青藏高原与周边地区近四十年区域夏季地表气温变化趋势的异同及归因分析

欧亚大陆夏季地表气温在近四十年有显著的升温趋势,本文基于ERA5再分析数据研究了1979～2019年间欧亚大陆不同区域的夏季地表气温的变化特征,并利用气候反馈响应分析方法揭示了各区域变暖原因的异同。作为全球海拔最高的大地形,青藏高原在过去四十年经历了显著的增温过程。青藏高原周边相对低海拔的地区（如北非—南欧地区、蒙古地区、东北亚地区）同样表现出明显的变暖特征,而高原南侧的南亚地区的地表气温却变化不明显。青藏高原夏季积雪融化引起的地表反照率减小使得更多短波辐射到达地表,放大高原地表增暖。北非—南欧地区增暖则主要源于大气气溶胶含量减少造成的入射短波辐射增加。同时,大气温度升高导致的向下长波辐射增强对北非—南欧地区以及蒙古地区的增暖都有显著贡献。此外,东北亚地区云的减少是造成其地表增暖最主要的过程,而南亚地区则是水汽增加和感热通量减少造成的增温与云和气溶胶增加造成的降温相抵消,因而温度变化幅度不大。     

IPCC AR6对地球气候系统中反馈机制的新认识

气候反馈反映了气候系统内部对外界干扰的适应过程,在很大程度上影响对未来气候变化的预估。本文对政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第六次评估报告（AR6）中有关气候反馈的内容进行了梳理。相比第五次评估报告（AR5）,AR6对云反馈的认识有了较大提高,尤其是副热带海洋上空低云的反馈。AR6认为在高信度上云反馈参数为正值,即对气候变化起到一种放大效应。不过,云反馈的不确定范围在所有反馈机制中依然是最大的。除了普朗克反馈外,其他反馈机制（包括水汽、温度直减率、地表反照率、云、生物地球物理和非CO₂生物地球化学反馈）均在正值区间或零附近,总体上对气候变化起到放大效应。AR6对总的气候反馈的估计值为-1.16 W·m^-2·℃^-1,5%～95%的置信区间为[-1.81,-0.51] W·m^-2·℃^-1。随着气候平均态的增暖,气候反馈参数很可能会更靠近正值。     

钢铁工业CO2的排放现状及主要的捕集方法

简要讨论了目前CO₂等温室气体的危害、钢铁工业CO₂的排放现状及来源,并针对我国钢铁行业的发展状况,分析了温室气体CO₂的捕集方法.     

陆面模式CLM4.5对青藏高原高寒草甸地表能量交换模拟性能的评估

利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站2013年9月1日至2014年8月31日一个完整年的观测资料,对陆面过程模式CLM4.5在青藏高原(下称高原)高寒草甸下垫面地表能量交换的模拟性能进行了评估。模拟结果表明,CLM4.5能够较好的模拟高原春季、夏季和秋季非冻结期地面长波、反射辐射和地表净辐射、感热和潜热通量以及地表土壤热通量等的季节变化和日循环特征。但对冬季冻结期地表温度的模拟偏低,导致模拟与观测的感热反相,对地面反射辐射模拟偏大。截断冬季降水的敏感性试验进一步指出,模式冬季反射辐射偏大主要是由于积雪引起的地表反照率偏高造成,进而造成地表温度以及感热通量的模拟偏低。因此,高原积雪参数化方案以及与积雪相关的反照率参数化方案还需进一步改进和完善。     

地球失控增暖可能性的数值模拟

通过改变太阳常数引进强外辐射强迫的变化,利用NCAR气候系统模式CSM1.4,就气候系统对强外辐射强迫下的失控增暖效应进行了初步研究。结果表明:气候对于太阳常数分别增加2.5%、10%与增加25%的响应有所不同,即对于较小的强迫,气候系统的响应是线性的;而对于较大的强迫,响应很可能是非线性的。对于NCAR模式,如果强迫足够大,气候系统将会经历失控增暖。失控增暖的主要趋势并不是最初设想的正的水汽反馈增暖,至少在模式中,不只是“失控的温室效应”增暖,还有“失控的云反馈”增暖。     

