西北地区极端高温变化及其对气候变暖停滞的响应

利用国家气候中心整编的中国西北地区日最高气温的观测资料,通过对中国西北地区极端高温变化特征进行较全面的分析,揭示了近20 a(1996—2015年)与近55 a(1961—2015年)中国西北地区极端气温变化的新特征。结果表明:除新疆维吾尔自治区部分和陕西省南部部分地区外,1961—2015年西北地区极端高温事件出现频次普遍呈增加的趋势,大值中心集中分布在新疆维吾尔自治区东南部、青海省北部、甘肃省西部和宁夏回族自治区中部地区,线性增加率为3.00次/10 a以上,其中大部地区增加趋势通过了99.5%以上信度的显著性检验,与全球气候变暖的特征较为一致。近20 a来西北地区极端高温事件出现频次呈西部和南部地区增多、东部和北部地区减少的空间变化特征。近20 a西北地区极端高温事件出现频率呈"西南部地区多、北部和东部地区少"的变化趋势,与前20 a(1961—1980年)极端高温事件出现频次的变化趋势相近,与近30 a(1981—2010年)极端高温事件出现频率的"西南部地区少、中东部地区多"的变化趋势相反。近55 a西北地区极端高温事件平均出现频次呈增加的趋势,平均值为1.73次/10 a;主要阶段变化率分别为:前20 a极端高温事件平均出现频次为0.06次/10 a,近30 a极端高温事件平均出现频次为3.90次/10 a,近20 a极端高温事件平均出现频次为-0.46次/10 a。近20 a西北地区极端高温事件出现频次呈弱递减的趋势与全球1998年以后增温的停滞现象较一致,说明西北地区的区域极端高温事件减少的特征对全球气候变暖停滞现象存在响应。由西北地区极端高温事件出现频次异常偏多年和偏少年的典型温度场可知,西北地区夏季异常高温变化对印度洋和太平洋的海温变化具有明显的正响应。西北地区极端最高气温和极端高温事件的温度强度分布主要取决于海拔高度,其次与局地地形和下垫面性质有关。     

近50年川渝地区夏季极端高温事件的时空演变特征

利用川渝地区1961～2006年145个台站夏季的平均温度资料,分析了该地区夏季极端高温事件的时空演变特征,结果表明：川渝地区极端高温事件高发区位于103°E以东,由西向东呈带状横贯四川盆地中部直至重庆地区北部,发生频次最低的是川西南山地区;根据川渝地区夏季极端高温事件发生频次的异常空间分布特征,可以分成4个区域,分别是四川盆地西北部区、盆地东南部区、川西高原西南部区以及川西南山地区;从长期变化趋势来看,夏季极端高温事件发生频次分别在四川盆地西北部呈显著增长趋势,盆地东南部呈显著减少趋势,川西高原西南部和川西南山地区呈弱增长趋势;近50年中,四川盆地西北部夏季极端高温事件年代际变化特征非常明显,两次主要转变发生在1972年和1993年前后,盆地东南部年代际变化特征明显,主要转变发生在1972年前后。     

1961—2010年我国夏季高温热浪的时空变化特征

利用全国753个站1961—2010年夏季逐日最高气温资料和基于死亡率明显增加而制定的高温热浪指标的已有研究成果,统计分析了我国高温热浪频次、日数和强度的时空分布特征。结果表明:我国的高温热浪频次、日数、强度高值区基本相同,均在江淮、江南大部和四川盆地东部等地,其中江西北部、浙江北部高温热浪频次最高,高温日数最多;浙江北部高温强度尤为突出。近50年来我国夏季高温热浪的频次、日数和强度总体呈增多、增强趋势,但也呈现明显的阶段性变化特征,20世纪60—80年代前期高温热浪频次和强度呈减少(弱)趋势,80年代后期以来,高温热浪频次和强度呈增多(强)趋势。区域变化特征明显,华北北部和西部、西北中北部、华南中部、长江三角洲及四川盆地南部呈显著增多(强)趋势;而黄淮西部、江汉地区呈显著减少趋势。自20世纪90年代以来,我国高温热浪的范围明显增大。     

