PS100型IP到端可控源高精度大地电测仪系统——CDMA技术首次在地电阻率测量中的应用

CDMA技术首次应用到地电阻率测量,在强电磁干扰环境下实现微弱电信号的检测和高精度测量.设计并实现了直接用标准电阻标定地电仪的方法并可对仪器的抗干扰能力进行测定.仪器已在地震前兆监测、石油开发中得到实际使用,实现在野外恶劣的测量环境下（信噪比20 dB）取得0.1%的测量精度.     

城市环境振动的测量

本文对城市环境振动进行了研究,测量了不同时段城市环境振动;重车起车、刹车及不同车速引起的振动测量;地铁进站、出站及运行引起的振动测量以及对基础和结构物的影响.     

新疆且末地磁基准台场址勘选

对拟建设的新疆且末地磁台进行场址勘选,采取十字剖面测量和密跨度测量方法进行地磁场总强度F测量,对测量结果进行初步分析.分析结果表明,且末地磁台的地质条件、磁场梯度分布和背景噪声环境等地磁观测环境条件,符合国家地磁台建设规范的要求,适宜地磁基准台站建设.     

加热环境对人工合成磁赤铁矿热磁行为的影响

热磁测量,包括高温磁化率和高温磁化强度测量,是根据热磁曲线转折点的温度(居里点、尼尔点或相变点)鉴定样品中磁性矿物种类的有效方法.本文选取两个人工合成磁赤铁矿样品,利用四种热磁测量仪器分析不同的条件下测得的热磁曲线.依据样品与空气接触程度,将测量环境设为开放、封闭、封闭(通入氩气或氮气)三类.结果表明:热磁测量环境的开放程度对居里点和曲线可逆程度产生极大的影响.封闭环境下测得的居里点较开放环境下的低,分别对应磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿;开放系统的热磁曲线不可逆程度高于封闭系统.造成这些差异的原因是氧化还原条件的不同.本文的磁赤铁矿样品在封闭的条件下,加热至250 ℃左右开始转化为磁铁矿,因此无法通过居里点被正确识别;在开放的氧化环境下,加热的最终产物为赤铁矿,能够测得正确的居里点.本实验结果启发人们:在不同的加热环境下,磁性矿物可能表现出不同的热磁行为,根据单一的热磁曲线,很容易对样品中磁性矿物的种类造成误判.全面对比不同条件下的测量结果,才能够得出更为准确的结果.     

跨蔚广盆地南缘断裂流动形变监测场地选址—以大探口场地为例

根据蔚广盆地南缘断裂活动特征,依据跨断层流动形变测量相关规范和标准,结合场地环境条件,在断裂的全新世活动段大探口选址跨断层流动形变测量场地.该场地满足相关规范要求,为开展跨断层流动形变测量奠定了基础.     

DI2002测距仪在高原的测量实验

分析DI2002测距仪在川西高原虾拉沱基线场地对基线AB边和AC边进行短距测量实验所得数据,检验DI2002测距仪在气候独特的高原环境中是否满足距离测量限差精度要求,并将其测量结果与同期基线测量数据资料进行比较.得出DI2002测距仪能适用于气候瞬息多变的川西高原.     

内陆核电厂对水库环境的影响—以咸宁核电厂为例

随着我国核电产业的迅速发展,内陆核电厂的建没成为必然趋势.本文以成宁核电厂为例,从辐射影响、余氯影响和冷却系统影响等方面,评价核电厂对富水水库可能造成的环境影响.评价结果显示,核电厂放射性释放对于水库中参考鱼类产生的总辐射剂量率为2.06×10~(-4)mGy/d,低于背景辐射本底值和国际组织推荐限值;核电厂造成的库区和下游饮水口处水体中的总β放射性,叠加本底值后仍满足1Bq/L的生活饮用水质要求;核电厂运行的化学排放和冷却系统对于水库环境的影响也很小.同时,在与美国North Anna核电厂环境影响进行比较的基础上,分析了在我国滨湖厂址建设核电厂的适宜性,并对减缓内陆核电厂对湖库环境的影响给出建议.     

