基于压汞法探究岩浆侵入对煤孔隙的影响

以平煤十三矿二₁煤层中受岩浆侵入影响前后的贫瘦煤和无烟煤为研究对象,利用压汞法研究了热变质作用对煤中孔隙发育特征的影响。总结了压汞法测定煤中孔隙的实验原理以及煤中比表面积、孔容及其在不同孔径段分布的计算方法与过程,深入分析了不同样品孔容、比表面积的发育特征及其在不同孔径段的分布规律,并探讨了5.5 nm~350 μm孔径范围内煤中孔隙的分形特征。研究表明：岩浆侵入致使煤中出现大量的新生孔隙,孔容和比表面积都显著增大,但中值孔容孔径、平均孔径减小,说明新生孔隙主要集中在小孔径段。而孔隙的空间分形维数变化规律表明岩浆侵入使煤中孔隙粗糙度增加,孔隙吸附能力增强,粒内孔分布范围增大。     

Formation of decollement upwarps during thrusting

Geometric and kinematic models reveal that rotation of layers during thrusting or development of drag folds produced by movement along listric thrust faults results in the formation of dilation space at the junction of the thrust ramp with the basal decollement. This is accompanied by upwarping of the basement to occupy the available space thereby producing an antiformal structure, which restricts the thrust displacement. The structure is termed a decollement upwarp and examples are cited from the foothill belt of the Himalaya.     

Must magmatic intrusion in the lower crust produce reflectivity?

The Færoe–Iceland Ridge (FIR) provides a laboratory in which to investigate the reflectivity and velocity structure of thick crust generated above a mantle plume in order to constrain models of underplating and the origins of lower-crustal layering in an environment dominated by young igneous processes. Over 600 km of common midpoint (cmp) data were collected along and across the FIR using a large airgun array with a 240-channel streamer. The interpretation of these data has been integrated with a velocity model of the crust and upper mantle along the FIR obtained from wide-angle seismic arrivals into ocean bottom and land seismometers. Due to the intermediate water depths and the presence of basalt near the water bottom, specialized processing steps were required for the cmp data. A wave equation-based multiple attenuation scheme was applied to the prestack data, which used a forward model of the multiple series to predict and attenuate multiple energy. Array simulations were applied in the shot and receiver domains in order to minimize spatial aliasing and reduce low apparent-velocity noise. Most of the sections over the central (oceanic) portion of the FIR show no pronounced reflectivity, although occasional Moho and/or lower-crustal reflections are observed. We believe that the poor reflectivity results largely from a lack of physical property contrasts rather than being an effect of acquisition or processing, although we also conclude that residual energy from strong multiple reflection remains in the final sections. Amplitude decay and reflection strength vary along the FIR, but there is good signal-to-noise ratio to travel times of at least 9 s (i.e., into the lower crust), implying that the reduced reflectivity beneath the main part of the FIR is not an artifact of signal penetration loss. We conclude that the addition of melt to the lower crust along the trace of the plume apparently did not produce strong physical property contrasts in the lower crust, where little reflectivity is apparent. Perhaps this was because the entire crust was hot at the time of formation. In contrast, igneous intrusion into preexisting continental crust (at the Færoe Islands end of the FIR) and into older igneous crust (at the Iceland end of the FIR) produces significant lower-crustal reflectivity. Strong lower-crustal reflectivity elsewhere beneath the northwestern European continental margins may have a similar intrusive origin.     

利用人工神经网络对岩浆侵入范围的预测

以某矿三维地震勘探资料为依据,建立了岩浆侵入的正演模型,在应用灰色系统理论中的灰色关联分析方法进行属性优化的基础上,借助人工神经网络理论中的BP网络方法,建立了岩浆侵入范围预测的BP网络模型.通过误差分析证明,将灰色关联分析与BP网络结合起来进行岩浆侵入范围的预测是可行的.     