北疆地区极端降水事件气候特征分析

利用北疆地区42个台站1961—2011年逐日降水量资料,采用百分位法统计分析极端降水事件发生频次的空间分布特征,运用线性趋势法探讨极端降水事件的时间演变特征。结果显示:北疆地区1961—2011年极端降雪与极端降雨阈值的分布总体类似,极端降雨(雪)阈值天山山区及北麓(中东部)较大,古尔班通古特沙漠西南缘(西—西北缘)较小。多年平均极端降雨事件为3.76d,极端降雨事件呈一致增多趋势;多年平均极端降雪事件为2.84d,大部分台站极端降雪事件呈增多趋势;极端降雨(雪)量总体表现为增大趋势。暴雨、暴雪事件多年平均分别为0.45d和0.82d,天山区中部出现最多,80%以上的台站呈增多趋势。     

More extreme-heat occurrences related to humidity in China

极端日夜复合高温往往会造成更为严重的社会经济影响及健康风险,受到了广泛关注.本文基于ERA5逐小时资料,针对中国区域极端日夜复合湿热和高温事件的变化及其影响进行了比较分析.结果指出,中国区域夏季极端湿热和高温在空间分布上较为一致,强度高值区主要分布在南方地区,但高频中心主要出现在北方地区.两类事件发生频次在全国范围内均呈明显增加趋势,尤其在西部和北部地区.进一步研究表明,在中国大部分地区,湿度异常在极端湿热事件变化中有着十分重要的作用,部分区域甚至超过温度异常的影响.随着极端湿热事件的增加其影响也在加剧,自1961年以来中国暴露于极端湿热事件的人口数量和城市面积增速明显大于高温事件.     

新疆阿勒泰地区冬季极端低温事件特征分析

利用阿勒泰地区7个测站1961～2011年冬季(11月到翌年3月)逐日最低温度资料,采用百分位定义法给出各站发生冬季极端低温事件的阈值。采用气候趋势系数和气候倾向率、Gumbel分布函数及R/S分析等多种统计方法分析阿勒泰地区各站冬季极端低温事件的气候特征。结果表明:阿勒泰地区各站冬季极端低温事件发生阈值为-26～-36℃。阿勒泰地区冬季极端低温事件频次倾向率均呈减少趋势,强度倾向率均呈减弱趋势。50 a一遇冬季极端低温事件极值东部较低,西部较高。阿勒泰地区西部地区冬季极端低温强度<-50℃的概率较小,东部地区冬季极端低温事件强度<-50℃概率较大。根据R/S分析,阿勒泰地区冬季极端低温事件未来发生频次可能会有所增多,冬季极端低温事件未来发生强度可能会有所增强。     

1961～2016年中国春季极端低温事件的时空特征分析

利用1961～2016年中国529个台站逐日最低气温资料,研究了中国春季极端低温事件的时空变异特征。旋转经验正交分解结果显示,中国春季极端低温事件的频次在空间上可以分为5个区域,即东北—华北东部地区、江南地区、西北东部—华北西部地区、西南地区和新疆北部地区。小波分析表明,这5个区域春季极端低温事件的频次在年际尺度上呈现出2～4年的振荡周期,其中江南地区、西北东部—华北西部地区和新疆北部地区2～4年的振荡周期在整个研究时段都显著,但东北—华北东部地区和西南地区2～4年的显著周期分别出现在20世纪80年代之前和80年代到90年代中期。在长期变化上,这5个区域春季极端低温事件的频次总体均呈减少趋势,但突变年份具有明显差异。Mann-Kendall和滑动t检验结果表明,东北—华北东部地区春季极端低温事件频次的突变时间为1987/1988年、江南地区为1995/1996年、西北东部—华北西部地区为1990/1991年、西南地区为1987/1988年、新疆北部地区为1997/1998年。伴随着春季极端低温事件频次的降低,5个区域春季极端低温事件的强度在过去半个多世纪也呈现出显著的下降趋势。但近10年来,中国东部地区春季极端低温事件的频次和强度却有所增加,需要引起关注。     

