云南格咱岛弧带欠虽铜矿石英闪长玢岩年代学、岩石地球化学特征及成岩成矿的制约

欠虽铜矿床位于西南三江地区义敦岛弧南段的格咱岛弧中南部,是近年来该区新发现的铜多金属矿床,具有良好的找矿前景。目前该地区已发现若干印支期成矿事件中形成的中大型矿床,是中国重要的多金属矿集区。本文通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法对欠虽铜矿石英闪长玢岩进行了年代学研究,获得铜矿化石英闪长玢岩的形成年龄为(220.3±0.66)Ma(MSWD=0.99)。岩石地球化学特征研究表明,欠虽石英闪长玢岩具有富钠(K2O/Na2O为0.05~1.42,平均值为0.86)、准铝质(0.82~1.19,平均值为1.07)的特征,岩石富集轻稀土元素(LREE),轻重稀土元素分馏明显(LaN/YbN=19.6~28.8),富集大离子亲石元素(LILE,Ba、Th、U、Sr),亏损高场强元素(HFSF,Ta、Nb、Ce、P、Ti),属于典型的I型花岗岩。欠虽铜矿成矿岩体成岩时代发生在印支晚期,含矿斑岩的微量元素特征、构造背景及同位素特征反映欠虽岩体形成于岛弧环境,与格咱岛弧印支期洋壳的俯冲造山作用密切联系。通过地球化学特征及成岩成矿年代的研究,表明欠虽多金属矿的形成年限与甘孜—理塘洋壳俯冲造山作用时限相近,且与普朗铜矿、红山铜矿是同期次同源构造-岩浆演化的产物,这对探讨格咱岛弧构造-岩浆演化及成岩成矿作用的研究具有重要意义。     

中甸岛弧带构造格架及斑岩铜矿前景

中甸岛弧带属于中国西南三江构造-岩浆-成矿带中义敦岛弧的南端,其中有2条蛇绿混杂岩带存在,即EW向展布的洛吉蛇绿混杂岩带和近NS向分布的属都蛇绿混杂岩带.前者是中甸岛弧带与扬子地台的构造分界线,而后者则将岛弧带内的东、西两个火山岛弧带分开.西部岛弧带较早,活动时期为250～237 Ma;而东部岛弧带相对较晚,活动时期在218～203 Ma.从岛弧带活动时段(250～203 Ma)分析,属都蛇绿混杂岩带所对应的洋盆(属都洋)的活动时段当在250 Ma之前后,与甘孜理塘洋活动时段相近.属于峨眉山大火成岩省的一部分.2条蛇绿混杂岩带内的玄武岩的岩石学特征均表现为大洋拉斑玄武岩.中甸地区岛弧带内东、西两个斑岩带的斑岩型铜矿的找矿远景极大,尤以东斑岩带前景最佳,普朗斑岩铜矿床远景规模在大型以上.中甸斑岩铜矿将成为中国又一重要的斑岩铜(多金属)矿矿产地,具有极好的找矿前景.     

滇西北斑岩铜矿带中黑云母矿物化学及其成岩成矿指示意义

中甸岛弧位于西南三江构造火成岩带义敦岛弧的南端,受甘孜理塘洋俯冲的影响,印支期岩浆活动与带内斑岩型、夕卡岩型铜矿床成矿关系密切。中甸岛弧带内普朗、浪都及松诺岩体的岩石学特征、形成年龄及矿床的地质特征研究较多,在已有研究的基础上,应用电子探针(EPMA)和激光剥蚀-等离子质谱(LA-ICPMS),系统测定普朗、浪都及松诺含矿石英二长斑岩中黑云母矿物的化学成分,并探讨其成岩成矿意义。电子探针主量元素测定结果显示,普朗石英二长斑岩中的黑云母较浪都及松诺富MgO、TiO_2贫FeO、Al_2O_3,但三者在SiO_2、Na_2O、K_2O及CaO值上差别不明显;与三者全岩相比,黑云母中的∑REE不到全岩∑REE的5%(质量分数),同时富集Rb、Ba、K、Ti、Nb、Ta而贫Th、U、Pb、Sr、Zr、Hf、Y等微量元素。此外,成大矿的普朗石英二长斑岩中黑云母的∑REE及Rb、Hf、Cr的值较浪都及松诺高。在成岩方面,普朗大型-超大型斑岩型铜矿较浪都及松诺斑岩型铜矿床(点)形成于相对高温高氧逸度的介质环境中,且其岩浆的分异演化程度略高。同时,在成矿方面,中甸岛弧地区普朗及浪都斑岩型铜矿成矿体中的黑云母Cu含量高于松诺贫矿体中黑云母Cu含量。     