地震相分析在探测煤层中火成岩侵入范围的应用

煤田地震岩性解释普遍采用波阻抗反演技术和地震属性技术,二者的共同缺陷是无法把握地震信号的总体变化及其分布规律。基于波形的地震相分析技术综合利用了地震波的频率、相位、速度、能量等各种信息,即基于地震信号的整体差异进行分类。把地震相分析技术引入煤田三维地震资料岩性解释中,在确定煤层中火成岩侵入范围中取得了初步地质成果。     

岩浆岩侵入煤层范围的地震解释方法

确定岩浆岩侵入煤层的边界对煤矿安全生产十分重要。利用钻孔资料和岩浆岩的高波阻抗、高频和波形异常等地震波动力学信息,提出了岩浆岩侵入煤层的地震反演、地震相分析和谱分解等3种岩性解释方法。并运用这些方法在安徽淮北矿区某矿利用实际三维地震资料界定岩浆侵入8煤层的范围,取得了好的效果。研究认为,确定岩浆侵入煤层的范围时,当研究区域内具有较多的钻井和测井资料时(3~4个/km2),建议使用地震反演方法;而研究区域内钻井数目较少或缺乏测井资料时,建议综合使用地震相分析和谱分解方法。      

Magma chambers and localization of deformation during thrusting

Terra Nova, 22, 390–395, 2010 Abstract We present the results of coupled analogue and numerical models that provide new insights into the relationships between volcanoes and thrusts. The effects of both upper‐crustal magma chambers and the load of volcanoes on the geometry of thrust systems were investigated. Analogue modelling points to a strong influence exerted by a magma chamber on thrust geometry, which, as suggested by the numerical models used to rationalize these results, is related to the stress redistribution around the weak heterogeneity. The low‐viscosity body below a volcanic edifice localizes compressional deformation and causes a curvature of the thrusts towards the magma chamber, opposite to the direction of tectonic transport. In these conditions, the volcanic load has a negligible effect on the structural geometry. These results are in contrast with those of previous studies, where intrusions or the load of major volcanoes generated a curvature of the thrusts away from volcanic edifices in the direction of tectonic transport.     

多参数曲线反演技术在圈定岩浆岩侵入煤层范围中的应用

波阻抗反演技术把具有高纵向分辨率的测井资料与连续观测的地震资料联系起来,提高了地震资料的分辨率和地质勘探的研究程度。煤田中岩浆岩侵入煤层现象普遍存在,针对这一问题,进行了尝试,提出利用多参数曲线来圈定岩浆岩侵入煤层的范围。     

Redox-controlled iron isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation: an example from the Red Hill intrusion, S. Tasmania

This study presents accurate and precise iron isotopic data for 16 co-magmatic rocks and 6 pyroxene–magnetite pairs from the classic, tholeiitic Red Hill sill in southern Tasmania. The intrusion exhibits a vertical continuum of compositions created by in situ fractional crystallisation of a single injection of magma in a closed igneous system and, as such, constitutes a natural laboratory amenable to determining the causes of Fe isotope fractionation in magmatic rocks. Early fractionation of pyroxenes and plagioclase, under conditions closed to oxygen exchange, gives rise to an iron enrichment trend and an increase in $ f_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $ of the melt relative to the Fayalite–Magnetite–Quartz (FMQ) buffer. Enrichment in Fe³⁺/ΣFe_melt is mirrored by δ⁵⁷Fe, where ^VIFe²⁺-bearing pyroxenes partition ⁵⁷Fe-depleted iron, defining an equilibrium pyroxene-melt fractionation factor of $ \Updelta^{57} {\text{Fe}}_{{{\text{px}} - {\text{melt}}}} \le - 0.25\,\permille \times 10^{6} /T^{2} $ . Upon magnetite saturation, the $ f_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $ and δ⁵⁷Fe of the melt fall, commensurate with the sequestration of the oxidised, ⁵⁷Fe-enriched iron into magnetite, quantified as $ \Updelta^{57} {\text{Fe}}_{{{\text{mtn}} - {\text{melt}}}} = + 0.20\,\permille \times 10^{6} /T^{2} $ . Pyroxene–magnetite pairs reveal an equilibrium fractionation factor of $ \Updelta^{57} {\text{Fe}}_{{{\text{mtn}} - {\text{px}}}} \approx + 0.30\,\permille $ at 900–1,000?°C. Iron isotopes in differentiated magmas suggest that they may act as an indicator of their oxidation state and tectonic setting.     

