海洋与中国21世纪可持续发展战略(之二)

海洋与中国２１世纪可持续发展战略（之二）刘容子，张海峰四、海岸带地区成为现代社会人口聚居的密集地带经济、社会发展程度越高，人口向沿海地区移动的趋势越强，这是一条规律。据１９９２年联合国环境与发展大会估计，距海岸１００千米的沿海地区，目前居住着６０％的...     

海岸带地区协调发展研究——以山东省为例

海岸带作为社会经济地域中的“黄金地带”,由于经济的开发与人口流入,面临越来越多资源和环境问题。如何解决海岸带地区发展过程中出现的问题,实现海岸带地区的协调发展,已经成为当前海岸带地区发展不容忽视的问题。文章通过构建海岸带地区协调发展水平评价指标体系,运用AHP法与德尔菲专家咨询法确定各指标的权重,在此基础上利用变异系数协调度对山东省海岸带地区协调发展水平进行测度,并确定了评价标准。从省级尺度上,纵向研究了山东省2009—2018年的海岸带协调发展水平的演变特征,研究结果表明：山东省海岸带地区协调发展水平近似“M”形曲线,大致上呈现波动上升趋势,经历了不太协调阶段（2009年）、比较协调阶段（2010—2011年）和协调发展阶段（2012—2018年）3个发展阶段,并在测度结果基础上从环境治理、资源保护、经济发展和社会发展4个方面提出了山东省海岸带地区协调发展的对策。     

惠州市海岸带优化开发的思路和对策

海岸带以优越的自然环境条件和丰富的海陆资源支撑着沿海地区经济社会发展。全面优化海岸带开发保护空间格局,对提高惠州市海洋经济综合竞争力、促进区域协调发展具有重大意义。本文从研究惠州市海岸带发展存在的海岸带管理部门协调不够、部分近岸海域开发秩序混乱、海岸带生态环境退化等问题出发,提出了海岸带优化开发的主要思路,并从进一步发挥规划引导作用、加快产业调整和自主创新、注重统筹形成合力、坚持生态优先等方面提出具体对策。     

海平面上升对海南岛沿海地区的影响

因气候变暖导致的海平面上升是全球面临的海洋问题。为加强海南岛的海洋防灾减灾工作,保障其沿海地区的生态环境和经济社会发展,文章在调查评估的基础上,分析海平面上升对海南岛沿海地区的影响,并提出对策建议。研究结果表明:我国沿海海平面总体呈波动上升趋势,海南岛沿海海平面的上升速率居全国之首;海平面上升对海南岛沿海地区的影响主要包括淹没滨海低地和减小旅游区沙滩面积,加重风暴潮、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵和土壤盐渍化、洪涝的灾害程度以及影响海岸防护设施等方面;在海南岛沿海地区发展中,应充分考虑海平面上升的因素,加强灾害风险抵御能力建设、城市科学规划、海平面观测和监测以及受损岸线整治修复等工作。     

1972年以来全球海岸带灾害治理研究的热点主题与演进逻辑

全球海岸带灾害治理研究对保障沿海地区的安全以及可持续发展有重要意义。厘清海岸带灾害治理过程中的热点方向，掌握海岸带灾害治理研究历史发展逻辑，挖掘灾害治理驱动因素成为海岸带治理的现实需要。海岸带灾害治理研究经历了三个发展阶段：奠定基础阶段、实践探索阶段、快速发展阶段。研究热点的变化呈现出认识—实践—再认识的规律，分析得出海岸带灾害治理是在法规政策、自然灾害事件、经济社会三重因素下发展与演进，该结论为全国各沿海省市海岸带灾害治理提供参考与借鉴。     

开发浙中海岸带资源若干问题探讨

本文分两部分,首先简要地介绍了浙中海岸带的资源特点,以便更全面了解浙中海岸带的资源状况;然后根据资源特征以及浙中沿海地区目前经济社会的发展水平,论述了海岸带资源开发的途径和重点,从港口建设、滩涂开发、海洋水产资源利用、海岸带旅游业的开拓以及海岸带工业的发展等方面作了探讨。     

中国砂质海岸分布特征与存在问题

中国东部砂质海岸分布范围广泛,地形发育多样,风沙灾害、海岸侵蚀等地质灾害问题多发,严重影响了沿海地区的社会经济发展。了解沙质海岸的分布特征,做好砂质海岸的研究防护工作,对促进海洋经济持续稳定的发展有着十分重要的作用。     

