缅甸抹谷紫方钠石光致变色效应脱色效率研究

光致变色效应是紫方钠石最显著且极具价值的光学特征。本文通过EDXRF、FTIR、UV-VIS-NIR、D65标准光源、照度计以及色度学方法,对缅甸抹谷紫方钠石光致变色效应脱色效率进行了定量研究。紫方钠石的主量元素为Na、Al、Si和O,此外含有少量Cl和S,微量元素可含Ca、K和Fe,UV-VIS-NIR光谱存在472、540和667 nm的3个吸收峰,其中以540 nm吸收强度最大,脱色过程中,其光谱吸收峰峰位不变,但强度随时间逐渐减小,540 nm吸收峰面积在0~80 s与时间呈线性负相关(R²=0.99);脱色过程中,当照度从5000 lx升高至30000 lx时,紫方钠石脱色效率明显升高,明度L^*升高,彩度C^*降低,色品a^*降低且色品b^*升高,色调由紫色向粉色调轻微变化,是电荷转移导致F中心被破坏的直接结果。     

透闪石质玉中黄玉与糖玉致色成因差异研究

采用常规宝石学仪器并结合电子探针、电子顺磁共振谱及紫外-可见光谱等测试方法,对软玉中不同深浅的黄玉与糖玉样品进行了系统分析,以探讨其致色原因及其差异。分析结果表明,黄玉的致色原因主要为O^2-→Fe³⁺的电荷转移跃迁及Fe³⁺的⁶A₁→⁴T₂（D）跃迁,糖玉则主要由Fe³⁺的⁶A₁→⁴E （D）、⁶A₁→⁴T₂（D）谱项跃迁与Mn³⁺的Jahn-Teller效应致色。黄玉中O^2-→Fe³⁺的电荷转移跃迁导致可见光区的412~500 nm处吸收,是形成与控制黄玉颜色的重要因素;而糖玉因含有Mn³⁺致使黄绿色光被吸收而显示出黄绿色的补色。此外,Fe²⁺—Fe³⁺的荷移与Fe²⁺（⁵T₂）+Fe³⁺（⁶A₁）→Fe²⁺（⁵E）+Fe³⁺（⁶A₁）跃迁也对糖玉和黄玉的致色具有贡献。     

绿色翡翠颜色分布规律研究

采用国际照明委员会CIE LAB色度坐标,定量描述了翡翠的绿色,分析了颜色的分布情况,总结其分布规律,建立起翡翠绿色L^*、a^*、b^*、C^*、h_ab的分布关系。当明度较小时,色调角几乎不变,彩度和明度呈现近似的线性相关;当明度变大时,色调角的变化幅度稍大,彩度值在明度中等偏低时变为最大。这些信息将在很大程度上对翡翠绿色分级的细化起到积极作用,可以用来指导翡翠色卡的制备。     

电子探针-电感耦合等离子体质谱法研究不同种类石榴石的稀土元素配分和矿物学特征

石榴子石是变质岩和岩浆岩中一种常见的硅酸盐矿物,其类质同象非常普遍。已有资料表明,不同成分的石榴子石的颜色颇为不同,但石榴子石的成分和颜色之间相互关系尚未进行系统研究和总结。本文应用电子探针、电感耦合等离子体质谱、X射线粉晶衍射、拉曼光谱、红外光谱和紫外可见吸收光谱等手段对常见的红色（G1）、橙色（G2）、绿色（G3）和褐红色（G4）石榴石进行了系统测试,旨在揭示石榴子石成分、结构和颜色的内在关系和变异规律,以期为不同地质体中产出的石榴子石矿物学特征的总结及地质应用提供依据。研究结果表明,G1、G4样品含有较多Fe元素（Fe³⁺：0.24%、0.24%;Fe²⁺：1.01%、0.89%）;G2样品含有较高的Mn元素（2.76%）;G3样品含有很高的Cr、V元素（3453×10^-6、1458×10^-6）。类质同象对石榴石的晶体结构产生影响,晶胞参数有较大差别,分别是a=11.530nm（G1）、11.563nm（G2）、11.849nm（G3）和11.470nm（G4）。石榴石中的微量元素和稀土元素对于示踪物源及形成过程具有很强的指示意义。石榴石中的稀土元素总量分布不均匀,LREE/HREE比值小于1,表现为重稀土元素富集,Eu/Eu^*比值小于1,为Eu负异常。所有样品的Ce异常均不明显。石榴石样品的拉曼光谱呈现出峰强和峰位的明显差异也反映了类质同象的存在：G1、G4在570nm处出现Fe³⁺电子跃迁吸收峰;G2在460nm和520nm附近出现Mn²⁺电子跃迁吸收峰;G3在690nm处出现Cr³⁺电子跃迁吸收峰。紫外可见吸收光谱特征显示,红色和褐红色样品出现在570nm处的Fe³⁺电子跃迁吸收峰,与其成分中含有大量Fe有关;橙色样品于460nm和520nm附近的特征吸收峰归属于Mn²⁺,对应其主要成分中大量的Mn;绿色样品690nm处出现强的吸收峰,由Cr³⁺跃迁产生,是微量元素Cr的存在所致。研究结果表明,石榴石的颜色与其成分和结构具有良好的对应关系。     