海水入侵模拟方法VFT3D及应用

海水入侵是困扰沿海地区经济社会发展的重大资源、环境问题,严重影响沿海地区地下水资源。定量模拟、预测和可视化管理是对海水入侵进行有效监测和机理分析的重要手段。基于前期海水入侵模拟的理论研究及方法,提出了海水入侵模拟及预测模型VFT3D,该模型综合考虑地表水-地下水对海水入侵的协同控制作用,能够模拟变密度地下水流及复杂反应性迁移,实现模拟海水入侵的完整水文循环过程。文章介绍了VFT3D模型,利用VFT3D模型模拟了一个海水入侵案例,并与SEAWAT模型模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明VFT3D 模型模拟水头与SEAWAT模型模拟结果相差不大,但SEAWAT模型无法模拟海水入侵中复杂的化学反应过程。VFT3D 模型模拟发现,水文地球化学过程（阳离子吸附交换作用）对阳离子（Na+、K+、Mg2+和Ca2+）运移产生明显影响,同时引起过渡带中离子组分浓度发生变化,对海水入侵过程产生较大影响。因此,考虑变密度和复杂反应过程,才能更加准确地描述海水入侵,从而有利于地下咸水治理工程的科学实施。     

Silicon isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation

The Si isotopic composition of Earth’s mantle is thought to be homogeneous (δ³⁰Si = −0.29 ± 0.08‰, 2 s.d.) and not greatly affected by partial melting and recycling. Previous analyses of evolved igneous material indicate that such rocks are isotopically heavy relative to the mantle. To understand this variation, it is necessary to investigate the degree of Si isotopic fractionation that takes place during magmatic differentiation. Here we report Si isotopic compositions of lavas from Hekla volcano, Iceland, which has formed in a region devoid of old, geochemically diverse crust. We show that Si isotopic composition varies linearly as a function of silica content, with more differentiated rocks possessing heavier isotopic compositions. Data for samples from the Afar Rift Zone, as well as various igneous USGS standards are collinear with the Hekla trend, providing evidence of a fundamental relationship between magmatic differentiation and Si isotopes. The effect of fractionation has been tested by studying cumulates from the Skaergaard Complex, which show that olivine and pyroxene are isotopically light, and plagioclase heavy, relative to the Si isotopic composition of the Earth’s mantle. Therefore, Si isotopes can be utilised to model the competing effects of mafic and felsic mineral fractionation in evolving silicate liquids and cumulates.At an average SiO₂ content of ∼60 wt.%, the predicted δ³⁰Si value of the continental crust that should result from magmatic fractionation alone is −0.23 ± 0.05‰ (2 s.e.), barely heavier than the mantle. This is, at most, a maximum estimate, as this does not take into account weathered material whose formation drives the products toward lighter δ³⁰Si values. Mass balance calculations suggest that removal of continental crust of this composition from the upper mantle will not affect the Si isotopic composition of the mantle.     

冈底斯岩浆岩带南部桑耶寺北莫郎侵入体年代学和岩石成因

莫郎岩体位于冈底斯岩浆岩带中段,泽当镇桑耶寺北,主要由辉石闪长岩、闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和钾长花岗岩组成,本文对其进行了详细的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学研究.花岗闪长岩和钾长花岗岩形成时代为57Ma,具有高硅(70.1％～74.4％),低-高钾(1.3％～5.2％),低镁(0.2％～1.2％),强烈Eu、Sr负异常等特征,Zr/Nb-Zr和AFMCFM图解表明,其形成于初生地壳物质和变质杂砂岩的低度部分熔融.辉石闪长岩和闪长岩形成时代为52 ～ 54Ma,具有低硅(53.2％ ～58.6％),中-高钾(1.3％ ～2.5％),高镁(3.2％ ～ 3.9％),弱-强烈Eu、Sr负异常等特征,与曲水岩基中基性侵入岩特征相似,是直接注入到下地壳中地幔岩浆与初生地壳部分熔融形成的壳源岩浆的混合产物.     

