高密度电阻率法在工程勘查中的应用

阐述了高密度电阻率法的工作原理、仪器设备、测量装置及20余年的数据处理过程和体会,利用桥粱基础勘察、隧道工程勘察两个应用实例,论述了新老高密度电阻率观测系统的特点和应用范围,结论是针时不同项目的勘查地质任务,要采用不同的测量装置施工,多年来工作成果表明:高密度电阻率法在工程勘查中具有仪器轻便、施工便捷、数据采集量大、地质信息丰富、成果可信等优势,是工程勘查领域一种可行有效的勘查方法,文中也对该方法存在的问题进行了分析和评述.     

综合勘探方法在解决地质问题中的应用

三维地震勘探在解决诸如小断层、小构造、煤矿采区陷落柱等方面的应用日益广泛。然而,由于地质条件的复杂性以及各种物探方法的特点不同,有时三维地震勘探方法需要与其它物探方法相结合才能更好地发挥其作用。本文以济三煤矿十四采区为例,介绍了利用三维地震和瞬变电磁法勘探相结合,探测采区的断层及煤层顶板上100m内的岩层富水体的方法、特点及经验。     

Application of the discontinuous spectral Galerkin method to groundwater flow

The discontinuous spectral Galerkin method uses a finite-element discretization of the groundwater flow domain with basis functions of arbitrary order in each element. The independent choice of the basis functions in each element permits discontinuities in transmissivity in the flow domain. This formulation is shown to be of high order accuracy and particularly suitable for accurately calculating the flow field in porous media. Simulations are presented in terms of streamlines in a bidimensional aquifer, and compared with the solution calculated with a standard finite-element method and a mixed finite-element method. Numerical simulations show that the discontinuous spectral Galerkin approximation is more efficient than the standard finite-element method (in computing fluxes and streamlines/pathlines) for a given accuracy, and it is more accurate on a given grid. On the other hand the mixed finite-element method ensures the continuity of the fluxes at the cell boundaries and it is particular efficient in representing complicated flow fields with few mesh points. Simulations show that the mixed finite-element method is superior to the discontinuous spectral Galerkin method producing accurate streamlines even if few computational nodes are used. The application of the discontinuous Galerkin method is thus of interest in groundwater problems only when high order and extremely accurate solutions are needed.     

我国多参数激电测深找水应用综述

近40年来,地球物理技术在我国的地下水勘查中得到了比较多的应用,IP、TEM、EH4、CSAMT、SNMR等物探找水方法不断涌现.本文在介绍激电找水原理和技术方法的基础上,通过3个不同类型地下水勘查的成功实例,表明多参数直流激电测深这一传统的地球物理勘查方法在地下水勘查中仍具有独特的优势.提出了含水层的激电异常特征、含...     

综合物探方法在堤防质量检测中的应用

在堤防质量检测中,地球物理方法能够实现快速、无损的探测,但采用单一物探方法对堤防隐患的判别易形成多解,也很难对堤防质量做出准确分类.本文中应用探地雷达、高密度电法、地震勘探等综合物探方法对大源渡堤防质量进行检测,并以龙荫港以例,通过综合三种物探方法互相参照、相互验证,互为补充,查明了堤防隐患的分布位置与埋深,为堤防质量检测提供一种新的工作方法.     

Application of multiscale finite element method in the uncertainty qualification of large-scale groundwater flow

In this article, we discuss the application of multiscale finite element method (MsFEM) to groundwater flow in heterogeneous porous media. We investigate the ability of MsFEM in qualifying the flow uncertainty. Monte Carlo simulation is employed to implement the stochastic analysis, and MsFEM is used to avoid a full resolution to the spatial variable conductivity field. Large-scale flow with high variability is investigated by inspecting the single realization as well as the probability distribution functions of head and velocity. The numerical results show that the performance of MsFEM depends on the ratio between the correlation length and the coarse element size. An accurate prediction to the velocity requires a much lower ratio than the head. The MsFEM has different convergence rates for the head and the velocity, while the convergence rates do not deteriorate as the variance grows.     

