2015年喀什市大气颗粒物的时空分布规律

本文主要针对塔里木盆地西侧喀什市的大气污染问题,采用多站点、多种污染物数据,分析2015年大气污染物的时空分布规律,揭示其大气污染物的主要特征。总体来看,喀什市主要以颗粒物污染为主,即PM10、PM2.5污染严重。从季节上来看,喀什PM10 平均浓度为春季最高、秋季次之,冬季最低的特点,而PM2.5则呈现冬季最高,夏季最低的特点。如PM10平均浓度春季最高,为504.2μg/m3,这与喀什春季气候特征有关。从日变化来看,PM10的日变化曲线四季除春季外都为双峰结构,春季为多波动型;PM2.5的日变化曲线秋、冬季为双峰结构,春、夏季为波动型结构。总体来看,两类污染物浓度全天的较大值都出现在午夜1:00与下午13:00左右。从空间分布来看, PM10浓度总体上是城市北部低、东南部高的特点;PM2.5浓度四季呈现城市西北部低、南部高的特点。     

山东省大气污染时空分布特征分析

通过分析山东省近6a来大气中污染物的浓度变化,发现影响山东省空气质量的主要污染物是颗粒物（PM2.5和PM10）,山东省PM2.5年平均浓度均超过国家规定的轻污染标准10%以上,PM10年平均浓度基本接近轻污染标准值,其余四种污染物（SO2、CO、O3和NO2）浓度均低于轻污染规定标准,因此山东省大气污染治理的重点是减少颗粒物。分析污染物浓度时间变化发现：11—1月山东大气污染最严重,6—9月污染较轻;济南周四污染相对最轻,周六到周一污染较重;每日15—17时是空气质量最好的时段。分析污染物浓度空间分布发现：O3浓度半岛地区较其他地区高;SO2浓度鲁中地区较高;CO浓度鲁西北和鲁中较高;NO2、PM10和PM2.5浓度分布基本一致,除半岛地区外,其他地区均维持较高污染物浓度。     

乌鲁木齐市PM10,PM2.5和PM1.0浓度及分布变化特征研究

利用GRIMM180气溶胶粒谱分析仪采集乌鲁木齐市PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0数据,研究表明:乌鲁木齐市气溶胶颗粒物质量浓度在进入采暖季后急剧增加,冬季颗粒物中细粒子含量最高,PM2.5/PM10可达77.6%,PM2.5/PM10,PM1.0/PM10,PM1.0/PM2.5三比值体现了颗粒物的分布特征,四季污染程度越高,细粒子含量越高。四季无降水日PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0的质量浓度和分布的日变化基本呈三峰三谷型,出现早—午—晚峰值,上午—下午—午夜后谷值,各季节峰谷值具体出现时间略有差别,由于冬季逆温层顶盖等因素的影响,冬季质量浓度和分布的日变化在此基础上多了两次波动。降水的发生对冬、春季质量浓度的影响大于夏、秋季,对不同粒径段粒子的分布影响有一定差别。     

淳安县PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度变化特征分析

通过对淳安2013年全年的大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10资料统计分析,得出该地区PM2.5和PM10质量浓度的季节变化、日变化特征以及气象因子对其的影响。结果表明:2013年淳安PM2.5年平均浓度为国家标准的1.2倍,PM10年平均浓度优于国家标准;PM2.5和PM10均具有明显的季节变化特征,表现为冬季秋季春季夏季;并且均呈现双峰型的日变化特征,二者出现峰值的时间基本一致,PM2.5和PM10峰值出现在18:00,次峰值出现在08:00,谷值均出现在14:00,主要与边界层变化和人为活动有关;PM2.5和PM10变化存在明显的线性关系。降水对颗粒物浓度影响较大,能有效降低颗粒物质量浓度。     

