Altitudinal trends in δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C value,stomatal density and nitrogen content of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus tabuliformis</Emphasis> needles on the southern slope of the middle Qinling Mountains,China

In this study, a coniferous tree species (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) was investigated at a moderate-altitude mountainous terrain on the southern slope of the middle Qinling Mountains (QLM) to detect the trends in carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C), leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and stomatal density (SD) with altitude variation in north-subtropical humid mountain climate zone of China. The results showed that LNC and SD both significantly increased linearly along the altitudinal gradient ranging from 1000 to 2200 m, whereas leaf δ¹³C exhibited a significantly negative correlation with the altitude. Such a correlation pattern differs obviously from that obtained in offshore low-altitude humid environment or inland high-altitude semi-arid environment, suggesting that the pattern of increasing δ¹³C with the altitude cannot be generalized. The negative correlation between δ¹³C and altitude might be attributed mainly to the strengthening of carbon isotope fractionation in plants caused by increasing precipitation with altitude. Furthermore, there was a remarkable negative correlation between leaf δ¹³C and LNC. One possible reason was that increasing precipitation that operates to increase isotopic discrimination with altitude overtook the LNC in determining the sign of leaf δ¹³C. The significant negative correlation between leaf δ¹³C and SD over altitudes was also found in the present study, indicating that increases in SD with altitude would reduce, rather than enhance plant δ¹³C values.     

Stability analysis of an unsaturated soil slope considering rainfall infiltration based on the Green-Ampt model

Based on the principle of saturated infiltration and the Green-Ampt model, an unsaturated infiltration model for a soil slope surface was established for either constant moisture content, or depth-varying moisture content and the slope. Infiltration parameters in the partially saturated slope were revealed under sustained rainfall. Through analysis of the variation of initial moisture content in the slope, the ponding time, infiltration depth, and infiltration rate were deduced for an unsaturated soil slope subject to rainfall infiltration. There is no ponded water on the surface of the slope under sustained low-intensity rainfall. The results show that the infiltration parameters of an unsaturated slope are influenced by the initial moisture content and the wetting front saturation, the soil cohesion and rainfall intensity under sustained rainfall. More short-term slope failures can occur with the decrease of cohesion of the soil of the slope. The ponding time and infiltration depth differ considering constant or different initial moisture content respectively in the soil slope. Then, best-fit curves of the infiltration rate, ponding time, and infiltration depth to the wetting front saturation were obtained with constant or different initial moisture contents. And the slope failure time is roughly uniform when subject to a rainfall intensity I5 mm/h.     

Rolling motion behavior of rockfall on gentle slope: an experimental approach

The effects of slope surface material, slope gradient, block shape, and block mass conditions on rockfall rolling velocity were estimated with orthogonal test approach. Visual analysis shows that the importance of the factors is slope surface material > slope gradient > block shape > block mass. All the factors except block mass have the F value greater than the critical value, suggesting that these three factors are the key factors affecting the rockfall rolling velocity. Factor interaction analysis shows that the effect of the slope gradient relies largely on the slope surface conditions, and the block shape has little influence if the slope gradient is larger than a critical value. An empirical model considering the three key factors is proposed to estimate the rolling velocity, of which the error is limited to 5% of the testing value. This model is validated by 73 field tests, and the prediction shows excellent correlation with the site test. Thus, this analysis can be used as a tool in the rockfall behavior analysis.     

基于水稳定同位素的地下水型陆地植被识别:研究进展、面临挑战及未来研究展望

地下水型陆地植被具有重要的生态服务功能,但正遭受严重威胁,亟需在水资源管理中予以关注和保护.准确识别地下水型陆地植被是其管理和保护的前提.水稳定同位素方法是识别地下水型陆地植被的唯一直接方法,其中:①直接比较法只能获得植物对地下水利用的定性信息,但目前的应用最为广泛;②同位素混合模型能定量评估植物对地下水的依赖性,近期随贝叶斯模型的引入取得了较大进展.当前,植物对地下水利用的时空异质性增加了基于水稳定同位素的地下水型陆地植被的识别难度,还限制了小尺度上的研究成果向大尺度上的拓展;部分植物以间接方式利用地下水,对地下水型陆地植被的识别造成了困扰;根系吸水过程中的同位素分馏和同一植株内木质部水同位素组成的时空异质性常使植物样品的代表性受到质疑;采集到具有代表性的地下水和土壤样品也是当前面临的一个主要挑战.为应对上述挑战,未来应加强3个方面的研究:①研发植物木质部水同位素组成的原位在线连续观测技术,提升基于水稳定同位素的地下水型陆地植被识别的时空分辨率;②借助控制性的同位素标记实验,精细刻画地下水-土壤-植物体系内同位素体的迁移和分馏过程;③将同位素观测与具有物理学意义的生态水文模型相耦合,提高定量评估的分辨率和降低不确定性,探索解决时空异质性和升尺度难题的途径.     