综合物探方法在铝土矿勘查中的应用

区域地层为较稳定的沉积岩层,中二叠系梁山组含铝岩系广泛分布于区域上向斜构造内,为铝土矿的找矿奠定了物质基础.区内车盘向斜构造控制着铝土矿的分布,使探矿工作成为可能.由于铝土矿无明显的磁性、密度差异等物性特征,铝土矿的地球物理勘探仍然是盲区,单一的地球物理方法难以提取出其异常特征.本文阐述了综合利用音频大地电磁法(AMT)和直流电测深(DC)两种物探方法在沉积岩中查找铝土矿,并获得良好的效果.音频大地电磁测深法可以提供大尺度的岩性分布特征.直流电测深能准确的划分出地下介质层位的电阻率分布,且对细小异常的分辨能力强.据地质资料推测,目标矿层铝土矿位于石灰岩与砂泥岩分界面中.AMT能划分出分界面,但难以识别覆存其中的目标矿体,利用DC可查出该异常.结合钻孔资料可以验证异常,同时对比进行物探数据的处理和解释,这样的组合勘探方法对于深部找矿及后期的开发是行之有效的.     

Groundwater exploration using integrated geophysical techniques

The integrated approach to solving complicated geological, hydrological and environmental problems is now widely used in geophysics. Among all the geophysical methods, electrical and electromagnetic techniques are the most popular in groundwater exploration due to the close relationship between electrical conductivity and some hydrogeological properties of the aquifer (e.g. porosity, clay content, mineralization of the groundwater and degree of water saturation). Case histories presented here show that by proper combination of different techniques such as conventional direct current (DC) resistivity as well as the more advanced electromagnetic (EM) methods and the most recent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tomography, the reliability of interpretation as compared to that typical for the individual methods can be significantly improved.     

物元法在苏州市第Ⅱ承压地下水水质评价中的应用

本文在物元分析理论的基础上,将水质量标准、评价指标及其特征值作为物元,并以苏州市第Ⅱ承压地下水为例进行了水质评价。通过建立评价模型,对评价标准及实测数据进行归一化,得到模型的经典域、节域、权系数及关联度,评价结果表明,苏州市大部分第Ⅱ承压地下水水质优良,达到了Ⅰ、Ⅱ类水,未遭受外来物质的污染,评价结果符合实际情况。     

Application of grey correlation method to evaluate potential groundwater recharge sites

Artificial recharge is a practical tool available for increasing the groundwater storage capacity. The efficiency of artificial recharge is related to various hydrogeological factors of the target area. In this study, a variable saturated groundwater flow model, FEMWATER, was used to evaluate the arrival times of recharged water that infiltrates from an artificial recharge pond to the groundwater table under various hydrogeological conditions. Forty-five arrival times were generated by FEMWATER. The relationships between the arrival times and hydrogeological factors used in the simulation of FEMWATER were analyzed by the grey correlation method. The results show the order of importance of the factors as they influence the arrival time. In order from high to low importance, they are α, D _g, θ _e, D _p, K _S and β. D _g and D _p are interpreted as the potential for movement of the recharge water; θ_e is the water storage capacity of soil, and K _S represents the ability of soil to transport water. α and β describe the characteristic curve of the unsaturated soil. The method was applied to evaluate a suitable site for artificial recharge in the Yun-Lin area. Grey correlation analysis was performed to obtain the grey correlation grade using the minimum arrival time as a reference sequence. An index is proposed herein to determine the recharge efficiency of 20 sampling sites. A contour mapping of index values at the 20 sampling sites identified three areas for artificial aquifer recharge in Yun-Lin. Area A in the upper plain is considered more appropriate for groundwater recharge than areas B and C in the coast.     

大地电磁法在阿苏卫填埋场地下水污染检测的应用研究

城市垃圾填埋引发的地下水污染是一个危及国计民生的大问题,对垃圾填埋场地下水污染状况进行有效探测已成为环境治理工作面临的一项紧迫任务.本文通过应用大地电磁法对阿苏卫垃圾填埋场地下水污染的检测研究,揭示出该地区地下电性结构和地下水污染区的电性特征,并通过引入模糊数学的隶属函数理论,给出了地下水污染划分的量化指标,清晰、直观地显示出阿苏卫垃圾填埋场地下水污染状况.     