云南普朗斑岩型铜矿成矿岩体的基本特征

普朗斑岩型铜矿是格咱地区印支期斑岩型铜矿的典型代表,产于义敦构造-岩浆带南端的复式岩体。复式岩体为浅成-超浅成的中酸性斑(玢)岩体,可划分为3个侵入阶段,最早为石英闪长玢岩,中期为石英二长斑岩,晚期为花岗闪长斑岩。岩石地球化学特征表明,岩石富集Ba、La、Rb、Sr、K和亲铜元素Cu、Pb,亲铁元素Mo、Ni,亏损Nb、Zr、Hf、Ti。斑(玢)岩与岛弧花岗岩的岩石系列相同,属钙碱性岩系,成因类型一致,属I型花岗岩。普朗斑岩型铜矿床主要产于印支期的中酸性斑(玢)岩体,成矿作用受岩浆岩、侵位地层、热液运移、热液蚀变作用和构造空间的控制,其印支期构造-岩浆-热液之间的耦合,共同形成了斑岩成矿系统。     

中甸普朗复式斑岩体演化及40Ar—39Ar同位素依据*

普朗斑岩铜矿的母岩——复式岩体,分别由闪长玢岩、二长斑岩及花岗闪长岩组成,3类岩石的黑云母、角闪石的40Ar/39Ar同位素年龄与地质特征和岩相学等研究结果相吻合,并从212.1Ma→211.0Ma→206.4Ma,代表了由闪长玢岩→二长斑岩→花岗闪长岩的演化关系,时代显然跨越了印支晚期,是目前普朗复式岩体中获得的最新和较年轻的一组同位素年代数据。在本斑岩带北部帕纳牛场二长斑岩中亦获40Ar/39Ar年龄199Ma,显示本区有印支晚期的延续,或印支期末-燕山早期存在一期较强烈的构造-岩浆活动与铜多金属成矿作用,其仅仅为印支晚期延续,还是有另一期——燕山期的构造-岩浆-成矿活动并未有学者明确提出,是今后值得进一步研究的问题。     

云南中甸普朗斑岩铜矿成因探讨

普朗斑岩铜矿位于义敦岛弧带南段,产于印支-燕山早期普朗复式斑(玢)岩中.主要岩性由石英闪长玢岩、石英二长斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩组成,岩石化学和地球化学特征显示为碱性岩石系列Ⅰ型花岗岩.成矿流体具高盐度和成矿温度150～300℃变化.硫同位素834CDT丌为-2.23‰～3.75‰,采源于深源岩浆.矿床的构造作用、液压致裂作用和蚀变脉体形成等成矿机理经历了一个复杂过程.成岩和成矿作用的时间大致为235～206 Ma,具多阶段性,其中石英-辉钼成矿阶段为(213±3.8)Ma,成岩和成矿时代主体为印支期.矿床蚀变由中心向外依次为硅化钾化带-绢英岩化带-青磐岩(角岩)化带的面型蚀变特征.成因类型属岛孤斑岩型铜矿床.     

滇西北中甸松诺含旷斑岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及地质意义

位于义敦岛弧南端的中甸岛弧中广泛发育印支期斑岩及斑岩型和矽卡岩型铜矿床.松诺(或称松诺力赞)复式岩体位于东斑岩带中部,由石英闪长玢岩、黑云石英二长斑岩、闪长玢岩和含矿石英二长斑岩组成,其南部为普朗超大型斑岩铜矿床,北部为地苏嘎铜矿点.本文对含矿石英二长斑岩进行了岩相学和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb 定年研究,结果表明所有锆石颗粒自形较好且均发育规则的韵律环带,Th 含量为 180～854 μg/g,U 含量为270～709μg/g,Th/U 比值为 0.77～1.24,为典型岩浆成因锆石.获得了含矿石英二长斑岩的侵位年龄为220.9±3.5Ma(n=9,MSWD= 1.6),这与中甸岛弧洋壳俯冲造山作用的时限(210～235 Ma)相吻合.     