西藏冈底斯带中段南木林县仁堆侵入体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及岩石成因

对冈底斯带中段仁堆地区二云母花岗岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,主量和微量元素地球化学分析表明,二云母花岗岩的结晶年龄为226.3±0.98Ma。二云母花岗岩为高钾钙碱性强过铝质花岗岩,Si O2含量为72.83%~74.99%,K2O/Na2O为1.58~2.37,Alk为7.37%~8.72%,A/CNK为1.21~1.39(1.1),刚玉标准分子ω(C-norm)大于1%。稀土元素总量为61.71×10-6~175.16×10-6,其中,轻稀土元素总量为53.93×10-6~165.49×10-6,重稀土元素总量为7.588×10-6~13.880×10-6,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,(La/Yb)N介于10.49~42.170之间。在稀土元素配分模式图上,表现为轻稀土元素富集的右倾型,有明显的负Eu异常,δEu介于0.264~0.57之间;在微量元素蛛网图上,表现出Ba、Nb、Sr、Ti、P亏损和Rb、K、U富集的特征。二云母花岗岩是增厚的冈底斯地壳在印支晚期应力松弛阶段,由于构造减压诱发部分熔融形成的。     

Turbidite sedimentation during Alpine thrusting: the Taveyannaz sandstones of eastern Switzerland

The Taveyannaz sandstones of eastern Switzerland are a succession of turbidites found within the Tertiary North Helvetic Flysch system; they represent a portion of the early, underfilled stage of the North Alpine Foreland Basin. The Taveyannaz sandstones were deposited in two sub-basins (Inner and Outer basins) separated by a topographic high trending ENE-WSW (parallel to the subsequent structural strike of the region), interpreted as an emergent thrust tip that propagated into the basin. The southerly Inner basin is therefore considered as a ‘piggy-back’basin comprising a 140 m thick succession dominated by approximately 12 very thick bedded sandstones with thick mudstone caps; these very thick bedded sandstone-mudstone couplets are interpreted as having resulted from the ponding of megaturbidite flows in the topographically confined Inner basin. Intercalated with the very thick bedded sandstones are thin to medium bedded sandstones. The Outer (northerly) basin comprises at least 240 m of turbidites characterized by sandstone packets (5–50 m thick) with extensive amalgamation of beds and a dominantly symmetrical vertical bed thickness and grain size profile. Intercalated between the sandstone packets are laminated graded siltstones and mudstones. The Inner basin sediments underwent localized deformation on the sea floor, generating an irregular surface topography which was then capped by a mud sheet emplaced by superficial sliding. During the emplacement of the mud sheet, large sandstone blocks (up to 130 m across) were incorporated from the underlying succession. The resultant geometry of the upper surface of the Inner basin sandstones exhibits vertical walls which truncate, and are perpendicular to, the underlying beds. The depositional style and structural control of the Taveyannaz sandstones, in association with the emplacement of superficial mud sheets, reflect processes that are highly analogous to those occurring in modern accretionary wedge environments. The sandstone packets of the Outer basin reflect a cyclical pattern of sedimentation alternating between deposition of sandstones and mudstones. The autocyclical or allocyclical controls on these high frequency alternations are difficult to interpret; likely mechanisms include lobe switching, climatic variations, eustatic sea level fluctuations and changes of horizontal in-plane deviatoric stress on the lithosphere. In this example, an alternative mechanism is speculated upon. This is based on the analogy with accretionary wedge processes. In this hypothesis, it is proposed that high frequency fluctuations in the accommodation space available on the shelf may result from fluctuations in the topographic slope of an accretionary wedge around its critical taper. Hence, during periods of accelerated frontal accretion, the taper angle of the thrust wedge becomes subcritical resulting in a broad, low angle topographic slope and increased shelfal accommodation. Consequently, sediment becomes trapped in a relatively landward position. The necessary rejuvenation of the surface slope of the thrust wedge to a critical taper is achieved through internal reactivation resulting in tectonic uplift and hence a relative fall in sea level; this leads to the reworking of sediment to the base of slope or outer trench. Repeated alternations of relative sea level between a subcritical highstand and a supercritical lowstand are considered to be sufficient to generate the observed alternations between sandstone and mudstone packages in the turbidite basin.     