生态海岸防护工程研究进展与展望

海岸防护工程对防止海岸带侵蚀,维持生态系统完整性和多样性至关重要。传统硬质海堤较少考虑其对海岸带生态环境的影响。随着中国进入生态环境高质量发展新阶段,对海岸防护工程的生态效应方面提出了更高的要求。目前,对已建成的硬质海堤进行生态化改造,或在充分考虑自然条件和防护性能的基础上建设具有保护与维持海岸带生态环境的生态海岸防护工程已是大势所趋。生态海岸防护工程的宗旨是尽可能地维持当地海岸带的自然生态环境,同时通过削减波浪能量保护海岸带侵蚀。目前关于生态海岸防护工程主要集中在理论和理念方面,在具体的实施和建设环节,仍存在建设标准不完善、建设成本过高、缺乏系统持续的监测数据以及生态效应评估不足等问题。因此,后续应进一步完善我国生态海岸防护工程技术体系,加强生态海岸防护工程关键技术研发,建立持续的系统的环境生态监测体系,并对生态海岸防护工程生态效益进行持续关注和评价。     

中国的海岸带调查和管理现状

中国大陆有18000km的海岸线,有基岩海岸、砂砾质海岸、淤泥质海岸、红树林海岸和珊瑚礁等多种类型.海岸带面积广阔,具有丰富的石油、滨海砂矿和生物资源,据初步估计,滩涂面积约2万km~2.我国沿海地区人口稠密、城市集中、经济发达、科技力量雄厚.开发利用海岸带资源是发展我国海洋事业的重要组成部分.为了全面齐发利用我国海岸带资源,早于1960年至1966年,国家即有计划地组织过全国海岸带的调查和研究.第二次开展的全国海岸带和海涂资源综合调查,始于1980年,至1986年完成.调查范围为:北起鸭绿江口,南至北仑河河口,包括辽宁、河北、天津、山东、江苏、上海、浙江、福建、广东和广西十个沿海省市的海岸带.调查区以海岸线为准,一般向内陆延伸10km,向海延伸至10—15m的等深线.调查内容为地质、地貌、底质、土壤、生物、水文、气象、化学等方面.     

基于多维影响机制的海岸带退缩线分级分类评估及管控研究——以东营市为例

海岸带退缩线是海岸带国土空间规划工作的重要部分,平衡沿海城市资源利用与生态保护需求,保障沿海地区健康可持续化发展的安全底线。目前我国海岸带退缩线缺乏系统的评估和管控体系,文章通过梳理社会经济价值、空间发展潜力、景观风貌风险、海洋灾害风险、生态环境价值5个影响维度与海岸带各类要素的关联机制,建立了陆海统筹的滨海地区海岸带退缩线重要程度的评估体系,总结我国海岸带退缩线分级分类差异化管控策略,并以东营市为例,进一步探讨了该评估体系在退缩线划定和管控层面的应用,以期为海岸带国土空间规划的管控提供参考。     

Confronting coastal poverty: Building sustainable coastal livelihoods in South Africa

This is the second of two articles exploring coastal management in South Africa. It focuses on the adoption of the Sustainable Livelihoods approach that has underpinned recent policy implementation efforts. This approach complements prevailing coastal management thinking and practice by focusing attention on the strategies that poor people use to access coastal resources, mediated by governance institutions and social relations, in the pursuit of desired livelihood outcomes. South Africa's efforts to adopt this approach help to better understand coastal livelihood opportunities and challenges, identify priority interventions for improving livelihood prospects, and reveal imperatives for building sustainable coastal livelihoods.     

Integrated coastal fisheries management

There are two principal threats to sustainable coastal fisheries. The concern which has been evident in most parts of the world for many years is the existence of open access to fisheries which has led to over-capitalization, over-fishing of the resource and, often, conflict. Increasingly in recent years, however, a second threat has become apparent. This is the loss of fish habitat and deterioration of water quality brought about by environmental changes generated in other sectors. Integrated coastal fisheries management addresses these issues through a strategy in which the removal of open access plays the key role, supported by elements such as creation of awareness, local participation in management, training and research, and improved sectoral coordination and planning. It is noted that, very often, the amelioration of the second of the two principal threats may be dependent on the fishery sector resolving the first.     

The coastal undercurrent— A role of longshore scales in coastal upwelling dynamics

A simple three-dimensional model of a time-dependent coastal upwelling is discussed for time scales of several days to a week, with the linear, two-layer, flat-bottom and $\text{?-}\text{plane}$ approximation. Emphasis is placed on the effects of longshore scales determined by the longshore variabilities in the wind stress distributions. The responses of the inshore motions are shown to depend critically on the longshore scales. For a certain wide range of the scales, the system reveals dominantly baroclinic responses and a full development of the poleward coastal undercurrent without β effect. Somewhat detailed discussions are given on the coastal upwelling, the coastal jet and the poleward undercurrent, which are interpreted simply as the orbital velocities of the forced Kelvin-type waves.     

Development and management of a coastal litter campaign: The voluntary coastal partnership approach

The Forth Estuary Forum's Coastal Litter Campaign aimed to develop and implement a community involvement and public awareness-raising programme intended to tackle and monitor the issue of marine litter in the Firth of Forth, Scotland. Beach cleans are an excellent public participation exercise, focusing the public's attention on the issue of marine litter and creating a sense of environmental responsibility. Raising public awareness is the only guaranteed way of reducing marine litter. A combination of education, provision of adequate waste reception facilities and enforcement of legislation is needed to tackle beach litter.     