云南格咱岛弧地苏嘎成矿岩体I型花岗岩 年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

本文通过锆石LA ICP MS U Pb定年法对云南格咱岛弧中部的地苏嘎成矿斑岩体中不含矿石英闪长玢岩和含矿两类石英闪长玢岩进行了年代学研究,获得了不含矿石英闪长玢岩（DSG 1）的形成年龄为20303±054Ma,含矿石英闪长玢岩（DSG 2）的年龄分为两组21725±089Ma和2085±10Ma,限定了地苏嘎岩体的岩浆活动时限为217～203Ma,表明与成矿作用相关的热事件主要发生在208Ma。地苏嘎石英闪长玢岩的地球化学特征表明岩石具岛弧岩浆岩的特征,岩石富钠（Na2O/K2O=091～291,平均为165）,准铝质（A/CNK=0848～1244,平均0996）,岩石富集轻稀土元素（LREE）,LaN/YbN为944～2609,富集大离子亲石元素（LILE,K、Rb、Ba、Sr）和不相容元素（U、Th、Pb）, 亏损高场强元素（HFSE,Nb、Hf、P、Ti）。地苏嘎成矿岩体的成岩成矿时代均发生在印支晚期,区域构造演化和岩石地球化学特征反映岩体形成于岛弧构造环境,其形成与格咱岛弧印支期洋壳的俯冲作用密切相关。岩浆作用和成矿作用基本吻合,但岩浆作用的时限已接近燕山早期,说明云南格咱岛弧也存在燕山早期的岩浆活动,这对探讨格咱岛弧构造岩浆演化及成岩成矿作用的研究具有重要意义。     

云南普朗印支期超大型斑岩铜矿床：岩石学及年代学特征

普朗斑岩铜矿位于云南西北晚三叠世义敦岛弧南段的滇西中甸弧内。义敦岛弧北部产有著名的呷村式黑矿型块状硫化物矿床,南部大量发育斑岩型铜矿床,普朗斑岩铜矿床即是其中的典型代表。普朗矿床由南、北两个复式岩体(矿段)组成,两个矿段均由一系列NW向构造控制的石英闪长玢岩、石英二长斑岩小岩株组成,是普朗铜矿区的主体,探明铜矿石量1．6亿吨,铜平均品位0．57%,铜金属量114万吨,伴生金金属量28．80吨,金品位0．18g/t;钼6399吨,品位0．004%。普朗斑岩铜矿床远景储量400万吨以上,为一个具有超大型规模远景储量的斑岩型铜矿床。普朗斑岩体容矿围岩SiO_2＞56%,MgO 1．34%～2．73%,Sr 661×10~(-6)～909×10~(-6),Y 10．78×10~(-6)～17．92×10~(-6),Yb 1．07×10~(-6)～1．87×10~(-6),LREE富集,δEu 0．83～0．93,Sr/Y比值22～64,K_2O/Na_2O比值0．52,具有与洋壳俯冲产生的埃达克岩(Ⅰ型埃达克岩)相似的地球化学特征。普朗斑岩铜矿形成于印支期,在我国斑岩铜矿床中具有其特殊性(不同于青藏高原喜马拉雅期斑岩铜矿带,如冈底斯斑岩铜矿带、玉龙斑岩带等;也不同于古亚洲成矿域的海西期斑岩铜矿带,如土屋-延东斑岩铜矿带,以及中国东部的燕山期斑岩铜矿带,如德兴斑岩铜矿),无论对中甸岛孤带的基础地质还是矿产资源评价预测的研究,该类矿床都具有重要的意义。普朗斑岩铜矿床含矿黑云石英二长斑岩的钾硅酸盐化(黑云母化和钾长石化)的成矿热液活动时间为235．4±2．4Ma～221．5±2．0Ma之间,石英-辉钼矿阶段的辉钼矿成矿(Re-Os)年龄大致为213±3．8 Ma;对矿区主矿体的热液黑云母单矿物的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar测年,无论是含铜钼的矿化岩体,还是仅含铜的斑岩体,其成矿年龄(坪年龄)变化于为214．58±0．91Ma至216．0±1Ma之间,与辉钼矿Re-Os年龄非常接近,为晚三叠世诺利期。这表明普朗斑岩铜矿床的成矿作用在印支期完成。     