缅甸翡翠的光谱特征及呈色机理

从缅甸翡翠电子探针分析和紫外可见光吸收光谱、激光拉曼光谱、能谱、红外光谱等特征,探讨缅甸翡翠的呈色机理。主要对绿色翡翠和紫色翡翠的呈色机理进行研究。从硬玉呈色、次要矿物呈色和次生色分析得出,绿色翡翠主要由Cr3 致色,紫色翡翠可能是Mn2 致色。     

两种类型天然紫色翡翠的致色机理

紫色翡翠是天然翡翠中的重要品种,具有很高的经济价值,其主要有2种类型,一种呈较纯的紫色,另一种为带有蓝色色调的紫色。为探究紫色翡翠的致色机理,除采用传统的谱学及化学成分分析外,本文重点采用电子顺磁共振(EPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等,对2种类型紫色翡翠致色机理、致色元素价态等进行深入研究。结果表明,2种类型紫色翡翠均为硬玉颗粒本身呈色。紫色样品致色与Mn有关(w(Mn O)=0.0035%～0.036%),紫外可见光吸收光谱具有由Mn导致的580 nm吸收带,电子顺磁共振分析显示其主要为Mn³⁺,而并非Mn²⁺。蓝紫色翡翠由Fe、Ti元素联合致色(w(Fe O)=0.039%～0.25%;w(Ti O₂)=0.018%～0.17%),X射线光电子能谱分析显示其主要致色离子为Fe²⁺、Fe³⁺和Ti⁴⁺,认为蓝紫色翡翠为Fe²⁺-Ti⁴⁺和Fe²⁺-Fe³⁺电荷转...     

热处理对黝帘石颜色的影响及其致色成因探讨——以坦桑尼亚黄色和蓝色黝帘石为例

坦桑尼亚的天然蓝紫色黝帘石(也被称为坦桑石)产量稀少,储量较低。然而,通过热处理优化改色后,黝帘石的经济价值会得到显著提升。但多年来,关于热处理后黝帘石的蓝紫色成因一直存在争议。本文选取天然的坦桑尼亚黄色及蓝色黝帘石为研究对象,通过设置300℃、400℃和500℃3个不同的温度条件,并利用L^*a^*b^*颜色参数对样品的颜色变化进行了量化分析。热处理前不同颜色黝帘石的宝石学特征具有一致性,热处理后结果表明,500℃左右的温度是浅蓝-蓝色黝帘石的最佳改色条件。经过热处理黝帘石的蓝紫色调明显增强,通过调整温度可有效调控样品中的黄色或褐色调。黄色黝帘石在热处理后展现出从黄褐色到蓝紫色的独特变色效应,而400~500℃是这一颜色变化的临界温度范围。结合EDXRF、LA-ICP-MS及UV-VIS等多种分析手段,认为天然黝帘石的蓝色主要由V³⁺和Ti³⁺导致,黄色则主要由Ti³⁺引起,V/Ti值在天然黝帘石的成因机制中起辅助作用。此外,热处理后黝帘石蓝紫色调的产生与增加以及黄色→蓝-蓝紫色的转变与Ti³⁺+V⁴⁺→Ti⁴⁺+V³⁺的电荷迁移密切相关。     