邢台沙河市冬季大气污染特征与潜在源区分析

为了解邢台沙河市冬季大气污染特征,选取2017年12月至2018年2月沙河市区3个省控站点（司法局、市政府、宣传中心）的逐时监测数据,分析了沙河市主要污染物的时空分布特征和潜在源区。污染物浓度特征分析表明:整个冬季司法局、市政府和宣传中心站点的细颗粒物（PM2.5）平均浓度分别为118.0 μg/m3、121 μg/m3和135 μg/m3。在大气自然活动和人为污染排放的共同作用下,PM10、PM2.5、SO₂、NO₂和CO均有明显的日变化特征。整个冬季沙河市的ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)、ρ(SO₂)/ρ(NO₂)均值分别为0.57和1.05（ρ为各物质的浓度）。且随着污染加重,ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)、ρ(SO₂)/ρ(NO₂)均明显升高,表明燃煤贡献增加;污染物空间分布特征分析表明:位于3个站点东北处的玻璃企业产生的污染物可能对监测站点造成了一定影响。污染物空间差异分析表明,区域污染范围越大、强度越高,大气污染的空间差异性越小;潜在源分析表明:沙河市PM2.5的强潜在源区分布在其周边区域,随着PM2.5浓度增加,强潜在源区呈缩小趋势。沙河市东南部的本地源对PM2.5浓度有主要贡献,而此处正是玻璃企业的聚集地。     

武汉市观象台2013—2016年PM2.5质量浓度变化及其与气象因子的相关分析

采用江苏省淮安市地面5个监测站2013年1月1日2015年12月31日PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO、O3逐日质量浓度资料及同期气象资料,统计分析了该地区大气污染季节变化特征及其与气象条件的关系;采用MODIS的光学厚度AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth)资料和火点资料分析了2013年12月发生在淮安的一次持续性大气污染事件。研究结果表明,淮安空气质量AQI指数(Air Quality Index)在春冬季较高,夏秋季较低,污染天气发生在春冬季的概率为23.6%,夏秋季的概率为13.3%。淮安地区的首要大气污染物为颗粒物污染,其中PM10、PM2.5占比分别达到25.2%、48.9%,PM10中PM2.5比率年平均为61.0%,臭氧是第2大污染物,占比为25.8%。表征大气柱气溶胶浓度的AOD的季节变化与地面颗粒物浓度截然不同,颗粒物浓度 1月和12月出现极高值,而这两个月AOD月平均值却在一年中达到极低值,AOD最高值出现在7月。另外,AQI与降水、气温、风速、相对湿度呈负相关关系,但相关程度较弱。     

晋城市冬、春季PM2.5和PM10污染水平时空分布及其与气象因子的关系

为深入了解晋城市颗粒物浓度时空分布特征,对晋城市2017年12月至2018年5月国控点、小型站和微型站PM2.5及PM10小时浓度数据进行收集整理,并进行空间插值分析和时间变化趋势分析及与气象监测数据的相关分析。结果表明:颗粒物浓度在冬、春季节具有明显差异,冬季PM10与PM2.5高值区主要位于东北部及东南小部分区域,春季PM10高值区位于城区南部区域,PM2.5高值区主要集中于城区。晋城市城区和郊区PM10与PM2.5月均浓度整体呈单峰型变化,PM10在4月份最高(157.54±5.67μg·m^-3),PM2.5在1月份最高(94.08±2.25μg·m^-3)。冬季PM2.5/PM10平均为0.57,春季平均为0.45。颗粒物小时浓度的变化呈现单峰单谷的型式,冬季PM10与PM2.5小时平均浓度最高值均出现在10时,春季均出现在09时。监测期间晋城市PM10与PM2.5的小时浓度值与相对湿度有较高的正相关性(p<0.01),与风速、风向有较高的负相关性(p<0.01),与温度和气压的相关性较低。冬季,东北至正南风向时,PM10与PM2.5的浓度普遍高于西北风向时的浓度,对晋城冬、春季国控点颗粒物浓度贡献率最高的风向风速为东南偏南风向,风速在1 m/s以内。     