滇西北中旬松诺含矿斑岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及地质意义

位于义敦岛弧南端的中甸岛弧中广泛发育印支期斑岩及斑岩型和矽卡岩型铜矿床.松诺(或称松诺力赞)复式岩体位于东斑岩带中部,由石英闪长玢岩、黑云石英二长斑岩、闪长玢岩和含矿石英二长斑岩组成,其南部为普朗超大型斑岩铜矿床,北部为地苏嘎铜矿点.本文对含矿石英二长斑岩进行了岩相学和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb 定年研究,结果表明所有锆石颗粒自形较好且均发育规则的韵律环带,Th 含量为 180～854 μg/g,U 含量为270～709μg/g,Th/U 比值为 0.77～1.24,为典型岩浆成因锆石.获得了含矿石英二长斑岩的侵位年龄为220.9±3.5Ma(n=9,MSWD= 1.6),这与中甸岛弧洋壳俯冲造山作用的时限(210～235 Ma)相吻合.     

岩浆弧火成岩构造组合与洋陆转换

本文从岩浆弧的火成岩构造组合、主要地质特征和弧地壳成熟度几个方面,讨论洋陆转换作用及其过程。表征洋俯冲环境的火成岩构造组合主要有英云闪长岩—奥长花岗岩—花岗闪长岩(TTG)组合,高镁安山岩组合,镁安山岩组合,Adakite组合(即高锶低钇中酸性岩)与富铌弧玄武岩组合等。基于火成岩构造组合的配置,讨论了4种可能的洋俯冲壳的壳幔结构:(1)热的年轻的俯冲洋壳与上覆冷的幔楔岩石圈;(2)冷的老的俯冲洋壳与冷的幔楔岩石圈;(3)冷的老的洋壳与热的幔楔软流圈;(4)热的年轻的俯冲洋壳与上覆幔楔软流圈。讨论了弧岩浆前锋作为结构标志以及空间组成极性的构造意义;讨论了弧火山作用的时间极性与弧成熟度及其地壳厚度之间的正相关关系,提出岩浆弧地壳双层结构的模型,下地壳主要为玄武质的基性麻粒岩和角闪岩,上地壳为长英质的TTG片麻岩,相当于大陆壳形成的第一阶段,即新生陆壳。岩浆弧及其洋—陆过渡性的弧地壳是洋俯冲作用形成的洋陆转换带(或增生造山带)的最重要的记录。     

A Detailed Geochemical Study of Island Arc Crust: the Talkeetna Arc Section, South-Central Alaska

The Early to Middle Jurassic Talkeetna Arc section exposed inthe Chugach Mountains of south–central Alaska is 5–18km wide and extends for over 150 km. This accreted island arcincludes exposures of upper mantle to volcanic upper crust.The section comprises six lithological units, in order of decreasingdepth: (1) residual upper mantle harzburgite (with lesser proportionsof dunite); (2) pyroxenite; (3) basal gabbronorite; (4) lowercrustal gabbronorite; (5) mid-crustal plutonic rocks; (6) volcanicrocks. The pyroxenites overlie residual mantle peridotite, withsome interfingering of the two along the contact. The basalgabbronorite overlies pyroxenite, again with some interfingeringof the two units along their contact. Lower crustal gabbronorite(10 km thick) includes abundant rocks with well-developed modallayering. The mid-crustal plutonic rocks include a heterogeneousassemblage of gabbroic rocks, dioritic to tonalitic rocks (30–40%area), and concentrations of mafic dikes and chilled mafic inclusions.The volcanic rocks (7 km thick) range from basalt to rhyolite.Many of the evolved volcanic compositions are a result of fractionalcrystallization processes whose cumulate products are directlyobservable in the lower crustal gabbronorites. For example,Ti and Eu enrichments in lower crustal gabbronorites are mirroredby Ti and Eu depletions in evolved volcanic rocks. In addition,calculated parental liquids from ion microprobe analyses ofclinopyroxene in lower crustal gabbronorites indicate that theclinopyroxenes crystallized in equilibrium with liquids whosecompositions were the same as those of the volcanic rocks. Thecompositional variation of the main series of volcanic and chilledmafic rocks can be modeled through fractionation of observedphase compositions and phase proportions in lower crustal gabbronorite(i.e. cumulates). Primary, mantle-derived melts in the TalkeetnaArc underwent fractionation of pyroxenite at the base of thecrust. Our calculations suggest that more than 25 wt % of theprimary melts crystallized as pyroxenites at the base of thecrust. The discrepancy between the observed proportion of pyroxenites(less than 5% of the arc section) and the proportion requiredby crystal fractionation modeling (more than 25%) may be bestunderstood as the result of gravitational instability, withdense ultramafic cumulates, probably together with dense garnetgranulites, foundering into the underlying mantle during thetime when the Talkeetna Arc was magmatically active, or in theinitial phases of slow cooling (and sub-solidus garnet growth)immediately after the cessation of arc activity. KEY WORDS: island arc crust; layered gabbro; Alaska geology; island arc magmatism; lower crust     