山东蒙阴金伯利岩中石榴石特征及种类划分

石榴石是山东蒙阴金伯利岩型金刚石矿区的重要指示矿物之一,为了确定山东蒙阴金刚石矿区颜色复杂的石榴石种类,判断矿区石榴石特征与含矿性关系。项目组对矿区不同含矿程度金伯利岩中的石榴石进行了系统采样,测定了50件单晶石榴石微区化学成分和128个石榴石单晶的晶胞参数,测试结果显示：山东蒙阴金伯利岩中石榴石族矿物化学式A₃B₂[SiO₄]₃中的A组阳离子由Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺和Fe²⁺组成,二价阳离子主要为Mg²⁺,Mg²⁺占据十二面体空腔中心位置达53%～82%左右,Ca²⁺占据十二面体空腔中心位置小于7%～17%、Fe²⁺占据十二面体空腔中心位置5%～31%左右。B组阳离子主要由Al³⁺、Cr³⁺和Fe³⁺组成,三价阳离子主要为Al³⁺,[AlO₆]八面体占位达62%～92%左右,[FeO₆]和[CrO₆]八面体占位小于38%;按50个石榴石不同阳离子占据十二面体空腔和八面体空腔的位置多少,山东蒙阴石榴石可划分为10个亚种。根据山东蒙阴金伯利岩中石榴石成分,计算出石榴石形成压力为6.0～9.0 GPa,推测山东蒙阴矿区金伯利岩中有来自深源的石榴石。128件石榴石晶胞参数统计结果显示：山东蒙阴无矿、贫矿、中等含矿、富矿金伯利岩岩体中紫色石榴石晶胞参数分别为大于1.162 nm、1.159～1.160 nm、1.156～1.160 nm和1.155～1.157 nm之间,从无矿岩体→贫矿岩体→中等含矿岩体→富矿岩体,紫色石榴石晶胞参数值有明显变小的趋势。     

福建云霄石榴子石宝石矿物学特征

福建云霄是我国重要的宝石级石榴子石产地,然而该区石榴子石的致色机理不清,制约了对其形成机制的理解及后续开发利用。本文选取7件福建云霄橙黄-橙红色石榴子石样品,利用傅立叶红外光谱、紫外-可见光光谱和拉曼光谱分析其谱学特征,使用电子探针及激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)分析限定其主量、微量元素组成。结果表明云霄石榴子石主要为锰铝榴石,其颜色主要与二价锰(Mn²⁺)和铁离子(Fe²⁺)对可见光的吸收有关,Mn²⁺导致其主体呈橙色,少量Fe²⁺控制其橙红色调,微量Ti⁴⁺使其呈褐色调。福建云霄石榴子石样品核部锰含量相对较低而铁、镁含量较高,锰元素含量由核部向边部逐渐升高,且具有重稀土元素富集、轻稀土元素亏损的左倾配分模式和Eu负异常,表明其形成于岩浆结晶作用晚期。     

绿柱石中铁离子的晶格占位及致色作用

绿柱石族宝石颜色丰富,一直是市场上重要的宝石品种。几十年来,国内外学者对不同颜色绿柱石的致色机理及改色工艺开展了广泛的研究。铁离子作为重要的致色过渡金属离子之一,其价态调控是绿柱石改色工艺的关键,所以铁离子的价态、晶格占位和对应的致色作用也一直是绿柱石研究的焦点。铁离子被认为可能存在于绿柱石中的铝氧八面体Al³⁺格位、硅氧四面体Si⁴⁺格位、铍氧四面体Be²⁺格位、结构通道2a或2b位和晶格间隙6g位等位置,是蓝、绿或黄等颜色绿柱石的主要致色元素。本文通过对绿柱石的晶体结构、铁离子的核外电子排布和晶格占位等方面文献资料的梳理及综合分析,认为Fe²⁺和Fe³⁺分别对蓝色和黄色绿柱石的呈色起着主导作用。当Fe²⁺和Fe³⁺处于晶格中不同位置时致色作用的具体差异,仍有待于进一步研究。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861