近钻头井斜动态测量重力加速度信号提取方法研究

利用加速度计进行近钻头井斜动态测量时,钻具的高速旋转,井下强振动、强冲击环境给重力加速度测量带来极大干扰,如何从干扰噪声中有效提取重力加速度信号对于提高井斜角和工具面角的测量精度至关重要.根据重力加速度径向和切向分量为周期性信号,轴向分量为近似直流信号,离心加速度为缓慢变化信号,振动和冲击加速度为随机信号的特征,提出一种基于互相关检测的重力加速度信号提取方法,选择径向或切向磁力计信号作为参考信号.利用相关检测方法分别对仿真数据、实验室旋转测试数据和振动测试数据进行处理,并计算了井斜角和工具面角,结果表明相关检测方法可以有效提取重力加速度信号,基于MEMS加速度计的井斜角测量精度优于0.5°,工具面角变化连续平滑,满足井斜动态测量需求.通过进一步开展实际钻井环境测试,该方法有望应用于近钻头地质导向系统或旋转导向钻井系统等需要近钻头井斜动态测量的场合.     

环境与工程地球物理的发展趋势

2006年6月在武汉召开了第二届环境与工程地球物理国际会议.会议围绕近年来兴起的近地表探测问题展开,涉及方法原理、仪器采集、资料处理等各个环节,反映出国内外环境与工程探测领域的若干前沿热点和发展动态.结合本次会议,可以看出该学科主要趋势为：应用领域不断扩宽,方法技术灵活多样,重视基础理论研究,开发新型（特种）仪器,通过高精度测量、延时测量、先进的数据处理技术和信息技术等手段改善探测质量.我国对环境与工程地球物理有很大的需要,应根据我国实际情况,吸收国外先进经验,积极开展自主创新.     

光泵磁力仪频率信号高精度测定技术实现

针对井下弱磁观测环境狭小,测量精度要求高,但方便实时上传数据,可实现自动测量等特点,设计并制作了一种适用于井下绝对观测的氦光泵磁力仪单片机的频率计.频率计基于Cortex-M3内核的ARM芯片,通过定时器的外部时钟模式进行定时计数,在中断函数中进行计算,得到信号频率.多次实验后,为进一步提高测量精度,使用32 MHz有...     

Testing the accuracy of quartz OSL dating using a known-age Eemian site on the river Sula, northern Russia

Quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) forms the basis for the chronology of Weichselian ice advances in Arctic Eurasia developed over the last few years. There is almost no age control on this chronology before 40 ka, except for some marine sediments correlated with marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e on the basis of their palaeofauna. Results from more southern latitudes have shown that dose estimates based on quartz OSL and the single aliquot regenerative (SAR) dose procedure may underestimate the age of MIS 5e deposits. Here we use the same method to date well-described marine sediments, thought to have been deposited during the very beginning of the Eemian interglacial at 130 ka, and exposed in two sections on the river Sula in northern Russia. Various quality-control checks are used to show that the OSL behaviour is satisfactory; the mean of 16 ages is 112±2 ka (σ=9 ka). This represents an underestimate of 14% compared to the expected age, a discrepancy similar to that reported elsewhere. In contrast to SAR, the single aliquot regeneration and added (SARA) dose procedure corrects for any change in sensitivity during the first OSL measurement. The SARA results are shown to be 10% older than those from SAR, confirming the geological age estimate and suggesting that SAR ages may underestimate older ages (larger doses), despite their good performance in the younger age range.     