Gold transport during magmatic degassing: Model experiments

Interaction of metallic gold with (Na, K)Cl salt melts was investigated by the weight-loss method at 700–1000°C using silica glass ampoules. Interaction was not detected in hermetic evacuated ampoules over the whole temperature interval and even after the addition of 5 wt % Na₂SO₄ as a possible oxidizer to the salt. Gold solubility increased sharply in open ampoules, but this was accompanied by the evaporation of salt melt and, possibly, AuCl_x. The limiting gold solubility in the salt melt at 860°C was estimated as 1 wt % or 10000 ppm. The model of gold transport in a gas phase during magmatic degassing invokes shallow gold extraction by salt melt, melt evaporation, and removal of precipitated metallic particles by the gas phase.     

Superimposed folding and thrusting by two phases of mutually orthogonal or oblique shortening in analogue models

Orogens may suffer more than one phase shortening resulting in superposition of structures of different generations. Superimposition of orthogonal or oblique shortening is studied using sandbox and centrifuge modelling. Results of sand models show that in orthogonal superimposition, the two resulting structural trends are approximately orthogonal to each other. In oblique superimposition, structures trend obliquely to each other in the relatively thin areas of the model (foreland), and mutually orthogonal in areas where the model is thickened during the first phase of shortening (i.e. the hinterland). Thrusts formed during the first shortening phase may be reactivated during the later shortening phase. Spacing of the later phase structures is not as wide as expected, considering they across the pre-existing thickened wedge. Superposition of structures results in formation of type 1 fold interference pattern. Bedding is curved outwards both in the dome and basin structures. Folded layers are dipping and plunging outwards in a dome, while they are dipping and plunging inwards in a basin. In the areas between two adjacent domes or basins (i.e. where an anticline is superimposed by a syncline or a syncline is superimposed by an anticline), bedding is curved inwards, and the anticlines plunge inwards and the synclines outwards. The latter feature could be helpful to determine the age relationship for type 2 fold interference pattern. In tectonic regions where multiple phases of shortening have occurred, the orogenic-scale dome-and-basin and arrowhead-shaped interference patterns are commonly formed, as in the models. However, in some areas, the fold interference pattern might be modified by a later phase of thrusting. Similar to models results, superimposition of two and/or even more deformation phases may not be recorded by structures all over the tectonic area.     

Empirical models relating viscosity and tracer diffusion in magmatic silicate melts

The Adam-Gibbs equations describing relaxation in silicate melts are applied to diffusion of trace components of multicomponent liquids. The Adam-Gibbs theory is used as a starting point to derive an explicit relation between viscosity and diffusion including non-Arrhenian temperature dependence. The general form of the equation is D_iη = A_iexp{Δ(s_cE_i)/TS_c}, where D is diffusivity, η is melt viscosity, T is absolute temperature, Δ(s_cE_i) is the difference between the products of activation energies and local configurational entropies for viscous and diffusive relaxation, A_i is a constant that depends on the characteristics of the diffusing solute particles, and S_c is configurational entropy of the melt. The general equation will be impractical for most predictive purposes due to the paucity of configurational entropy data for silicate melts. Under most magmatic conditions the proposed non-Arrhenian behaviour can be neglected, allowing the general equation to be simplified to a generalized form of the Eyring equation to describe diffusion of solutes that interact weakly with the melt structure: D_iη/T = Q_iexp{ΔE_i/RT}, where Q_i and ΔE_i depend on the characteristics of the solute and the melt structure. If the diffusing solute interacts strongly with the melt structure or is a network-forming cation itself, then ΔE_i = 0, and the relation between viscosity and diffusion has the functional form of the classic Eyring and Stokes-Einstein equations; D_iη/T = Q_i. If the diffusing solute can make diffusive jumps without requiring cooperative rearrangement of the melt structure, the diffusivity is entirely decoupled from melt viscosity and should be Arrhenian, i.e., D_i = Q_iexp{B_i/T}. A dataset of 594 published diffusivities in melts ranging from the system CAS through diopside, basalt, andesite, anhydrous rhyolite, hydrous rhyolite, and peralkaline rhyolite to albite, orthoclase, and jadeite is compared with the model equations. Alkali diffusion is completely decoupled from melt viscosity but is related to melt structure. Network-modifying cations with field strength Z_i²/r between 1 and 10 interact weakly with the melt network and can be modelled with the extended form of the Eyring equation. Diffusivities of cations with high field strength have activation energies essentially equal to that of viscous flow and can be modelled with a simple reciprocal Eyring-type dependence on viscosity. The values of Q_i, ΔE_i and B_i for each cation are different and can be related to the cation charge and radius as well as the composition of the melt through the parameters Z_i²/r, M/O, and Al/(Na + K + H). I present empirical fit parameters to the model equations that permit prediction of cation diffusivities given only charge and radius of the cation and temperature, composition and viscosity of the melt, for the entire range of temperatures accessible to magmas near to or above their liquidus, for magmas ranging in composition from basalt through andesite to hydrous or anhydrous rhyolite. Pressure effects are implicitly accounted for by corrections to melt viscosity. Ninety percent of diffusivities predicted by the models are within 0.6 log units of the measured values.     

