The ecological-geological system,its types and position in the structure of an ecosystem

An ecologic-geological system presents a certain volume of the lithosphere with biota, including humans and the social media functioning in it and on its surface. This system is considered as the study subject of ecological geology. In all, four types of ecological-geological systems have been distinguished and characterized: a natural real system, natural ideal system, natural-technical ideal system, and natural-technical real system. The position of an ecological-geological system in the structure of an ecosystem is shown.     

大兴安岭浅覆盖区生态地质评价方法初探——以1∶25万区调呼中镇幅为例

通过野外调查，在收集统计大量基础地质、经济地质、环境地质、旅游地质、农(林)业地质等数据信息的基础上，在GIS技术指导下，采用定量定性相结合的半定量分析评价方法，对森林浅覆盖区生态地质现状及各类资源的开发利用潜力进行了综合评价。在研究和探讨森林浅覆盖区生态地质综合评价方法的基础上，提出了森林浅覆盖区生态地质评价模型，确定了综合参数，划分了生态地质类型。     

基于GIS的中国西南地区覆冰气象条件评估

采用中国西南地区(95°~110° E、 25°~35° N) 96个常规气象观测站1961年1月1日至2009年12月31日逐日气象要素资料提取覆冰相关要素, 利用1 km×1 km DEM资料通过GIS技术建立经度、 纬度、 海拔高度3个宏观地形因子以及坡度、 坡向和开放度3个微观地形因子的数据库, 通过三维二次趋势面的逐步回归方法, 在ArcMap/Info中进行与覆冰有关的气象要素栅格空间化, 在此基础上按照轻、 中、 重三个级别建立了各级覆冰模型并划分了覆冰风险分布. 结果表明: 满足覆冰条件日数序列在2000年以来呈显著上升趋势, 覆冰灾害发生的可能性增大. 一般来说, 宏观地形因子对气象要素的分布影响较大, 相对湿度模型和日照时数模型通过微观地形因子订正后, 精度有所提高. 通过模型得到的西南地区覆冰风险分布图能够较为精确的模拟出西南地区覆冰的风险分布, 与实际情况相符.     

四川盆地长宁—威远页岩气示范区下志留统龙马溪组泥页岩吸附特征及影响因素分析

针对四川盆地长宁—威远页岩气示范区志留系龙马溪组泥页岩吸附气量大(70%~80%)的特性,对该页岩气区11口井龙马溪组优质页岩段的岩心样品作X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜和等温吸附分析测试,结合大量泥页岩含气量实测数据,统计分析及评价表明:研究区地层因素中,生烃条件如总有机碳含量(0.17%~4.3%)、有机质类型(Ⅰ、Ⅱ1型)和成熟度(2.4%~3.0%),以及储层条件如矿物成分、孔隙体积(3%~6%)、孔隙结构(中孔为主)和湿度,主要是通过改变页岩气生成量和吸附活性表面的大小而产生影响;外部因素如温度和压力主要是通过改变气体分子的活化能和结合能而对泥页岩吸附能力产生一定的影响。     

Mapping thermal comfort in Iran based on geostatistical methods and bioclimatic indices

The cognition of thermal comfort plays a pivotal role in human life and activities. Recognizing thermal comfort based on climatic parameters is substantially significant. The main objective of the present study is to map thermal comfort using statistics from 43 meteorological stations, from 1970 to 2013. Initially, according to temperature and relative humidity, annual and seasonal thermal comfort conditions were mapped, and later bioclimatic human thermal comfort conditions in line with spatial factors were zoned based on bioclimatic indexes of Temperature Humidity Index (THI), effective temperature (ET) and Relative Strain Index (RSI). Among geostatistical methods, empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) method with less RSME is more efficient. The annual distribution of temperature changes according to spatial factors of rugged topography and elevation, and latitude affects relative humidity. Thermal comfort in the northern and western half of Iran is higher than the southern and eastern areas of the country. Spatial factors of latitude and altitude reduce bioclimatic uniformity and create small areas with or without thermal comfort conditions. Bioclimatic indicators based on air temperature and relative humidity range of bioclimatic zones show. The results of ET and THI divide the whole country into six zones, from lack of thermal comfort to having thermal comfort conditions. Areas of southern strip as well as central and southeastern parts of the country do not have any human thermal comfort conditions in most of the year.     

