四川盆地东缘寒武系盐下油气勘探领域探讨

地球物理资料显示四川盆地东缘齐岳山附近寒武系高台组膏盐岩层下深部存在逆冲构造,其形成过程以及油气地质意义未见深入研究。笔者等综合四川盆地东部石柱地区线束三维和建南地区二维地震反射资料,并结合钻井资料以及区域地质研究成果,从构造继承性的角度探讨四川盆地震旦系灯影组台缘带类型,并分析了川东地区寒武系盐下油气圈闭特征。研究获得如下认识：① 川东齐岳山北段构造变形强烈,普遍发育基底卷入构造,构造样式受青白口纪—南华纪裂谷与转换带构造位置的控制。② 依据构造继承关系将盆内灯影组台缘带划分为德阳—安岳地区原生型台缘带、万源—达州地区继承型台缘带以及石柱地区继承—改造型台缘带。③ 依据青白口纪—南华纪裂谷的分布和后期构造作用影响大小,认为沿齐岳山向南至南川一带存在与石柱地区相似的灯影组继承—改造型台缘带,忠县、南川以西存在灯影组继承型台缘带。④ 研究区新元古界—下寒武统烃源岩、灯影组—龙王庙组滩相白云岩储层与寒武系膏盐岩层系构成完整的生储盖组合。⑤ 寒武系盐下基底逆冲可形成成排、成带的构造,与灯影组继承—改造型台缘带、龙王庙组滩相白云岩储层配置,形成断层相关的构造—岩性圈闭带,成为川东地区油气规模聚集有利区。研究认为四川盆地东部石柱地区震旦纪—早寒武世早期继承了青白口纪—南华纪裂谷构造特征,燕山期构造反转,高台组盐下形成基底卷入逆冲构造,具备生储盖等基本石油地质条件,具有重要的油气勘探现实意义。     

四川盆地东部海相下组合油气勘探领域与有利勘探方向

四川盆地是一个大型叠合含油气盆地,经历了多期伸展-聚敛旋回,资源潜力巨大。近年来,盆地中部下组合天然气勘探在震旦系灯影组和下寒武统龙王庙组获得重大突破,但盆地东部尚未获得实质性进展,有利勘探方向尚待明确。以构造-沉积演化分析为基础,将盆地东部及邻区海相下组合划分为伸展分异台地(震旦纪至早寒武世沧浪铺期)、稳定统一台地(早寒武世龙王庙期至中奥陶世宝塔期)和挤压前陆坳陷(晚奥陶世至志留纪)三个演化阶段;根据油气成藏要素和运聚特征,划分出寒武系盐下碳酸盐岩、寒武系盐上碳酸盐岩和志留系致密碎屑岩等三个油气勘探领域,不同勘探领域制约油气成藏和富集的关键因素差异较大;指出了川东南震旦系灯影组四段台缘带、川东寒武系洗象池群碳酸盐岩浅滩和志留系小河坝组大型三角洲砂体等,为盆地东部海相下组合的有利勘探方向,同时明确了重点突破地区。     

塔里木盆地北缘南华纪—寒武纪构造背景及构造-沉积事件探讨

以塔里木盆地西北缘和东北缘南区南华系—寒武系野外地质调查为基础,结合古地磁成图及前人研究资料,针对构造-沉积事件等探讨盆地北缘南华纪—寒武纪成盆演化过程。研究区保存了完整的南华纪—寒武纪地层,其中塔东北缘以冰碛岩、碎屑岩(富含有机质)和碳酸盐岩为主,夹多层火山岩;塔西北缘以碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩为主,冰碛岩及火山岩夹层少。塔里木陆块从属于罗迪尼亚超大陆,其北缘邻近澳洲西缘,南华纪—震旦纪发生深度裂解。在它的东北缘和西北缘发育两支裂谷,形成厚层裂谷-被动边缘沉积。南华系—中奥陶统为盆地残留的较早的裂谷-被动陆缘盆地沉积,可划分为南华纪断陷期(超大陆裂解期)和震旦纪-中奥陶世沉降期(板块漂移期)。     