Constructing logbook-like statistics for coastal fisheries using coastal surveillance radar and fish market data

As catch and effort statistics including fishing time and location are essential for producing abundance indices for utilized fish stocks, fishing states are encouraged under the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries to collect and maintain such statistics. However, for coastal fisheries (including artisanal fisheries) that are mainly composed of small-sized vessels which are usually too numerous to monitor, fisheries statistics collection systems are often either lacking or of insufficient quality (e.g. incomplete or inaccurate). Vessel monitoring system (VMS) data are commonly used to construct or improve estimation of fishing effort and fishing location in large-scale fisheries. Most coastal fisheries lack VMS but their countries do have coastal surveillance radar systems (CSRS) for security and enforcement purposes. This study illustrates and recommends opportunistic use of CSRS data to provide similar scientific benefits to VMS data for coastal fisheries. CSRS in combination with market landings data can construct logbook-like catch and effort statistics. This study introduces a method and demonstrates its usefulness for scientific research and management purposes, including the potential to obtain a higher accuracy and precision, particularly for fishing location and catch amount. Limitations of the CSRS data and challenges to managers involved in its application are also discussed.     

Sensitivity study of coastal plumes

INTRODUCTIONIn laboratory, Griffiths and Linden (1981 ) simulated the buoyancy-driven coastal currentsusing both a ring source and a point source in a rotating cylinder tank. The POint source was simifar to the river-forced plume in the coastal region. The coastal plume together with the gravitycoastal current moved along the coast, keeping the barrier on the right in the Northern Hemisphere. Stern et al. (1982) also conducted a similar experiment using a rectangular tank and carried ou…     

Coanda effect in coastal flows

In the present paper some numerical simulations and experiments were carried out to study jet-wall interaction in shallow waters. Namely, modifications of the hydrodynamic field concerning the interaction of river run-off with a shallow coastal water body, due to the presence of marine structures, were investigated. Stratification effects due to salinity and temperature were neglected, and the interest was focused on barotropic features (Coanda effect). The numerical analysis was carried out by means of shallow water equations, numerically solved by finite difference, and the present method was validated by means of a typical simple-shaped test case. The experiments were carried out in a shallow water tank, flow visualizations were performed, and the velocity field was obtained by PIV. The main features of jet-wall interaction flow were investigated in simple-shaped geometries, and applications were shown for two practical cases: Pescara channel harbour (Adriatic Sea, Italy) and the proposed design of Latina harbour (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy).     

Hydrocarbons in Washington coastal sediments

The sources and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and aliphatic hydrocarbons are characterized in seventeen sediments from a highly river-influenced sedimentary environment off the southwestern coast of Washington. The major hydrocarbons are land-derived, introduced as preformed compounds and display long-term stability in sediment cores. A series of PAH of anthropogenic origin and two naturally derived compounds, retene and perylene, dominate the PAH composition in these sediments. Plantwax n-alkanes are the major aliphatic hydrocarbon constituents. Aliphatic hydrocarbons of marine origin, pristane and a series of four acyclic, multibranched C₂₅ polyolefins, are also observed in many sediments. The concentrations of these marine-derived hydrocarbons decrease to negligible levels rapidly with sediment depth from the sea-sediment interface, suggesting degradation.In general, the major land-derived hydrocarbons are concentrated in the midshelf silt deposit which extends northwestward along the continental shelf from the Columbia River mouth. A quantitatively more minor, natural series of phenanthrene homologs, also of terrestrial origin, is preferentially advected further offshore and deposited in continental slope sediments. These distributions are consistent with recognized particle associations for these compounds and sediment dispersal processes in this coastal environment. Sediment core records suggest the present pattern of dispersal has persisted for at least the past century and possibly since the Late Pleistocene.     

The role of coastal setbacks in the context of coastal erosion and climate change

Coastal erosion and storms represent a source of risk for settlements and infrastructure along the coast. At the same time, coastal natural assets, including landscape, are threatened by increasing development mainly driven by tourism. The Mediterranean coast is especially vulnerable to these processes, considering its high biological and cultural diversity. An additional challenge is represented by climate change, as it will force coastal communities to apply more or less drastic adaptation strategies. Coastal setbacks, used to protect coastal communities and infrastructure from storms and erosion, and to preserve coastal habitats and landscapes from degradation, is one of the main instruments suggested by the Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management of the Barcelona Convention, entered into force on the 24 of March 2011. Its implementation has the potential to influence coastal policies in other regions, such as the neighbouring Black Sea.The CONSCIENCE project has formalized concepts and conducted specific studies to provide new tools for coastal erosion management practice. The objective of this paper is to present a synthesis of the research conducted into coastal setbacks for coastal erosion management and climate change adaptation. This is done by analysing the requirement of the Protocol, current processes and management practices in two case study areas (Costa Brava Bays in Spain and Danube Delta, in Romania) and the new challenges posed by climate change.