Diesel transport monitoring in simulated unconfined aquifers using miniature resistivity arrays

The principal aim of this study is to assess the scope of monitoring diesel plume migration in a scaled aquifer model with a miniaturised electrical resistivity array. Respectively 1000 and 500 ml of diesel were injected in both the unsaturated and water-saturated zones of a sand body overlying a clay aquitard, and diesel migration was monitored with a miniature electrode array and an off-the-shelf resistivity meter. Inverted time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data reflect downward and lateral spreading of the diesel plume away from the injection point in the unsaturated zone. Diesel was also imaged to spread upwards and laterally away from the injection point in the saturated zone, as controlled by capillary rise. In both cases later-time ERT images reflected preferential pooling of diesel on the water table, as well as vertical smearing of pooled diesel in response to simulated water-table fluctuations. Repeat fluid electrical conductivity (EC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements validate the observed changes in bulk resistivity caused by both diesel injections. Artefacts introduced by 2D inversion of 3D contaminant transport were abound. Time-lapse ERT imaging of diesel transport is therefore inferred to be feasible and well-suited to complementing conventional techniques of intrusive site investigation, although time-lapse 3D or 4D ERT imaging is strongly advocated.     

土层结构对非饱和毛细水盐运移的影响

层状土层之间孔隙结构和水力学性质的不连续性对土体水盐运移有显著影响。基于现场调查,设计了两种不同粒径土层二元结构组合（黄土-砂质粉土和黄土-粉质黏土）的室内土柱试验,通过模型试验讨论了不同地下水补给条件下土层结构对毛细水分布和盐分累积的影响。试验结果表明：在毛细水补给条件下,黄土-砂质粉土构成的上细下粗型土层结构有利于毛细水盐运移,经过60 d蒸发后,其表层${\rm{SO}}_{\rm{4}}^{{\rm{2 - }}}$含量是上粗下细型土柱的两倍。在无毛细水补给条件下,砂质粉土层中水盐向上迁移总量和迁移速率大于粉质黏土层,最终上细下粗型土柱中上覆土层各层位离子含量均大于上粗下细型土柱。研究结果为层状土区盐渍土病害的防治提供了试验参考。     

基于电阻率法的充填裂隙-基质中盐热运移试验研究

为探究盐、热示踪剂在裂隙-基质中示踪的有效性,设计了充填裂隙-基质试验模型,开展了不同示踪剂下的试验,结合不同测点的实时动态电阻率监测数据,研究充填裂隙-基质中示踪剂运移过程,并讨论基于电阻率法的盐、热示踪的有效性结果表明：（1）电阻率法可以揭示3种不同示踪剂注入充填裂隙-基质系统的过程以及裂隙-基质系统中裂隙的存在;（2）盐热示踪剂下裂隙与基质内的体积电导率变化率差异最为显著;（3）质量浓度与体积电导率拟合效果要优于温度与体积电导率拟合效果。这说明了基于电阻率法的示踪剂对刻画裂隙-基质中裂隙与基质位置的有效性,且盐热联合示踪剂效果最好。数据成果对野外电法勘探裂隙位置及其他非均质地层构造研究具有一定的参考价值。     

电阻率层析成像的实质及其应用

电阻率层析成像技术是８０年代末期发展起来的一种地球物理勘探方法，本文分析了其实质，并介绍了用于电阻率层成像野外观测的ＭＣＯＨＭ－２１型仪器，最后通过实例说明了该方法的应用前景。     

膜下滴灌微区环境对土壤水盐运移的影响

基于膜下滴灌特有的"膜中"、"膜间"、"膜边"、"膜外"微区环境,利用2011—2013年田间对比试验方法获取的5 960个数据,运用柯布-道格拉斯模型,构建膜下滴灌环境土壤层次、灌水定额、土壤水分、气温、蒸发综合因素与土壤水盐关系及影响效应分析模型.结果表明,在气候干旱、蒸发强烈灌区,地膜覆盖与滴灌结合的地表介面灌溉形式下,土壤水盐具有水平方向由"膜中"向"膜边"地表裸露区定向迁移,垂直方向土壤水盐则由下向上层运移且趋于"膜外"边界积累的趋势,尤其是气温与蒸发因素交互作用,推进膜下滴灌土壤水盐在地膜覆盖与土壤裸露区域空间运移,研究结果进一步揭示了膜下滴灌"土壤水盐定向迁移"形成机理,为膜下滴灌土壤水盐地表排放模式应用提供了依据.     