四川盆地东南部震旦系灯影组四段台缘带天然气勘探前景

四川盆地绵阳-长宁拉张槽两侧震旦系灯影组台缘带是重要的天然气勘探领域,自川中古隆起核部拉张槽东侧灯影组台缘带发现安岳气田以来,处于古隆起南、北两侧深层-超深层斜坡和深洼陷区的灯影组台缘带日益受到关注,但对其发育特征尤其川中古隆起南侧灯影组四段台缘带的发育特征和油气成藏条件等缺乏清晰的认识。基于此,充分利用最新地震和钻井等资料,选择四川盆地东南部绵阳-长宁拉张槽东侧灯影组四段台缘带进行了重点研究。结果表明,该区灯影组四段台缘带平面展布方向自南向北从北东向转为北北西向,剖面上与川中古隆起及其北斜坡至深洼区的陡坡型台缘带差异显著,以缓坡型台缘带为特征;该区油气成藏条件优越,发育陡山沱组、灯三段和筇竹寺组3套烃源岩,储层品质良好,发育系列由台缘丘滩体构成的岩性圈闭,空间上存在“下生上储、旁生侧储和上生下储”等多种源储配置样式,具有近源优储的显著特点,且保存条件好,勘探前景好。     

黔中地区多期构造演化、差异变形与油气保存条件

黔中地区构造演化经历了基底、原特提斯、古特提斯和新特提斯等四大旋回,进一步划分为早期裂谷(前南华纪)、台地-被动大陆边缘(南华纪-志留纪)、台地-陆内裂谷(泥盆纪-二叠纪)、稳定台地(早、中三叠世)、陆相断陷(晚三叠世-古近纪)和断褶隆升(新近纪-第四纪)等6个阶段.控制黔中地区构造-沉积格局的关键构造变革期为都匀运动、广西运动、印支中期运动、燕山晚期运动和喜马拉雅运动.黔中地区差异构造变形特征十分明显,自东往西可以划分为4个构造带,即雪峰构造带、麻江-凯里构造带、黔中构造带和黔西北构造带等.受NW-WNW向展布的构造转换带控制,黔中地区在南北方向上具有构造分段性特征.黔中地区具有盖层多样性特征,主要发育3类盖层,即盐岩、泥页岩和致密碳酸盐岩.盐岩类盖层分布局限.构成区域性封盖条件的泥页岩主要分布在下寒武统(牛蹄塘组和金顶山组)和中下志留统(翁项群),分布较稳定.致密碳酸盐岩盖层可能以下寒武统清虚洞组灰岩和泥灰岩最为有利.     

基于构造变形约束的川东寒武系膏盐层分布

四川盆地东部广泛沉积一套寒武纪潟湖相的云质膏盐层,盐下的地层及其构造是四川盆地新的油气勘探突破点。该地区高陡构造变形非常复杂,而且钻到该套膏盐层的钻井少,其构造变形特征和分布范围不清,难以落实构造圈闭和优质储集层的分布。通过地震地质综合研究,基于盐构造的构造变形特征和膏盐层的地震响应特征,开展了四川盆地东部寒武系膏盐层的构造变形及分布范围研究。该套膏盐层作为底部滑脱层引发川东形成薄皮构造,发育隔档式褶皱。隔挡式构造模式与寒武系膏盐层的盐构造变形为正相关关系,寒武系膏盐层是该地区构造格局的主控因素,亦是隔档式构造形成的必要条件。利用膏盐岩的岩石力学性质和对构造的控制作用,结合地震反射特征,预测了寒武系膏盐盆在平面上的展布:其西边界沿华蓥山构造边界延伸,向北沿水口厂构造展布直到大巴山前,往南沿川南低陡构造带西边界向南西展布。寒武纪膏盐盆的沉积中心在方斗山沿北东—南西向一线。     

川东南构造变形特征及其对页岩气保存的影响

川东南地区构造变形复杂,二叠系和志留系含有丰富的页岩气资源。依据岩性和地震资料的解释,寒武系膏盐层与中-下三叠统膏盐层对构造变形有重要控制作用,多数断层沿膏盐层滑脱。研究区包括盆内和盆缘两部分,盆内发育形态对称的盖层滑脱式褶皱;盆缘发育基底卷入式褶皱冲断构造,分为山前推覆带和山前转换带,前者发育高陡的三角楔构造,后者由冲断带、褶皱带和斜坡带组成。构造演化分析表明:晚侏罗世齐岳山断层开始发育,盆内地层发生挠曲变形;白垩纪盆缘形成三角楔构造,盆内主要构造和断裂已经发育;新生代齐岳山褶皱隆升,盆内寒武系之上沉积盖层褶皱形成多个背斜和向斜。山前推覆带构造高陡、变形强烈,页岩气保存条件差;山前转换带构造变形程度适中,其褶皱带背斜完整,页岩气保存条件好;盆内中-下三叠统膏盐层封盖性好,埋深适中的背斜为页岩气有利勘探目标区。      