中甸弧碰撞造山作用和岩浆成矿系统

中甸弧位于西南三江构造火成岩带义敦岛弧的南端，它的演化经历了洋壳俯冲（210－235Ma）、陆陆碰撞（80－88Ma）和陆内汇聚（28Ma）三大造山作用。在俯冲造山作用中产生了浅成－超浅成斑、玢岩，并发育了与之有关的斑岩型、夕卡岩型、浅成低温热液脉型铜多金属矿床。在碰撞造山作用中形成了与后造山黑云母花岗岩和与之有关的蚀变花岗岩型、石英脉型钨－钼矿床。在陆内汇聚造山作用中产生了深源正长岩类和与之有关的斑岩型金矿。火成岩类型和成矿作用的多样化表明，在中甸弧中具有广阔的找矿前景。     

WPF—1交流电弧发生器的改造

介绍利用数显时间继电器实现了WPF－2交流电弧发生器的自动化改造。，     

Petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous Tholeiitic Volcanism and Oceanic Island Arc Affinity of the Chagai Arc, Western Pakistan

The Late Cretaceous Chagai arc outcrops in western Pakistan, southern Afghanistan and eastern Iran. It is in the Tethyan convergence zone, formed by northward subduction of the Arabian oceanic plate beneath the Afghan block. The oldest unit of the Chagai arc is the Late Cretaceous Sinjrani Volcanic Group. This is composed of porphyritic lava flows and volcaniclastic rocks, and subordinate shale, sandstone, limestone and chert. The flows are fractionated low-K tholeiitic basalts, basaltic-andesites, and andesites. Relative enrichment in their LILE and depletion in HFSE, and negative Nb and Ta and positive K, Ba and Sr anomalies point to a subduction-related origin. Compared to MORB, the least fractionated Chagai basalts have low Na2O, Fe2O3T, CaO, Ti, Zr, Y and 87Sr/86Sr. Rather than an Andean setting, these results suggest derivation from a highly depleted mantle in an intraoceanic arc formed by Late Cretaceous convergence in the Ceno-Tethys. The segmented subduction zone formed between Gondwana and a collage of small continental blocks (Iran, Afghan, Karakoram, Lhasa and Burma) was accompanied by a chain of oceanic island arcs and suprasubduction ophiolites including Semail, Zagros, Chagai-Raskoh, Kandahar, Muslim Bagh, Waziristan and Kohistan-Ladakh, Nidar, Nagaland and Manipur. These complexes accreted to the southern margin of Eurasia in the Late Cretaceous.     

松潘—甘孜褶皱带较场弧形构造特征及其大地构造意义

根据详细野外露头特征及显微构造特征将较场弧形带由南向北分为三个变形带:弧顶部、弧核部和弧翼部,不同分带具有明显不同的变形特征。由南向北变形特征由以塑性变形为主过渡为脆性变形为主,变质流体活动喜马拉雅构造期活动强烈,且向北逐渐增强;弧核部以叠瓦状逆冲构造特征分隔弧顶和弧翼部;弧翼部东西两翼变形及变质流体活动特征具有一定差异性。较场弧形带总体体现出多期次南北向挤压—张性应力变形构造特征,叠加北西—北北西向同构造期挤压变质运动,其宏观和微观变形特征与典型"走滑成因"模式弧形构造特征相异,为其大地构造成因机制的解释提出了新的限制条件。     