Chronostratigraphy of a sediment record from the Hajar mountain range in north Oman: Implications for optical dating of insufficiently bleached sediments

In this study we report on optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of quartz extracted from a sedimentary record in the N-Oman mountain range. Equivalent dose (D_E) distributions derived from single aliquot measurements (SAR) of small aliquots (ca. 200 grains) were investigated to test whether the skewness and broadness of the dose distribution can be used as criteria for the identification of insufficient bleaching. Furthermore, the methods proposed by Lepper and McKeever [2002 An objective methodology for dose distribution analysis. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 101 (1–4), 349-352]. Singhvi [Juyal, N., Chamyal, L.S., Bhandari, S., Bushan, R., Singhvi, A.K., in press. Continental record of the southwest monsoon during the last 130 ka: evidence from the southern margin of the Thar Desert, India. Quaternary Science Review] and Fuchs and Lang [2001 Fuchs, M., Lang, A., 2001. OSL dating of coarse-grain fluvial quartz using single-aliquot protocols on sediments from NE Peloponnese, Greece. Quaternary Science Review 20, 783–787.] to derive D_E's from insufficiently bleached sediments were compared. At first, the investigations were carried out on artificially bleached, irradiated and mixed quartz material from the Oman study area to simulate insufficiently bleached sediments. Then, the various statistical methods for identifying insufficient bleaching and D_E derivation were applied to the natural samples from the study area, where 18 samples were measured. For the identification of insufficient bleaching the preferential parameter is the broadness of a distribution. For D_E calculation, both the Singhvi method and the Fuchs and Lang method produce similar results, which are consistent with the stratigraphic order. A drawback of both methods is their sensitivity to low outliers. The Lepper and McKeever method was not applied to the natural samples, due to limitations in its application to a small number of aliquots and due to the ambiguous identification of the rising limb of the dose distributions.     

Evaluating isothermal thermoluminescence and thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence for dating of Pleistocene sediments in Amazonia

The paleogeography of Amazonia lowlands during the Pleistocene remains hampered by the lack of reliable absolute ages to constrain sediment deposition in the hundred thousand to few million years timescales. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating applied to quartz has provided important chronological control for late Quaternary sediments, but the method is limited to the last ∼150 ka. In order to extend the age range of luminescence dating, new signals from quartz have been investigated. This study tested the application of isothermal thermoluminescence (ITL) and thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) signals of quartz for dating of fluvial terraces from eastern Amazonia. ITL and TT-OSL signals measured in a modern fluvial sediment sample have shown small residual doses (4 and 16 Gy), suggesting adequate bleached sediments for the target dose range (>150 Gy). This sample responded well to dose recovery test, which showed that the ITL and TT-OSL signals grow to higher doses compared to the doses estimated by the conventional OSL signal. The ITL signal saturated for doses significantly lower than doses reported in the literature. Most dating samples were beyond the ITL saturation doses and only TT-OSL signals were suitable to estimate equivalent doses. Burial ages ranging from 107 to 340 ka were estimated for the fluvial terraces in the lower Xingu River. The main ages uncertainties are related to dose rate changes through time. Despite the uncertainties, these ages should indicate a higher channel base level during the Middle Pleistocene followed by channel incision, possibly due to episodes of increased precipitation in the Xingu watershed.     

Detecting post-depositional sediment disturbance in sandy deposits using optical luminescence

Post-depositional mixing or exhumation is common in surficial sediments, yet may be unobservable from field evidence. However, any disturbance may have significant consquences in terms of establishing a reliable luminescence age determination. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) measurements, particularly measurements at the single grain level, can be used to gain an insight into both contemporary and past post-depositional processes.

This paper examines sites from Texas and Florida (USA) with independent chronological control to demonstrate the potential effects of varying degrees of bioturbation on OSL. Results show that contemporary soil forming processes clearly impact on the palaeodose (D_e) replicate distributions which are measured in order to derive an OSL age. Significant levels of scatter and apparently zero dose grains are observed in the upper-most sediments; declining with depth from the surface. D_e replicates from undisturbed and fully bleached sediments are unskewed, show low overdispersion (OD) and comparable single grain and single aliquot OSL ages. Bioturbated sediments, however, may show highly skewed multi-model D_e distributions with higher OD values, zero dose grains at depth, and significant diffences between single grain and single aliquot results. True burial ages may be derived from minimally bioturbated sediments through the application of statistical analysis such as finite mixture modelling to isolate D_e components. However, for significantly bioturbated sediments, the latter approach, even at the single grain level, produces inaccurate ages. In such cases we argue that additional evidence (both dating and contexual) may be required to identify with confidence the burial D_e population.     

