d obtained for identical months in the two years have been discussed in relation to the dominant atmospheric conditions during these months. The results been presented here have been compared with those of some investigators within and outside the Africa region.With 8 Figures     

Spectral distribution of solar radiation in Athens

Summary A 25-year (1966–1990) record of measurements of the broadband direct solar irradiances performed in Athens, has been utilized to determine the radiant energy distribution in several spectral bands. Using these data the year-to-year trend of the time sequences of the mean values of the irradiation ratios in the various spectral intervals, viz. blue, green/orange, red, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the total direct irradiance for the whole spectrum, are evaluated.From this trend the following can be concluded: the blue spectral band (0.380–0.525 m) decreased from the beginning of the examined period until the mid-seventies and then increased gradually; the red band (0.630–0.710 m) shows similar trend but opposite in sense. The PAR band (0.380–0.710 m) decreased slightly until 1985 and then increases. In the green/orange band (0.525–0.630 m) the trend can be considered as nearly constant throughout the examined period. This trend of the irradiation ratios is related to the aerosol and gaseous pollutant content of the atmosphere, which probably reflects the urbanization, industrialization and heavy traffic conditions of the Athens area, during the last three decades.With 2 Figures     

Simulation of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model

 Two simulations with a global coupled ocean-atmosphere circulation model have been carried out to study the potential impact of solar variability on climate. The Hoyt and Schatten estimate of solar variability from 1700 to 1992 has been used to force the model. Results indicate that the near-surface temperature simulated by the model is dominated by the long periodic solar fluctuations (Gleissberg cycle), with global mean temperatures varying by about 0.5 K. Further results indicate that solar variability and an increase in greenhouse gases both induce to a first approximation a comparable pattern of surface temperature change, i.e., an increase of the land-sea contrast. However, the solar-induced warming pattern in annual means and summer is more centered over the subtropics, compared to a more uniform warming associated with the increase in greenhouse gases. The observed temperature rise over the most recent 30 and 100 years is larger than the trend in the solar forcing simulation during the same period, indicating a strong likelihood that, if the model forcing and response is realistic, other factors have contributed to the observed warming. Since the pattern of the recent observed warming agrees better with the greenhouse warming pattern than with the solar variability response, it is likely that one of these factors is the increase of the atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration. Received: 14 October 1996 / Accepted: 9 May 1997     

日射仪器的温度特性

本文主要叙述广泛使用于气象、农业、能源、科研等部门测量太阳辐射的DFY-1型直接辐射表和DFY-2型天空辐射表的温度特性。     

Analysis of solar radiation over Egypt

Summary  The database utilized in this analysis consisted of daily sunshine duration and hourly global and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface (for Matruh Cairo, and Aswan), and normal incidence beam radiation (for Cairo and Aswan only). Monthly-average hourly and daily values are reported for each of these three types of measured radiation, together with the calculated monthly-average daily values for the components of global radiation, horizontal beam and diffuse radiation. The monthly-average hourly and daily clearsky index values have also been calculated and analyzed. Monthly-average daily frequency distributions of the clearsky index values are reported for each month. The annual-average daily global irradiation values are 19.4, 18.67, and 21.78 MJ/m² and for diffuse irradiation they are 6.34, 6.65 and 6.23 MJ/m² for Matruh, Cairo and Aswan, respectively. For the normal incidence beam irradiation the annual-average daily values are 16.94 and 24.46 MJ/m² for Cairo and Aswan, respectively. The annual-average daily fractions of the direct component of horizontal global radiation are 0.70, 0.61 and 0.72 for the three stations, respectively. The annual-average daily values for the clearsky index are 0.585, 0.566, and 0.648, and the average frequency of clear days annually are 67.3, 42.3 and 77.6% respectively. The annual variations and trend analysis were analyzed for daily global, direct, and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface, daily sunshine duration, and for the daily ratios G/G₀, and D/G for the stations Matruh, Cairo and Aswan. The distribution of these components of radiation and their ratios over the study stations in Egypt is also discussed. The results show that Egypt is characterized by relatively high average-daily radiation rates, both global and direct, and a relatively high frequency of clear days. Cairo, due to its urbanization and high pollution, has relatively low average-daily radiation rates, particularly in direct radiation, and the frequency of clear days. Received February 26, 1998 Revised February 4, 1999     

Interpolating methods for solar radiation in Uganda

Summary Existing literature lacks information on evaluation of interpolation methods for the estimation of solar radiation in the East African region. It follows that this study investigates the performance of five interpolations in Uganda which include: Nearest Point, Moving Average, Moving Surface, Trend Surface and Ordinary Kriging. Results have shown that the Moving Average linear decrease is the most appropriate for interpolation of solar radiation in Uganda and subsequent drawing of solar maps. The corresponding normalized mean bias error and root mean square error is 0.035 and 0.078, respectively. The worst performing is the Nearest Point interpolation with normalized mean bias error and root mean square error of 0.084 and 0.149, respectively.     

Dynamic behaviour of diffuse solar radiation

In the present experimental study, the dynamic properties of diffuse solar radiation have been assessed for both overcast and discrete clouds. It is shown that the Baseline Surface Radiation Network methodology can be accepted completely for studying diffuse radiation.