On the exploration of a marine aquifer offshore Israel by long-offset transient electromagnetics

The existence of aquifers extending from land beneath the sea floor up to a distance of several kilometres has been observed and examined all over the world. The coastal aquifer of Israel is a heavily used groundwater reservoir which has to be constantly monitored to ensure the drinking water supply. Former land-based electromagnetic measurements show that it is, in several places, blocked to seawater intrusion and is consequently a candidate for submarine extension. Multicomponent long-offset transient electromagnetic measurements were carried out offshore on the coast of Israel. We deployed a 400-m-long grounded dipole as transmitter and several electric and magnetic receivers on the sea floor up to a distance of 4.8 km from the coast. Altogether, we deployed 8 transmitter positions and received data sets at 14 receiver stations onshore and offshore, with offsets of mostly 400 and 800 m. In this paper, we present the survey and 1D Occam and Marquardt inversions of the offshore horizontal electric components in the broadside and inline configuration. In addition, the vertical magnetic component in the broadside position is also considered. Only single inversions, both single offset and single component, were used to detect the aquifer under sea sediments. We prove the submarine existence of the Israeli coastal aquifer up to a distance to the coast of approximately 3.2 to 3.6 km using all measured long-offset transient electromagnetic components. In addition, we present modelling studies with synthetic data derived from a subsurface model adjusted to our survey area with very shallow water from 10 to 50 m. As part of the planning before the survey, a parameter study of the expected subsurface, the examination of the airwave phenomenon and the justification for our 1D inversion strategy are shown. More detailed eigen parameter analyses are added to explain the measured data.     

Application of the water table fluctuation method to characterize groundwater recharge in the Pampa plain,Argentina

Abstract

The water table fluctuation (WTF) method is based on accepting that rises of a water table are due to recharge water reaching the groundwater. To apply the method, an estimate of the specific yield of the zone of fluctuation of the groundwater level is required. In this paper, a method for estimation of the specific yield (S_y) is proposed; it consists of a graphical procedure which relates rises in groundwater level to the precipitation from which they originated. The method presents more reliable S_y values as the number of events measured increases. Eighteen years of daily measurements were analysed to obtain a S_y value of 0.09, which was used to apply the WTF method. The obtained recharge values show consistency with values calculated by other authors for the same region.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Varni, M., Comas, R., Weinzettel, P., and Dietrich, S., 2013. Application of water table fluctuation method to characterize the groundwater recharge in the Pampa plain, Argentina. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (7), 1445–1455.     

Application of a wide-field electromagnetic method to shale gas exploration in South China

In an effort to reduce the shale gas exploration risks and costs, we applied the wide-field electromagnetic method (WFEM), because of its strong anti-interference capability, high resolution, ability to conduct exploration at large depths, and high efficiency, to the Bayan Syncline in the South Huayuan block, Hunan Province. We collected rock samples and analyzed their resistivity and induced polarization (IP) and built A series of two-dimensional models for geological conditions to investigate the applicability of WFEM to different geological structures. We also analyzed the correlation between TOC of shale and the resistivity and IP ratio to determine the threshold for identifying target formations. We used WFEM to identify the underground structures and determine the distribution, depth, and thickness of the target strata. Resistivity, IP, and total organic carbon were used to evaluate the shale gas prospects and select favorable areas (sweet spots) for exploration and development. Subsequently, drilling in these areas proved the applicability of WFEM in shale gas exploration.     

油气勘探综合地球物理研究方法综述

目前我国油气勘探难度不断加大，前新生代海相碳酸盐岩残留量地已成为我国油气资源二次创业的突破口。面对复杂地质体，只有综合应用各种地球物理现到数据，各种方法采长补短才能获得对目标的较全面地认识。本文阐述了油气勘探进行踪合地球物理研究的必要性、综合地球物理研究方法的应用现状和主要进展以及研究方法，指出油气勘探的发展方向要走综合地球物理研究的路子、区域制约局部，深层约数浅层是综合地球物理研究的原则；物性的研究是综合地球物理的前提；而联合反演是综合地球物理的实质。通过对综合地球物理研究成功实例的总结，提出综合地球物理研究中的难点和待解决的问题，指出了今后综合地球物理的发展方向。     