Luminescence dating of the last earthquake of the Sabzevar thrust fault, NE Iran

Iran is one of the world's most tectonically active regions, yet dating past earthquakes for neotectonic studies has been limited. One of the main reasons for this is that organic material suitable for radiocarbon dating of deformed sediments is rare. We investigate the use of infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) from coarse-grained feldspars to date colluvial deposits associated with the Sabzevar thrust fault in northeastern Iran. The single-aliquot regenerative (SAR) dose measurement procedure was used for this study. The current study investigates monitoring and correcting for sensitivity changes, recovering a known laboratory dose and equivalent dose estimation using three SAR IRSL methods. It is shown that SAR has recovered a given laboratory dose using a range of preheat temperatures but D_e determination of natural samples requires its own preheat plateaus for two of these SAR methods. The SAR IRSL method provided an age of 1.7±0.3 ka for colluvium, predating the last earthquake event on the Sabzevar fault. This result suggests that this fault is likely to be responsible for an earthquake that destroyed Sabzevar city in AD 1052.     

A Bayesian hierarchical age model for optical dating of single grains of quartz

In optical dating, the last time that a sample of sediment was exposed to sunlight is determined by dividing its equivalent dose (D_e) by the dose rate. For single-grain dating, the sample D_e is based on the statistical analysis of the distribution of D_e values estimated for individual grains, whereas the dose rate is usually determined from measurements of the environmental radioactivity of the bulk sample, together with allowances for radiation sources internal to the grains and cosmic rays. Conventionally, the D_e and dose rate are measured and analysed separately to produce an estimate of the depositional age of a sample, but this approach may result in loss of information because distributions of single-grain D_e values are influenced by several factors. Existing statistical models do not incorporate all the key information contributing to age estimation, such as the pattern and scale of dispersion of single-grain D_e values and dose rates, the associated measurement uncertainties, the effect of natural variability among grains, and the outlier probabilities of D_e and dose rate estimates. Here we propose an empirical Bayesian hierarchical age model (BHAM) for optical dating of quartz samples that incorporates the above information to estimate their depositional ages. The BHAM is based on the implementation of standardised growth curve and L_nT_n methods to integrate information on the full distribution of single-grain D_e values, sources of measurement uncertainty, beta-dose heterogeneity (observed or modelled), and detection of outliers. We present the results of validation tests using data sets of optically stimulated luminescence measurements and dose rates obtained for quartz samples dated previously from Denisova Cave (Russia) and for simulated samples. We conclude that the BHAM represents a robust and flexible approach to dealing with data for single grains of quartz within a Bayesian hierarchical framework and is suitable for application to sediments deposited in a variety of depositional settings.     

Dating of lower terrace sediments from the Middle Rhine area, Germany

Modern and known-age Pleistocene fluvial sediments were investigated by optical dating of quartz to test the suitability of the approach for dating deposits from the deeply incised Middle Rhine Valley. Samples from modern flood sediments revealed skewed distributions indicating different residual levels of equivalent dose (D_e) within the different aliquots. Nevertheless, a substantial number of aliquots from the modern deposits reflect D_e values close to zero. For the Pleistocene samples, optical ages are in general consistent with age control given by the presence of the Laacher See Tephra and radiocarbon dating. However, some samples overestimate the known age by a few thousand years when using the arithmetic mean. This is apparently explained by including aliquots in the determination of mean D_e where the optical signal was incompletely bleached at deposition. The most difficult issue in this context is identifying a suitable approach that can distinguish between the variability of D_e due to partial bleaching and microdosimetry. However, even when considering these limitations it appears that optical dating will by a quite suitable method to date Pleistocene sediments from such a complex fluvial environment, especially when focusing on a precision scale beyond a few thousand years.     