Experimental study and numerical simulation of soil water and salt transport under dry drainage conditions

Coal mining has serious impacts on local environment, including damage to the land and soil by subsidence, damage to ground-water systems through the fracturing and subsiding of overlying rocks, contamination of surface waters with acid mine drainage, and pollution of the atmosphere by release of toxic gases. The damage to ground water and its consequent impacts on the regional environment is the core of research of the coal mining from the perspective of environment protection. The present paper focuses on the changes of surface vegetation coverage, the pollutants released from pit coal power plants, and the damages to the ground aquifers induced by mining activities in arid Eastern Junggar coalfield of China. At first, the authors investigated the changes of surface vegetation coverage, since mining began in the 2000s using Landsat data. Results show that the low surface vegetation coverage (grade 1 plus grade 2) in the southern part of the region decreased from 11.62?×?10⁸ m² in 2003 to 9.57?×?10⁸ m² in 2017 (?17.6%), while it increased from 11.58?×?10⁸ m² in 2003 to 12.70?×?10⁸ m² in 2017 (+?9.7%) in the eastern part. The high surface vegetation coverage (grade 3 plus grade 4) in the southern part increased from 1.94?×?10⁸ m² in 2003 to 4.00?×?10⁸ m² in 2017 (+?106.2%), while it decreased from 4.39?×?10⁸ m² in 2003 to 3.26?×?10⁸ m² in 2017 (?25.74%) in the eastern part. The data of annual precipitation during the same period in this area show that the changes of surface vegetation coverage have less relationship with the annual precipitation, which indicates that the mining activities is probably the major factor for that. Second, a statistic of air pollutants generated from pit coal power plants was made based on data of references. Results show that the estimated gaseous pollutant emissions increased as 865.23 tons of smoke particles, 5940.73 tons of SO₂, and 7584.48 tons of NO₂ in 2013, which increased rapidly with 9.73 times the smoke particle, 21.69 times the SO₂, and 9.24 times the NO₂ than that of 2007. And then, the physical and numerical simulation of the damage of mining activities to aquifers was made to show the permeability of the reference points of overlying aquifers varies associated with mining activities. Results show that the porous rock matrix permeability has a negative relationship with fluctuation during mining, while the fracture permeability shows a positive one. Finally, a case investigation in southern area surrounding this coalfield was illustrated. Result shows that the local ground-water level decreased by 16 m difference from the altitude level of?+?774 m in 2003 to?+?758 m in 2013. Data and results from this study presented the already and the potential pollutions and damages to local environment induced by the mining activities in this region.

     

高密度电阻率法二维层析成像研究与应用

电阻率层析成像是基于研究区域边界处的电压和电流值确定区域内部电阻率的分布,它同声波和电磁波层析成像原理有着本质的不同。讨论了电阻率层析成像正演最常用的有限元法,给出了电阻率层析成像反演法的模拟退火方法,并将其成功运用到电阻率成像反演中。应用实例显示,高密度电阻率二维层析成像的分辨率比常规电阻率法解释结果要高,应用前景广泛。     

Delineation of groundwater resources using electrical resistivity tomography

Chandrabhaga basin of the Nagpur district is a part of the drought prone Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India. This region is facing acute shortage of water for drinking and irrigation purposes. The basin is located at the eastern fringe of the Deccan traps consisting of volcanic rocks. Presently, dug wells penetrating composite layers of the weathered mantle and highly fractured rocks overlying stratified basaltic lava flows are the main source of water supply. However, water available in the dug wells is inadequate to meet the ever increasing demand for water causing considerable economic losses to the farming community. In this work, we present the results of an electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey carried out in the basin for the delineation of groundwater potential zones. Validity of the hydrogeological setup obtained from the ERT results has been confirmed by bore well drillings at two investigated sites. The study demonstrates the efficacy of the ERT technique in delineation of groundwater potential zones in the hydrogeologically complex basaltic terrain of the Deccan traps.     

Olive-oil mill wastewater transport under unsaturated and saturated laboratory conditions using the geoelectrical resistivity tomography method and the FEFLOW model

An integrated approach for monitoring the vertical transport of a solute into the subsurface by using a geophysical method and a simulation model is proposed and evaluated. A medium-scale (1 m³) laboratory tank experiment was constructed to represent a real subsurface system, where an olive-oil mill wastewater (OOMW) spill might occur. High-resolution cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was performed to monitor the OOMW transport. Time-lapse ERT images defined the spatial geometry of the interface between the contaminated and uncontaminated soil into the unsaturated and saturated zones. Knowing the subsurface characteristics, the finite element flow and transport model FEFLOW was used for simulating the contaminant movement, utilizing the ERT results as a surrogate for concentration measurements for the calibration process. A statistical analysis of the ERT measurements and the corresponding transport model results for various time steps showed a good agreement between them. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of the most important parameters of the simulation model (unsaturated flow, saturated flow and transport) was performed. This laboratory-scale study emphasizes that the combined use of geophysical and transport-modeling approaches can be useful for small-scale field applications where contaminant concentration measurements are scarce, provided that its transferability from laboratory to field conditions is investigated thoroughly.     