Grey correlation-hierarchical analysis for metro-caused settlement

Monitoring Shanghai metro tunnels and their surroundings indicates that the maximum settlement caused by metro operation for years has been more than 25 cm in soft soil of tunnel bottom, which has seriously affected the normal operation of subway, and even caused some old house cracking around subway lines. To investigate main influence factors on metro-caused settlement so as to provide the basis for the control of metro-caused settlement, the analytical hierarchy process was adopted to make their weight arrangement. With the experience analogy and grey correlation theory, the grey correlation-hierarchical analysis method was proposed to evaluate the possibility of metro-caused settlement in soft soil of tunnel bottom. The correlation of metro-caused settlement and its influence factors (such as dynamic load conditions of metro, soil conditions, burial conditions of soil prone to dynamic settlement, and hydrogeology conditions) was probed. Taking Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel project in China (it is now the largest shield tunnel in the world) as an example, the division estimation and the comprehensive evaluation of possibility and severity for metro-caused settlement were also done. The results were observed as follows: (1) the severity of settlements caused by dynamic load of metro in soft soil of tunnel bottom at the same position increases as the speed of subway trains increases; (2) On comparison between the foundations of silty clay and clayey silt, the former is generally more prone to the metro-caused settlement under the same conditions as dynamic load conditions of metro, void ratio of soil, natural water content of soil, burial conditions, and hydrogeology conditions; (3) the grey correlation-hierarchical analysis method is more applicable than grey correlation method for the possibility estimation of metro-caused settlement in the soft soil of tunnel bottom; (4) it may provide the reference for the possibility evaluation of metro-caused settlement in other similar projects.     

基于GIS技术和信息量法的地质灾害易发性研究——以海南省昌江县为例

海南省昌江县地质灾害的发育受地质环境条件控制和多种外在因素影响.依据昌江县地质灾害详细调查资料,选择各类地质灾害发育的控制条件和诱发因素作为评价指标,通过建立地质灾害影响因子体系,构建信息量分析模型.通过对各项因子进行量化并使其归一化,运用层次分析法确定评价因子权重系数,利用ArcGIS的空间叠加分析功能,实现对昌江县地质灾害易发程度的评价分析.本研究将为昌江县地质灾害预警监测和地质灾害避让搬迁提供依据.     

基于SDS评价模型的区域生态环境地质质量评价——以海南岛西南部为例

文章借鉴SDS(可持续发展系统)评价模型,在生态环境地质调查的基础上,综合考虑了评价区气候条件、区域地质条件、地质灾害、土地资源、植被条件、人类活动强度等控制生态环境地质质量的基本指标,建立区域生态环境地质评价模型,并应用于海南省西南部的生态环境地质评价,结果表明该模型具有简单、实用的特点。     

松辽盆地三肇地区扶杨油层油气成藏过程主控因素及成藏模式

从多元地质条件及其时空匹配关系的角度出发,对三肇地区扶杨油层油气成藏过程中的主控因素进行分析。结果表明:上覆青山口组一段源岩有效排烃范围、超压和T₂反射层油源断裂组合关系控制了油气垂向向下“倒灌”的运移范围、距离及层位;古构造背景、T₂断层与储层砂体配置关系控制着油气侧向运移的方向、通道和距离;基准面旋回、沉积微相类型与现今构造配置关系控制着油气的垂向聚集层位及平面分布规律。在此基础上,结合构造发育史、油源条件及沉积微相研究成果,对研究区扶杨油层油气成藏模式进行了总结,认为研究区扶杨油层主要存在4种成藏模式:源内--顶生下储式油气成藏模式、近源--短距离侧向运移--斜坡带断层遮挡油气成藏模式、源外--长距离侧向运移--继承性构造隆起带油气成藏模式、多源--多方式侧向运移油气成藏模式。     

The optimization of GPS positioning using response surface methodology

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become a popular sensing system for positioning because it is free and always available and can be used in all weathers. However, the accuracy of GPS is dependent on the measurement factors selected by the surveyor. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the optimal factors of the GPS positioning process. The selected process variables were measurement time and duration, recording interval, and mask angle. To determine the optimum conditions of these factors, a three-level Box–Behnken design was utilized. The results indicated that the optimum conditions of the experimental factors are 13 h as measurement time, 21.77 min as the measurement duration, 22.43 s as the range interval, and 8° as the mask angle.     