Computational and conceptual issues in the calibration of seawater intrusion models

The inverse problem of seawater intrusion (SWI) is reviewed. It represents a challenge because of both conceptual and computational difficulties and because coastal aquifer models display many singularities: (1) head measurements need to be complemented with density information; (2) salinity concentration data are very sensitive to flow within the borehole. Data problems can be reduced by incorporating the measurement process within model calibration; (3) SWI models are extremely sensitive to aquifer bottom topography; (4) the initial conditions may be far from steady state and depend on the location and type of sea-aquifer connection. Problems with aquifer geometry and initial conditions can be addressed by parameterization, which allows for modification during inversion. The four sets of difficulties can be partly overcome by using tidal response and electrical conductivity data, which are highly informative and provide extensive coverage. Still, SWI inversion is extremely demanding from a computation point of view. Computational improvements are discussed.     

甘肃北山黑山岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床橄榄石特征及成因意义

黑山铜镍硫化物矿床是近年在甘肃北山发现的大型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床,含矿岩体主要由含矿橄榄岩相和南部边缘的角闪辉长岩相构成。研究发现含矿岩体中的橄榄石属贵橄榄石(Fo值为81.54~86.87),其w(Ni)介于(801.53~2 703.19)×10-6;利用橄榄辉长岩中最高Fo值和主量元素反演,表明原始岩浆属高镁玄武质岩浆,w(MgO)=11.65%,w(FeO)=10.12%;橄榄石分离结晶模拟计算结果表明,橄榄石结晶过程中伴随有0.12%~0.17%硫化物熔离,深部岩浆房中橄榄石分离结晶程度小于3%,橄榄石与硫化物最小质量比约14∶1;隙间硅酸盐熔浆和硫化物熔浆作用明显,是造成早期结晶橄榄石成分变化的重要原因。     

高密度三维地震数据驱动的煤层岩浆岩侵入区综合解释方法与应用

淮北矿区主采煤层多存在岩浆岩侵入现象,且具有侵入煤层多、分布面积广、侵入方式复杂等特点,常规地震勘探无法保证其解释精度。针对该问题,以全数字高密度三维地震勘探数据体为基础,对比分析不同岩浆岩侵入状态的地震响应特征;综合利用基于地层物性差异的地震多属性分析技术、基于波形差异的地震相分析技术和基于阻抗差异的测井约束波阻抗反演技术,进行煤层岩浆岩侵入区的识别与解释,精细雕刻其空间分布规律。研究表明：薄层岩浆岩侵入区以测井约束的波阻抗反演解释精度高,厚层岩浆岩侵入区预测则综合地震属性分析与地震相分析结果。因此,根据矿区的煤层分布和岩浆岩侵入特征,综合运用地震属性技术、地震相技术与波阻抗反演技术,能有效刻画出岩浆岩侵入煤层的分布范围。