地电影像技术在水利堤坝隐患探测中的应用

阐述了最新发展起来的物探方法——地电影像技术的原理及其应用在水利堤坝隐患探测中的地质—地球物理基础,并结合实例讨论了该领域的应用前景     

Kinematic bending of single piles in layered soil

Acta Geotechnica - A continuum solution is proposed for the kinematic bending of single piles embedded in a layered soil deposit. A displacement model is proposed to represent the displacement of...     

层状地基中群桩水平振动

在考虑地基土分层的基础上,采用动力Winkler地基模型模拟桩土相互作用并运用传递矩阵,求解层状地基中的单桩和群桩的阻抗函数.在计算动力相互作用因子时考虑了被动桩与土的相互作用.最后将相互作用因子和群桩阻抗的本文解与精确解进行对比,验证了本文方法的有效性.     

饱和成层地基中静压单桩挤土效应的有限元模拟

针对实际工程中成层土情况中静压桩存在的问题,在ANSYS平台上,应用位移贯入法对静力压桩的连续贯入的全过程进行有限元模拟,详细对比了在均质土和成层土中静力压桩产生的位移场和应力场。指出软硬土层交界处土体位移加 大,土中挤压应力剧变,出现应力间断。实际工程中,挤压应力间断使已压入桩的侧向受力剧变,导致桩体易开裂、弯折。这里提出相应的解决方法。     

3D electrical resistivity tomography survey for the basement of the Abeokuta terrain of Southwestern Nigeria

Geological structures are 3-Dimensional (3D) in nature, thus 1-Dimensional and 2-Dimensional surveys cannot adequately model them. However, sophisticated 3D survey equipment are very expensive. In this study, a singlechannel ABEM SAS 300B Terrameter was used to obtain 3D models of the subsurface. This survey was carried out at three different locations within Abeokuta, a basement complex terrain of southwestern Nigeria. The area falls within longitudes 3.35° and 3.38° East and latitudes 7.22° and 7.46° North respectively, with coordinates of 2550.0 m North and 1724.2 m East. A manual 4-electrode system was used in the Electrical Resistivity Tomography survey at the three locations. Each location was marked into 7 by 7 square grids with 1 m, 3 m and 5 m unit electrode spacings in succession. The pole-pole array was used with the two remote electrodes placed at distances of 23 m, 40 m and 65 m from the grids of 1 m, 3 m and 5 m unit electrode spacings respectively, to reduce their telluric effects on the measured apparent resistivity values. To reduce survey time consumption, the cross-diagonal survey method was adopted. The data obtained were analysed using a 3D inversion software called RES3DINV and 3-Dimensional models of the subsurface were also generated using Slicer Dicer graphics software. The study revealed layers extending to depths of 7.75 m, 23.2 m and 38.7 m for unit electrode spacings of 1 m, 3 m and 5 m respectively. It revealed resistivity values ranging from 7.3 Ωm to 300 Ωm for electrode spacing of 1.0 m; 13.8 Ωm to 200 Ωm for electrode spacing of 3 m and 3.9 Ωm to 200 Ωm for electrode spacing of 5 m at the first location. At the second location, it revealed resistivity values ranging from 0.53 Ωm to 120.0 Ωm for electrode spacing of 3 m and 0.30 Ωm to 100 Ωm for electrode spacing of 5 m. For electrode spacings of 1 m, 3 m and 5 m, resistivity values ranging from 6.1 Ωm to 600 Ωm, 12 Ωm to 600 Ωm and 0.85 Ωm to 1700 Ωm were obtained respectively at the third location. Generally, this study revealed lithologies composed of lateritic soil, sand, sandstone, sandyclay, clayeysand, weathered rock, fractured rock, clay and fresh basement; to a depth of about 39 m. Also, location 3 was discovered to have good groundwater prospects; though not as good as for locations 1 and 2.     

Efficacy of electrical resistivity tomography technique in mapping shallow subsurface anomaly

Electrical Resistivity Tomography is a versatile, fast and cost effective technique for mapping the shallow subsurface anomaly. It covers a wide spectrum of resistivity ranging from <1 Ohm.m to several thousands of Ohm.m. In this paper applications and utility of two-dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) technique are discussed to look into huge data density coverage, different signal strengths of data from subsurface and their implications in resolving the aquifer zones, related geological structures etc. of the substratum ranging from alluvium to tectonically disturbed hard rock ridge region of the country. The major advantages and flexibility of ERT over conventional resistivity methods are also discussed.     