Ceno-Tethyan Ammonite Fauna from the Raskoh Arc, Balochistan, Pakistan

The Raskoh arc, which occurs in the western part of Pakistan, is about 250 km long, 40 km wide and trends in ENE direction. This arc is designated as frontal arc of Chagai-Raskoh arc system. Arc is convex towards southeast and is terminated by the Chaman transform fault zone towards east. The Raskoh arc is a fossil oceanic island arc which was formed due to the intra-oceanic convergence in the Ceno-Tethys. The Late Cretaceous Kuchakki Volcanic Group is the most widespread and previously considered the oldest unit of the Raskoh arc followed by sedimentary rock formations including Rakhshani Formation (Paleocene), Kharan Limestone (Early Eocene), Nauroze Formation (Middle Eocene to Oligocene), Dalbandin Formation (Miocene to Pleistocene), and semi-unconsolidated Subrecent and Recent deposits. The Rakhshani Formation is the most widespread and well-exposed unit of the Raskoh arc. During the present field investigation the Rakhshani Forma-tion in the southeastern part of the Raskoh arc is dentified as an accretionary complex, which is designated as Raskoh accretionary complex. The Raskoh accretionary complex is subdivided into three units: (a) Bunap sedi-mentary complex, (b) Charkohan radiolarian chert, and (c) Raskoh ophiolite mélange. The Bunap sedimentary complex is farther divided into three tectonostratigraphic units viz., northern, middle and southern. Each unit is bounded by thrust fault, which is usually marked by sheared serpentinites, except northern unit, which has grada-tional and at places faulted contact with the Kuchakki Volcanic Group. The northern unit mainly comprises al-lochthonous fragments and blocks of limestone, sandstone, mudstone and the volcanics in dark gray, greenish gray and bluish gray siliceous flaky shale. At places the shale is metamorphosed into phyllite. This unit is thrust over the middle unit, which exhibits relatively a coherent stratigraphy represented by greenish gray calcareous flaky shale with intercalation of thin beds and lenticular bodies of mudstone, sandstone and limestone. The middle unit is again thrust over the southern unit, which is mainly composed of large exotic blocks of volcanic rocks, lime-stone, sandstone, mudstone and conglomerate embedded in a dark gray, greenish gray and bluish gray siliceous flaky shale which is generally moderately argillized. The unit is thrust over the Kharan Limestone. During the present field investigation several poorly preserved ammonite fossils were collected from the dark green to black mudstones of the middle unit of the Bunap sedimentary complex. These fossils are identified as Pachysphinctes cf. P. africanus a Lower Kimmeridgian, Torquatisphinctes cf. P alterniplicatus, an Upper Kim-meridgian and Parodontoceras cf. Blandfordiceras wallichi: a Lower Tithonian ammonite. The Bunap sedimentary complex was probably deposited on the ocean floor of the Ceno-Tethys that once occurred between the newly dis-lodged collage of Cimmerian continent (Central Iran, Afghan blocks, Lhasa and West Burma) and the northern passive margin of Gondwana.     

二维圆弧型井眼轨道设计问题的通解

二维圆弧型井眼轨道是常规定向井、水平井轨道设计优先考虑的剖面类型,应用比较广泛。但是由于井段组合形式很多,并且对于同一种井段组合还有很多种未知数求解组合,推导每种井段组合和求解组合情况下的解的计算公式的工作非常繁重和复杂。研究了任意井段组合和任意求解组合的通解问题,发现井眼轨道设计问题的约束方程组可以化归成线性代数方程组或者4种典型方程组之一;得到了4种典型方程组的实数解的计算公式,并给出了有实数解的判别条件。对于二维圆弧型井眼轨道设计问题的基础理论研究和计算机软件开发都有重要的意义。     

Ceno-Tethyan Jurassic Radiolarian Fauna from the Raskoh Arc, Balochistan, Pakistan