赣南地区变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床地质特征及找矿方向

通过对赣南地区变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床进行岩石学、稀土元素地球化学和矿床地质特征研究,探讨变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床的控矿因素、矿床成因及下一步找矿方向。赣南地区变质岩的原岩时代主要为青白口纪—奥陶纪,变质岩的稀土元素丰度较高,属轻稀土富集型。已发现的离子吸附型稀土矿床主要赋存于震旦纪—青白口纪变质岩中,以青白口纪库里组和南华纪寻乌岩组为主。石城—宁都—瑞金浅变质岩区和会昌—安远—寻乌中深变质岩区可作为离子吸附型稀土矿勘查的首选地区。     

扬子地块西北缘后龙门山南华纪—早古生代沉积地层特征及其形成环境

通过对扬子地块西北缘后龙门山构造带南华纪—早古生代沉积地层的分析研究,综合运用岩石学、沉积特征分析的手段,结合与前龙门山构造带、碧口地块、米仓山构造带和汉南地块的沉积特征对比,探讨后龙门山构造带南华纪—早古生代的沉积环境,查明其形成环境。结果表明：在南华纪—早古生代后龙门山构造带沉积环境可分为南华纪—震旦纪裂解-稳定沉积和早古生代伸展裂陷沉积两个阶段,其中在早古生代伸展裂陷阶段后龙门山构造带经历了裂解→抬升→局部裂解→抬升→裂解的反复过程,最终形成了志留系茂县群裂陷槽沉积,主要沉积了一套代表伸展裂陷环境的沉积岩系,并有少量的陆内火山岩系。研究结果进一步证实,龙门山构造带在南华纪—早古生代总体是一个陆内裂谷带,不发育与古缝合线相关的构造混杂岩和蛇绿混杂岩带,是在陆内裂谷的基础上于印支期—燕山期形成的陆内造山带。     

四川盆地高石梯—磨溪地区震旦系—寒武系天然气TSR效应及气源启示

综合分析四川盆地高石梯—磨溪地区(高-磨地区)震旦系—寒武系天然气、储层沥青及膏盐分布等,发现高-磨地区天然气发生过不同程度硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR)反应。主要基于:①天然气中含一定丰度H_2S,震旦系灯影组H_2S含量为0.6%～3%,寒武系龙王庙组为0.2%～0.8%;其δ~(34)S值普遍较重(21‰～23‰),为TSR反应产物;②储层沥青S/C原子比介于0.06～0.4之间,远远超过有机质裂解生成沥青中S/C比的最高上限(0.034),峰值甚至超过了TSR反应强烈的川东北普光气田飞仙关组储层沥青的比值(0.06～0.12),为TSR过程无机S加入所致;③四川盆地寒武系底部发育膏盐类沉积,为TSR反应提供了SO_4~(2-)和Mg~(2+)等物质,灯影组发育富Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)、贫Na~+/K~+型地层水,证明盐、膏类溶解的普遍性。地层水中相对缺乏SO_4~(2-),应为TSR反应消耗所致。TSR反应明显氧化乙烷,导致天然气干燥系数增加、δ~(13)C_2变重;TSR反应程度不同造成了龙王庙组和灯影组天然气特征的差异,龙王庙组TSR反应程度相对较弱,天然气甲乙烷碳同位素明显倒转;而灯影组TSR反应程度相对要强,甲乙烷同位素正序分布。考虑TSR效应,恢复原始组成,高-磨地区寒武系—震旦系天然气应有明显的甲烷、乙烷碳同位素倒转现象,这种倒转跟该盆地及世界高—过成熟页岩气特征高度一致,暗示高-磨地区主力气源可能为源岩晚期所成天然气。这一认识可以很好诠释甲烷δ~(13)C_1值较重、普遍低于储层沥青这一为现在主流认识(高-磨地区主体为原油裂解气)所不好解释的现象。对于重新认识天然气成藏聚集规律具有重要意义。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861