Error control of iterative linear solvers for integrated groundwater models

An open problem that arises when using modern iterative linear solvers, such as the preconditioned conjugate gradient method or Generalized Minimum RESidual (GMRES) method, is how to choose the residual tolerance in the linear solver to be consistent with the tolerance on the solution error. This problem is especially acute for integrated groundwater models, which are implicitly coupled to another model, such as surface water models, and resolve both multiple scales of flow and temporal interaction terms, giving rise to linear systems with variable scaling. This article uses the theory of "forward error bound estimation" to explain the correspondence between the residual error in the preconditioned linear system and the solution error. Using examples of linear systems from models developed by the US Geological Survey and the California State Department of Water Resources, we observe that this error bound guides the choice of a practical measure for controlling the error in linear systems. We implemented a preconditioned GMRES algorithm and benchmarked it against the Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) method, the most widely known iterative solver for nonsymmetric coefficient matrices. With forward error control, GMRES can easily replace the SOR method in legacy groundwater modeling packages, resulting in the overall simulation speedups as large as 7.74×. This research is expected to broadly impact groundwater modelers through the demonstration of a practical and general approach for setting the residual tolerance in line with the solution error tolerance and presentation of GMRES performance benchmarking results.     

An integrated optimization algorithm for parameter structure identification in groundwater modeling

The inverse problem of parameter structure identification in a distributed parameter system remains challenging. Identifying a more complex parameter structure requires more data. There is also the problem of over-parameterization. In this study, we propose a modified Tabu search for parameter structure identification. We embed an adjoint state procedure in the search process to improve the efficiency of the Tabu search. We use Voronoi tessellation for automatic parameterization to reduce the dimension of the distributed parameter. Additionally, a coarse-fine grid technique is applied to further improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed methodology. To avoid over-parameterization, at each level of parameter complexity we calculate the residual error for parameter fitting, the parameter uncertainty error and a modified Akaike Information Criterion. To demonstrate the proposed methodology, we conduct numerical experiments with synthetic data that simulate both discrete hydraulic conductivity zones and a continuous hydraulic conductivity distribution. Our results indicate that the Tabu search allied with the adjoint state method significantly improves computational efficiency and effectiveness in solving the inverse problem of parameter structure identification.     

Analysis and integrated modelling of groundwater infiltration to sewer networks

Infiltration of groundwater to sewer systems is a problem for the capacity of the system as well as for treatment processes at waste water treatment plants. This paper quantifies the infiltration of groundwater to a sewer system in Frederikshavn Municipality, Denmark, by measurements of sewer flow and novel model set‐up, which simulates the interaction between groundwater and sewer flow. The study area has a separate waste water sewer system, but the discharged volumes from the system are approximately twice the volumes from a tight system without infiltration. The model set‐up makes use of two commercial models: mike she for simulation of groundwater transport and mike urban (mouse ) [DHI, Hørsholm, Denmark] for simulation of sewer flow. By simulating the groundwater level and calibrating infiltration coefficients against sewer flow measurements, it has been possible to estimate the average infiltration to the sewer system with satisfying results. The infiltration processes are indeed complicated and to a large degree heterogeneous throughout the sewer system. The paper shows contribution from both saturated and unsaturated groundwater zones, which makes the modelling process complex. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

综合物化探方法在石庙子沟金矿勘查中的应用

在石庙子沟金矿勘查中,运用了物化探综合方法测量。各方法在金矿体上均有不同的异常反映,异常的吻合程度较好。经槽探工程验证,实测异常分布特征与矿（化）体吻合。表明采用物化探综合方法测量寻找金矿体是行之有效的找矿方法。     

甚低频电磁法龙头山银铅锌矿床勘查中的应用

随着找矿、勘探与开发生产实践的不断深入,表露矿与浅部矿渐趋减少,找矿难度逐渐增大,找到一种简捷、迅速的勘查、探矿方式,迫在眉睫.根据实践证明,甚低频电磁法是较为理想的选择.在运用甚低频电磁法时,通过对所测数据进行Fraser滤波等技术处理,并且结合矿区地质研究控矿规律及矿体赋存规律,从而有效地圈定掩盖区异常地质体及其产状和展布方向,预测矿体空间赋存部位,为深部找矿提供依据.