安徽省近40a极端温度事件的气候特征分析

利用1975—2014年安徽省77个观测站的日最高温度、最低温度和平均气温资料,对近40 a极端温度事件的时空分布特征进行分析。结果表明:安徽省冬季极端低温事件的发生频次分布,总体呈北多南少,地区差异较大,极端低温事件发生次数最多的是宿州萧县。近40 a间冬季的极端低温事件发生减少趋势显著,与冬季平均温度的显著上升相对应。年极端最低温度年际变化趋势不明显,且极端低温的发生频次与强度并不对应。夏季极端高温事件发生频次较多区域为江南。1975—2014年,夏季极端高温事件发生呈整体增多趋势,但趋势不显著。年极端最高温度的时间序列,与极端高温事件发生频次的时间序列是相对应的,呈现明显的正相关。从MK突变上看,年极端低温和高温事件发生均存在突变。分析合成环流场发现,冬季极端冷事件发生时,亚洲中高纬度环流的经向度明显增强;夏季极端暖事件的发生与副高的明显西伸增强维持有关。     

中国主雨季极端小时降水时空分布和日变化特征

基于国家级气象站逐小时降水资料,采用百分位阈值的极端降水定义方法,统计研究了中国1951—2021年4—10月小时降水时空分布和日变化特征。结果表明,中国主雨季极端降水阈值东南大、西北小,存在四个分别位于华南、环渤海、长江中下游和四川盆地的大值区,随着极端性增强,北方小时降水阈值的增大较南方更显著,大值中心北移。月尺度上,小时降水的最高频次月份由南向北从5月推迟至8月,华西地区最晚（9—10月）,随着极端性增强,最高频次月份由6月、7月推迟到7月、8月,且地区差异减小。日变化特征上,全国范围内小时降水频次占比,呈现午后到夜间的谷峰主循环和后半夜到上午的次循环,且随着极端性增强,主循环振幅增大,次循环峰值减小。不同地理位置看,四川盆地的极端小时降水峰值时刻出现在凌晨,其他三个大值区则与全国平均较为一致,日变化振幅从南到北逐渐减小,西部最大。小时降水峰值时刻具有空间聚集的特征,夜间峰值主要集中在南方沿海和华北、东北,早晨—上午峰值集中在中部、东部、西南和西北部分地区,空间分布中出现的逐渐推迟和突变特征与海陆分布和大地形密切相关。小时降水峰值时刻空间占比与频次占比的日变化特征类似,均有上午峰值平缓、夜间峰值陡峭的特征,这是因为不同站点到达夜间峰值的时刻接近,而到达上午峰值的时刻不同;两者主要区别在随着极端性增强,频次占比夜间主峰值显著增大,而峰值时刻空间占比主峰值几乎不变,这是因为频次的变化主要是由同一些站点上的次数变化导致,而非不同站点之间的差异。     

近56年中国极端降水事件的时空变化格局

基于中国693个地面观测站1961-2016年的逐日降水资料,全面分析了全国和各分区极端降水事件、连续性极端降水事件及其起止时间的时空分布和变化特征。结果表明,近56年,全国极端降水事件明显增多,极端降水量和极端降水日数呈增加趋势的站点占总站数的68%,且主要集中在东南沿海和西部地区。华东地区是全国极端降水量增长幅度最大的地区,增速达18. 2 mm·(10a)~(-1),西北地区的极端降水日数增速最快,每10年增加0. 37天。全国平均的连续性极端降水事件表现为不显著的增加趋势,其中仅西北地区的连续性极端降水量和降水频次的增加趋势达到0. 01显著性水平,华北和西南地区的连续性极端降水事件表现为不显著的下降趋势。全国平均的极端降水事件的开始时间和结束时间分别呈现出明显的提前和推迟趋势,西北、青藏和东北地区极端降水事件的开始时间显著提前,西北地区的结束时间显著推迟,受其影响,西北地区的极端降水事件持续期增长幅度最大达到10. 4 d·(10a)~(-1)。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;