Analytical Conditions for the Formation of Arctic Amplification in the Earth’s Climate System

Doklady Earth Sciences - Analytical conditions for estimating the contribution of various internal and external factors to the formation of Arctic (polar) amplification under warming of the...     

Bowing of dimensional granitic stones

Bowing is a well-known phenomenon seen in marbles used as building veneers. This form of rock weathering occurs as a result of external factors such as temperature, humidity, the system for anchoring the marble slabs or the panel dimensions. Under the same external conditions, many factors will determine the degree of deformation including petrography, thermal properties and residual locked stresses. The usual way to solve the problem of bowed marble slabs is to replace them with other materials, such as granites, in which the deformation still exists but is less common. In this study, eight ornamental granites with different mineralogy, grain size, grain shape, porosity and fabric were tested in a laboratory to assess their susceptibility to bowing. Three slabs of granite, each cut with a different orientation, were studied under different conditions of temperature (90 and 120°C) and water saturation (dry and wet) to investigate the influence of these factors together with that of anisotropy. At 90°C, only the granite with the coarsest grain size and low porosity exhibited deformation under wet conditions. At 120°C and wet conditions, three of the granites showed evident signs of bowing. Again, the granite with the coarsest grain size was the most deformed. It was concluded that the wide grain size distribution influences microcracking more than other expected factors, such as the quartz content of the rock. Also, mineral shape-preferred orientation and porosity play an important role in the bowing of the studied granites.     

Multivariate correlation analysis of suspended-sediment characteristics

Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to investigate interrelationships among various characteristics of seawater and suspended sediments obtained from surface waters of two Asian marginal seas. On the basis of multivariate correlation analysis for the two marginal seas combined, three important factors were extracted and interpreted: (1) current-energy conditions, (2) the influence of rivers, and (3) biochemical conditions of seawater. A relationship between anisotropic mineral grains and combustible organic matter is suggested by the fact that suspended sediment, containing coarser anisotropic mineral grains, also contains larger amounts of combustible organic matter.     

论地质灾害风险识别问题

基于多年学术研究与实地“原型观测”,提出了地质灾害风险识别或早期识别的六个因素,包括地质体边界形态（a）、成分结构（b）、初始状态（c）、激发条件（d）、环境因素（e）和成灾条件（f）及其时间变化（t）,简称“六要素识别法”,可表示为R=f（a,b,c,d,e,f;t）。这些因素的变化决定着致灾体与承灾体遭遇的概率,从而为地质灾害风险评价指明方向。通过实际案例论证了典型因素变化导致的地质灾害,在思想上突破了以往过度关注于从已发生灾害事件推断未来风险的局限,推动从地质环境因素变化孕育地质灾害风险的研判,更有针对性地服务于防灾减灾管理决策。     

浅议环境地质学的研究内容

环境地质学已成为当今地学中引人注目的学科,对其研究内容众说纷纭,莫衷一是。本文提出环境地质学是指研究自然地质作用(条件、因素)及人类活动引起地质条件发生变化对人类生存环境造成影响的科学。其研究内容主要是自然物理地质作用、自然化学作用(地球化学环境)以及人为因素对环境的影响。     

坡地系统土壤侵蚀定量评价方法

区域性土壤侵蚀的定量评在涉及到泥沙输移的非连续性难题和众多的非确定性因素，目前应用较普遍的小区定量难以适用。所提出的定量评价方法是利用ＧＩＳ技术、模糊数学、将以分布参数为特征的区域坡地系统划分成若干类具有集中参数特征的基本侵蚀单元，结合ＵＳＬＥ方程来模拟空间上不同侵蚀背景条件下土壤侵蚀的强度，并可以确定影响土壤侵蚀的主要因子及其排序，该方法适用性强，可用于不同空间尺度的土壤侵蚀定量评价。     