连续雾霾天气污染物浓度变化及天气形势特征分析

利用MICAPS资料、地面观测资料、NCEP资料和衡水市环境监测站细颗粒物(PM2.5)及PM10浓度资料,对2013年1月衡水市出现的连续雾霾天气从PM10及细颗粒物浓度演变、雾霾天气污染物浓度与地面要素关系、中低层环流形势特征进行了分析,结果表明:1)雾霾天气期间06:00(北京时间,下同)至07:00和16:00至21:00为PM10和细颗粒物浓度较低时段,PM10最大值出现在15:00,细颗粒物最大值出现在02:00,两者并不同时达到极值。2)雾霾天气污染物浓度与地面湿度并不是简单的正相关或负相关关系,还和许多其它因素有关。3)衡水市污染源主要来源于工业污染源、扬尘污染、冬季燃煤采暖、局部污染源及区域性污染。4)雾霾天气相对湿度和能见度基本呈负相关,气压变化不大,风向频率最多为北到东北风,平均风速一般都在2 m/s以下。雾日时大部分时段为雾和霾的混合物。5)重污染日期间500 hPa为平直偏西气流或西北偏西气流,没有明显的槽脊活动。而污染较轻的时段500 hPa为明显的西北气流控制或有槽脊活动。6)雾霾天气期间大部分日数08:00在850hPa以下都存在逆温层;地面气压场偏弱,尤其河北平原一带基本为均压场。最后对雾霾天气影响及对策进行了简单探讨。     

新疆库尔勒市空气质量等级及首要污染物时空变化研究

城市空气质量与经济建设及人民生活息息相关,是政府和人民关注的重大社会问题。利用库尔勒市2014年9月1日-2015年8月31日州政府、棉纺厂、开发区三个环境监测站逐时观测资料,分析了库尔勒市空气质量等级和首要污染物的时空分布,并分析了污染天气发生的日变化特征。结果表明：（1）三站污染天气出现频率分别为49.4%、40.9%和34.7%,符合州政府＞棉纺厂＞开发区的分布规律。三站污染天气均是春季出现频率最高,分别占到44.7%,39.4%和48.5%,其次为秋季、冬季和夏季;（2）库尔勒市首要污染物中, PM10的频率最高,其次为PM2.5,CO、NO2、O3及SO2出现频率均低于10.0%。PM10作为首要污染物在春季出现频率最高,三站出现频率为33.9%-36.3%,PM2.5则是冬季出现频率最高,三站出现频率为59.1%-86.4%;（3）库尔勒市污染天气和重污染天气发生频率符合傍晚与夜间高,白天低的变化规律。污染天气发生频率最高值出现在0:00时,最低值出现在6:00-7:00时,重污染天时延迟到9:00时。上述结果表明库尔勒市春季周边自然污染源的排放与输送对该市的空气质量影响巨大。     

聊城市空气质量现状及污染原因分析

利用2013年10月至2014年9月山东省聊城市大气主要污染物监测数据,分析了各种污染物的时空分布特征及其对空气污染的贡献,探讨了聊城市大气污染的成因。结果表明:2013年10月至2014年9月聊城市轻度污染以上的空气质量日数所占比例高达70.0%,大气中SO2、NO2、CO、PM2.5和PM10浓度季节变化规律明显,即冬季各种污染物浓度远高于夏季。日首要污染物以PM2.5和PM10出现日数最多,其次为SO2作为首要污染物在冬季出现偏多,臭氧8 h作为首要污染物在夏季出现相对较多。聊城市5种污染物对空气污染的影响程度从大到小依次为PM2.5PM10NO2COSO2,其中PM2.5与PM10分担率大幅高于其他3种污染物,说明聊城市大气污染属于可吸入颗粒物与细颗粒物主导的类型。相关分析发现,PM2.5和PM10具有来自相同或相似污染源的可能性,扬尘与化石燃料使用是PM2.5和PM10污染的主要成因。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.