均质土体中土钉受力的极限分析上限法

土钉支护是加固机制上的锚固机制,土钉支护的受力和变形是随施工过程逐步变化的。采用追踪施工过程的增量计算方法,并将稳定性分析与土钉轴力计算相统一,根据稳定性要求来计算土钉受力,是土钉支护中土钉受力计算的合理途径。考虑到土钉支护中土与土钉共同作用以及潜在滑移面处土钉受力的特点,在土钉支护的稳定性分析中可以采用极限分析上限方法。根据上限方法中的相容速度场以及土钉受力与位移的关系,可确定在上限分析中每一开挖工况下土钉轴力增量的比例关系。应用上限方法的能量方程进行每一开挖工况下土钉支护稳定性的计算,即可优化求解出每一开挖工况下的土钉所需提供的能量耗散,而后依据上述确定的增量比例系数,即可求得该开挖工况下的土钉轴力增量,而各开挖工况下土钉轴力增量的积累即为最终土钉轴力。通过工程实例计算表明,上述方法是准确和有效的。     

层状盐岩双井流场浓度场试验及数值计算

为了研究层状盐岩小间距双井水溶造腔中流场浓度场特征,进行了相关的模型试验和数值计算。基于量纲分析法搭建了模拟建腔期腔内流场的相似模型试验平台,利用染色法研究了建腔期腔内流场运移规律,并采用时均法测量腔内浓度。试验发现：流量越大,浮羽流极限高度越高,但腔内浓度变化速率减小,排卤口浓度变低;提管高度的改变实际上是改变了淡水相对于腔体的初始空间位置;夹层赋存状态变化实际是改变夹层在溶腔中的空间位置,处于不同区域的夹层会改变腔体流场的运动趋势和作用范围。利用Fluent软件进行3D数值计算,结果验证了室内试验流场的普遍规律,得出同样的分层结果;但在速度分布上,发现流场底部并非无宏观流动,而是自然对流扩散和沉降作用占主导。     

Estimation of soil weathering degree using electrical resistivity

In this study, the electrical resistivity of soil having different chemical weathering index (CWI) was measured, and the correlation between CWI and the electrical resistivity was estimated. The electrical resistivity of soil varies with CWI of soil. The difference in the electrical resistivities of soils having different weathering degrees is clear at lower water contents. At the volumetric water contents estimated in this study, CWI could be described by a linear equation of electrical resistivity with the constants related to the volumetric water content. The findings in this study suggest that the electrical resistivity could be used as an effective alternative for estimating the weathering degree of soil.     

均质土坡的圆弧滑动分析

均质土坡圆弧滑动分析通常需要对圆心坐标和半径的3个参数进行搜索。通过分析圆心水平坐标即圆弧平移对失稳指数的影响,确认危险圆弧或通过坡脚,或圆心水平坐标由半径确定。利用不等式证明垂直边坡的临界滑面通过坡脚,且滑出角度大于内摩擦角。纯黏性边坡倾角大于 后圆弧滑面通过坡脚;而小于该角度圆心在坡面中垂线上,滑出角度?66.78?的圆弧在半径趋于无限时成为最危险滑面,相应的边坡临界高度为 ,保持恒定。具体计算表明,内摩擦系数为0.05,0.1和0.2时,边坡倾角小于40?,34?和22?时最危险滑面不过坡脚,但相应的失稳指数与过坡脚滑面的数值相差不到2 %;内摩擦系数大于0.3后最危险滑动圆弧都通过坡脚。就此而言,在评价均质边坡临界高度时直接对过坡脚的圆弧进行搜索即可。本文结果是基于数学分析得到的,可以作为边坡数值计算程序的参考。     

石油烃类污染土壤电阻率特征及其影响因素

为研究不同类型土壤受到石油烃污染后电阻率的变化情况和影响因素,采用米勒盒对4种不同类型的污染土壤进行室内电阻率实验.结果表明:粗砂和细砂的电阻率随着污染物量增加而减小,粉土和黏土的电阻率随着污染物量增加而增大,呈现出相反的趋势;当含水率大于30%时,改变含水率对土壤电阻率的影响很小,此时决定污染土电阻率的因素为土壤类型和污染物含量;温度是影响土壤电阻率的一个重要外部环境因素,受污染土壤电阻率随着温度升高而降低,符合修正参数的Campbell经验公式.