郑庄区块煤层气赋存特征及控气地质因素

沁水盆地南部郑庄区块煤层气资源条件良好,勘探开发潜力大。通过对郑庄区块煤层气地质条件和储层条件的深入分析,认为本区煤层气赋存条件良好,含气量较高,储层吸附/解吸能力较好,但储层渗透率相对较低;郑庄区块煤层气藏主要受3类地质因素控制:构造对煤层气含量和赋存规律具有明显的控制作用;水文地质条件对煤层气具明显的水力封闭作用,该区地下水径流较弱,为典型的等势面扇状缓流型,有利于区块内煤层气的富集;燕山晚期岩浆活动和高异常地热场对煤层热演化和煤层气生成有显著的控制作用。      

Environmental factors influencing skeletal grain sediment associations: a critical review of Miocene examples from the western Mediterranean

The presence of foramol, rhodalgal and bryomol skeletal grain associations in ancient shallow‐marine limestones is commonly interpreted as evidence for non‐tropical palaeoclimate, despite temperature being only one of several factors influencing skeletal grain associations. Such interpretations neglect the multitude of factors other than temperature that influence carbonate‐producing biota. These include nutrients, water energy, water transparency, depth of the sea floor, salinity, oxygen, Ca²⁺ and CO₂ concentrations, Mg/Ca ratio, alkalinity, substrate requirements, competitive displacement as well as biological and evolutionary trends. This uniformitarian approach also disregards the probability that conditions of present‐day biological systems may not be representative of past conditions of analogous systems. Here, the importance of considering these other factors is illustrated through two examples of carbonate platforms in the western Mediterranean. These platforms are dominated by foramol, rhodalgal and bryomol associations of Miocene age in spite of having formed in tropical conditions. The platforms discussed are: (1) the Lower Tortonian ramp on Menorca, Balearic Islands; and (2) the Lower–Middle Miocene ramps of the central Apennines, Italy. Evidence for tropical conditions in the Mediterranean during the period of growth of these platforms is provided by species of red algae and larger foraminifera, by data from coeval continental basins and by global oxygen isotope data.     

再论铀的中和还原成矿作用

反应指数是水文地球化学条件的实测值与水地化作用的临界值之间的相对值。中和还原沉淀作用的充分必要条件是与其有关的所有水文地球化学条件的反应指数都应符合反应指数法则。热力学计算和实验证明配位体浓度,如CO_3~(2-),F~-等,是阻碍铀还原沉淀的主要因素。降低CO_3~(2-)配位体浓度的主要作用是中和作用导致的CO_3~(2-)形式转化为CO_2逸出和CaCO_3沉淀。对相山矿田的铀成矿作用的水地球化学条件计算结果表明,中和作用是促使铀还原沉淀的促发钮,中和作用能导致与铀还原沉淀反应,有关的所有反应,有关的所有反应指数符合反应指数法则的要求。     

Holocene carbon storage and testate amoeba community structure in treed peatlands of the western Hudson Bay Lowlands margin,Canada

The Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) stores a significant proportion of the northern peatland carbon pool, and constraints on the factors controlling local-scale variation are needed to better predict soil carbon stocks. We investigated two treed peatland sites, a fen and a bog, to understand how local ecohydrological factors impacted long-term carbon storage. Ecohydrological conditions were reconstructed using quantitative water table depth reconstructions from testate amoebae (TA) and broad peat type classifications. We also linked these factors and carbon storage to changes in TA community structure through the investigation of morphological and functional traits. Both sites have high rates of peat vertical accretion during the warmer Middle Holocene. A shift to a drier, Sphagnum-dominated habitat after 7400 cal a bp at the bog site, however, led to lower apparent carbon accumulation rates (aCARs) than at the fen site. aCARs decreased with the transition to a cooler Late Holocene climate at both sites. Both sites have higher total carbon masses (kg m⁻²) than other more open and younger HBL localities, demonstrating the potential importance of treed peatlands in regional carbon storage. Shifts in the frequency of TA traits corresponded to changing ecohydrological conditions and provided insights into the role of TA in carbon storage.