A combined OSL and 14C dating study of charcoal production in the sandy environment of Zoersel forest (N Belgium)

We investigate the potential of quartz-based OSL-dating for application to heated sandy sediments that are closely associated with the remains of charcoal production (charcoal kilns). This is particularly relevant for post-1650 CE features, where ¹⁴C-dating lacks resolution. We first document the general OSL characteristics using large aliquots of sand-sized quartz. Results from procedural tests indicate that the laboratory measurement procedure should allow reliable equivalent dose estimation. The scale of analysis is then reduced to smaller aliquots for all samples, each composed of 100–200 grains, as well as to single grains for eight heated samples. For one sample, both the small and single-grain ages are consistent with the ¹⁴C-ages obtained for charcoal fragments in the same sedimentary unit. Also for three other samples, single-grains yield ages consistent with ¹⁴C-dating; all other OSL-ages are older although, for three of these samples, single grains and small aliquots yield results that are not significantly different. We discuss potential sources of inaccuracy for the OSL-dates, such as dose rate determination and homogeneous incomplete resetting. The latter is the most difficult to assess and requires additional empirical data.     

Effects of grain size on quartz ESR dating of Ti–Li center in fluvial and lacustrine sediments

The electron spin resonance (ESR) dating method has been introduced into the Quaternary chronology for nearly 40 years and has been successfully used for dating of fluvial and lacustrine sediments. In order to evaluate the possible effect of the sediment grain size on the dating estimate, the parallel ESR dating testing was carried out on quartz grains of five different size fractions ranging from 50 to 450 μm extracted from the same fluvial and lacustrine sediment collected close to the M/B boundary at the Donggutuo section, Nihewan Basin, China. The results show that equivalent doses and associated ages vary significantly. However the beta irradiation dose rate of the grains with different sizes accounts for only about 6% of the total deviation of the dating results. At the same time, the sensitivity of quartz Ti–Li center was calculated based on the additional irradiation. It shows that the larger grains are more sensitive than the smaller ones, which can leads to higher saturate ESR intensity and less equivalent dose. The variations of the sensitivity of quartz Ti–Li center of the grains with different sizes are responsible for the primary deviation of the dating results. The results also suggest that 100–150 μm grain size fraction would be priority size for the ESR dating of quartz Ti–Li center on fluvial and lacustrine sediments.     

Application and evaluation of multiple-centres ESR dating of Pliocene-Quaternary fluvial sediments: A case study from the Zhoulao core from the Jianghan Basin,middle Yangtze River basin,China

Multiple-centres electron spin resonance (MC-ESR) dating of quartz grains has been commonly applied to fluvial and lacustrine deposits and can provide a precise chronological framework for depositional histories. However, the reliability of this method for quartz grains obtained from sediments of boreholes, which are usually deposited continuously and record information regarding basin evolution and climate change, has not yet been assessed. In this study, we have initially applied the MC-ESR dating method to borehole sediments from the Zhoulao core (ZLC), located in the depocenter of the Jianghan Basin, middle Yangtze River, China. Dating of quartz grains from the ZLC using MC-ESR yields estimated ages that are generally consistent with the established paleomagnetic chronological framework. For Middle Pleistocene samples (i.e., 0.7–0.3 Ma), the Ti–Li centre provides more accurate ages than those of Al centre, which are overestimated. For Early Pleistocene samples (i.e., 2.3–0.8 Ma), both the Al centre and Ti–Li centre give highly consistent estimate ages, indicating that this is a favorable dating range for MC-ESR. Overall, the Al centre shows promise for dating Pliocene samples, whereas the Ti–Li centre is more suitable for Middle-Early Pleistocene (2.3–0.3 Ma) sediments. In addition, the deposition rate of depth ＜170 m in the ZLC is greater than those of depth ＞170 m sediments; however, the specific tectonic, climatic, or geomorphic mechanism for this change in sedimentation rate is still unclear.