The Raskoh arc is about 250 km long, 40 km wide and trends in ENE direction. The arc is convex towards southeast and terminated by the Chaman transform fault zone towards east. This arc is designated as frontal arc of the Chagai-Raskoh arc system. The Late Cretaceous Kuchakki Volcanic Group is the most widespread and previously considered the oldest unit of the the Raskoh arc followed by sedimentary rock formations including Rakhshani Formation (Paleocene), Kharan Limestone (Early Eocene) and Nauroze Formation (Middle Eocene to Oligocene), Dalbandin Formation (Miocene to Pleistocene), and semi-unconsolidated Subrecent and Recent deposits. The Rakhshani Formation is the most widespread and well-exposed unit of the Raskoh arc. During the present field investigation the Rakhshani forma-tion in the southeastern part of the Raskoh arc, is identified as an accretionary complex, which is designated as Raskoh accretionary complex. The Raskoh accretionary comple is subdivided into three units: (a) Bunap sedimen-tary complex, (b) Charkohan radiolarian chert, and (c) Raskoh ophiolite melange. The Bunap sedimentary complex is farther divided into three tectonostratigraphic units viz., northern, middle and southern. Each unit is bounded by thrust faults, which is usually marked by sheared serpentinites, except northern unit, which has gradational and at places faulted contact with the Kuchakki Volcanic Group. The northern unit is mainly composed of allochthonous fragments and blocks of limestone, sandstone, mudstone and the volcanics in dark gray, greenish gray and bluish gray siliceous flaky shale. At places the shale is metamorphosed into phyllite. This unit is thrust over the middle unit, which exhibits relatively a coherent stratigraphy, represented by greenish gray calcareous flaky shale with intercalation of thin beds and lenticular bodies of mudstone, sandstone and limestone. The middle unit is again thrust over the southern unit, which is mainly composed of large exotic blocks of volcanic rocks, limestone, sand-stone, mudstone and conglomerate embedded in dark gray, greenish gray and bluish gray siliceous flaky shale which is generally moderately argillized. The unit is thrust over the Kharan Limestone. During the present field investigation about 350 meter thick sequence of thin-bedded maroon and green chert intercalated with the siliceous flaky shale of the same colour are discovered within this unit, which is found in the southeastern part of the Ras-koh arc. This chert sequence occurs on the margins of a large exotic block (350m X 3 km) of volcaniclastic rocks of unknown origin, which makes an overturned syncline. This chert sequence is developed on its both limbs and has lower faulted contact with the Bunap sedimentary complex. Two samples collected from this chert sequence yielded radiolarian fauna, which include Parvicingula sp., Laxto-rum sp., Parahsuum cf. simplum, Parahsuum sp., Nassellaria gen. et sp. indet., Hsuum cf. Matsuokai., Archaeo-spongoprunum sp., Nassellaria gen. et sp. indet. and Hagias gen. et sp. indet., Tricolocapsa sp., Hsuum sp., Ris-tola sp., Archaeospongoprunum sp. and Tritrabinate gen. et sp. indet. This radiolarian chert sequence represents the late Early to Middle Jurassic pelagic sediment deposited in Ceno-Tethyan ocean floor; prior to the inception of volcanism in the Raskoh arc and accreted with the arc during Late Cretaceous to Eocene along with the Bunap sedimentary complex of Late Jurassic age.     

Palaeomagnetism of the central Cuban Cretaceous Arc sequences and geodynamic implications

A detailed palaeomagnetic study of Cretaceous age volcanic and sedimentary arc rocks from central Cuba has been carried out. Samples from 32 sites (12 localities) were subjected to detailed demagnetisation experiments. Nineteen sites from the Los Paso, Mataguá, Provincial and Cabaiguán Formations yielded high unblocking temperature, dual polarity directions of magnetisation which pass the fold tests with confidence levels of 95% or more and are considered to be primary in origin. The palaeomagnetic inclinations are equivalent to palaeolatitudes of 9°N for the Aptian, 18°N for the Albian. A synfolding remanence identified in 5 sites from the younger Hilario Formation indicates a late Cretaceous remagnetisation at a palaeolatitude of 16°N. Our results are in good agreement with previous palaeogeographic models and provide the first high quality palaeomagnetic data demonstrating the gradual northward movement of the Cretaceous Volcanic Arc throughout the Cretaceous. The declination values obtained all indicate significant and similar amounts of anticlockwise rotation from the oldest sequences studied through to the late Cretaceous remagnetisation. This rotation is most likely related to collision of the arc with the North American plate and transpressional strike slip movement along the northern margin of the Caribbean plate as it progressed eastwards into the large Proto-Caribbean basin.