BCC_AGCM2.1对中国东部地区云辐射特征模拟的偏差分析

通过与观测及再分析资料的对比,评估了中国国家气候中心大气环流模式BCC_AGCM 2.1对中国东部地区云辐射特征的模拟性能,并着重分析了模拟偏差的原因.在云辐射特征的基本气候态模拟方面,模式能大致再现中国东部中纬度层状云大值带,以及层状云冷季多、暖季少的季节特征,模拟的短波云辐射强迫也具有与观测相对应的季节变化特征.在云辐射强迫和地面温度相互影响过程的模拟方面,模式也能模拟出与观测相近的相互作用过程,即地面温度降低伴随着层状云云量增多以及负的净云辐射强迫加强,升温时层状云云量减少和净云辐射强迫减弱.但模式模拟的大陆层状云云量系统性偏少(尤其在冷季),使得模式在该处的短波云辐射强迫明显偏弱.初步分析表明,造成层状云模拟差异的主要原因是在中国西南地区对流层低层模式模拟的偏南气流明显偏弱以及陆-气潜热通量偏小.偏南气流偏弱导致低层散度和垂直运动条件不利于中层云的形成.同时偏南气流偏弱也不利于向西南地区的水汽输送,再加上模式模拟地表向上潜热通量偏小,这二者都使得模式模拟中国西南区域对流层低层的水汽含量严重偏少,相对湿度偏低,同样不利于层状云生成和发展.水汽偏少进一步导致在冷异常情况下青藏高原下游云辐射-地表温度反馈模拟偏弱,即呈现冷异常时,水汽条件偏弱限制了云量增加,弱化了进一步降低温度的反馈过程.     

稀疏植被地表反照率日变化对通量模拟效果的影响分析——以内蒙古荒漠草原感热和潜热通量为例

基于Noah陆面过程模式,利用内蒙古荒漠草原陆—气通量长期定位观测资料,模拟了地表反照率日变化对该荒漠草原感热和潜热通量的影响。结果表明,地表反照率的日变化将改善Noah陆面过程模式对内蒙古荒漠草原感热通量的模拟,但对受水分制约的潜热通量的改善效果不明显,表明准确地模拟地表反照率的日变化对模拟稀疏植被的感热通量至关重要。     

基于Noah-MP陆面模式的青藏高原地表感热和潜热通量分布及变化特征

利用中国区域高分辨率数据集作为大气强迫场,驱动修改了热力学粗糙度参数化方案后的NoahMP陆面模式进行了2000-2018年青藏高原地区陆面过程模拟。用野外观测资料校验模拟结果后,分析了地表感热通量（SH）、潜热通量（LH）的分布及变化特征。结果表明,模式能较合理模拟高原地表感热和潜热通量。高原的中、西部为地表感热和潜热通量的年际变率较大区域。模拟的高原中、西部地区感热通量强于东部地区,且绝大部分区域的感热通量是有增强趋势的。对于整个高原,感热通量从2002年前后呈较明显的增强趋势。总体上,四个季节的平均感热都有较明显的增强,特别是在2010年以后。潜热通量在高原东部地区强于中、西部地区。潜热通量的年际变率相对于感热通量的变率要小。中部地区潜热呈减弱趋势,西部和东部都有弱的增强。对于整个高原,潜热通量在2000-2018年呈弱的增强趋势。其中,2000-2003年潜热通量是增强的,2003-2015年呈减弱趋势,主要因素为在夏季潜热通量的减弱。     

太阳常数的微小变化在气候变化中的作用

将复杂的气候系统抽象为含有云辐射动态反馈过程的高度非线性气候模型,利用分岔理论,分析了该模型的平衡态及其稳定性。计算结果表明,云反照率反馈、地表反照率反馈和水汽反馈是气候系统呈现多平衡态结构的主要因素,是气候变化复杂性根源,而云放射率反馈对系统结构的影响,只有在强烈的水汽放射率反馈条件下才表现明显。较强的地表反照率反馈和水汽放射率反馈,均可在太阳常数仅有微小变化时就能导致全球气候突变。     

青藏高原气候变化及其对水资源影响的研究进展

回顾总结了近20年、特别是近10年来青藏高原气候变化的特征、变化的原因及其对高原水资源的影响方面的最新研究进展。1960年以来青藏高原地区总体气温显著升高,升温趋势存在明显的海拔依赖性,温室气体、冰雪反照率反馈、云-水汽-辐射反馈、局地强迫等是影响高原气温上升具有海拔依赖性的重要因素。总体上青藏高原降水呈现增加趋势,变化的区域性和季节性差异比气温变化的时空差异更强;降水空间变化主要分为南北偶极型、东西偶极型、中部和边缘差异型和多元型;夏季降水增加最为显著。受气候变化和人为气溶胶排放等影响,青藏高原水资源特别是冰冻圈水资源发生剧烈的变化,大部分冰川加速退缩、冰川径流增加、湖泊严重扩张,导致青藏高原上水循环加强和气候偏暖湿化;青藏高原积雪的变化具有明显的年代际特征。最后提出未来需要进一步开展的研究方向和政策建议。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.