Spatial variation of stable isotopes in different waters during melt season in the Laohugou Glacial Catchment,Shule River basin

To evaluate isotopic tracers at natural abundances by providing basic isotope data of the hydrological investigations and assessing the impacts of different factors on the water cycle, a total of 197 water samples were collected from the Laohugou Glacial catchment in the Shule River basin northwestern China during the 2013 ablation seasons and analyzed their H- and O-isotope composition. The results showed that the isotopic composition of precipitation in the Qilianshan Station in the Laohugou Glacial catchment was remarkable variability. Correspondingly, a higher slope of δ~(18)O-δD diagram, with an average of 8.74, is obtained based on the precipitation samples collected on the Glacier No.12, mainly attributed to the lower temperature on the glacier surface. Because of percolation and elution, the isotopic composition at the bottom of the firn is nearly steady. The δ~(18)O /altitude gradients for precipitation and melt water were -0.37‰/100 m and -0.34‰/100 m, respectively. Exposed to the air and influenced by strong ablation and evaporation, the isotopic values and the δ~(18)O vs δD diagram of the glacial surface ice show no altitudinal effect, indicating that glacier ice has the similar origins with the firn. The variation of isotopic composition in the melt water, varying from -10.7‰ to -16.9‰(δ~(18)O) and from -61.1‰ to -122.1‰(δD) indicates the recharging of snowmelt and glacial ice melt water produced at different altitudes. With a mean value of -13.3‰ for δ~(18)O and -89.7‰ for δD, the isotopic composition of the stream water is much closer to the melt water, indicating that stream water is mainly recharged by the ablation water. Our results of the stable isotopic compositions in natural water in the Laohugou Glacial catchment indicate the fractionations and the smoothing fluctuations of the stable isotopes during evaporation, infiltration and mixture.     

基于GA-BP神经网络的地基干涉雷达监测效能分析

针对地基干涉雷达露天矿矿区边坡地面灾害监测中影响因素众多且关系复杂的特点,将GA-BP算法应用于GB-SAR形变监测效能分析中。将GB-SAR扫描坡度、扫描坡向以及雷达回波强度3个因子作为神经网络的输入,边坡监测区域实测获取的单位面积上具有形变信息的点个数作为输出,并利用皮尔逊相关系数法分析各影响因素同监测效能的相关性质和相关程度。结果表明,该算法适用于地基干涉雷达的监测效能分析,且具有一定的有效性和优越性。     

Oxygen isotopic composition and its application to the study of tracing oceanographical process in Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea

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Origin of sulfur and mode of gypsum formation in central Iraqi soils

The δ18O and δD values of gypsum crystallization water together with δ18O and δ34S of sulfates were used as reliable techniques to study source of sulfur and mode of gypsum formation in selected central Iraqi soils.Six representative pedons on different geologic units were studied.The slope of 3.2 for δ18O and δD plot of gypsum crystallization water showed that evaporation was the major process of gypsum deposition in the study area.The mean δ34S value of +17.58 ‰ showed that Cretaceous sea sulfate followed by Tertiary is the source of sulfur in studied soils.The heavier δ34S value(+17.58 ‰) of the study area compared to central Iran(+13.5 ‰) proved that gypsum in central Iraq soils has been formed in the later stage of evaporation and that Iraqi landforms were cut off from the Tethys seaway after central Iran was evolved.     

The characteristics of rill development and their effects on runoff and sediment yield under different slope gradients

Rill formation is the predominant erosion process in slope land in the Loess Plateau, China. This study was conducted to investigate rill erosion characteristics and their effects on runoff and sediment yielding processes under different slope gradients at a rate of 10°, 15°, 20° and 25° with rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm min-1 in a laboratory setting. Results revealed that mean rill depth and rill density has a positive interrelation to the slope gradient. To the contrary, width-depth ratio and distance of the longest rill to the top of the slope negatively related to slope gradient. All these suggested that increasing slope steepness could enhance rill headward erosion, vertical erosion and the fragmentation of the slope surface. Furthermore,total erosion tended to approach a stable maximum value with increasing slope, which implied that there is probably a threshold slope gradient where soil erosion begins to weaken. At the same time, the correlation analysis showed that there was a close connection between slope gradient and the variousindices of soil erosion: the correlation coefficients of slope gradient with maximal rill depth, number of rills and the distance of the longest rill from the top of the slope were 0.98, 0.97 and-0.98, respectively,indicating that slope gradient is the major factor of affecting the development of rills. Furthermore,runoff was not sensitive to slope gradient and rill formation in this study. Sediment concentration,however, is positively related to slope gradient and rill formation, the sediment concentrations increased rapidly after rill initiation, especially. These results may be essential for soil loss prediction.     

VARIATIONS IN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF CHLORINE IN EVAPORATION-CONTROLLED SALT LAKE BRINES OF QAIDAM BASIN，CHINA

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＣｈｌｏｒｉｎｅｈａｓｔｗｏｎａｔｕｒａｌｌｙｏｃｃｕｒｉｎｇｓｔａｂｌｅｉｓｏｔｏｐｅｓ,　35Ｃｌａｎｄ　37Ｃｌ.Ｓｅｖｅｒａｌｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｉｓｏｔｏｐｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｈｌｏｒｉｎｅｉｎｎａｔｕｒｅ.Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｉｎｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙｙｅａｒｓＯｗｅｎａｎｄＳｃｈａｅｆｆｅｒ(1955)ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｎｏｏｂｓｅｒｖａｂｌｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｉｎｔｈｅ　37Ｃｌ35Ｃｌｒａｔｉｏｓｉｎｔｅｎｓａｍｐｌｅｓｅｘ…     

Development of a preliminary slope stability calculation method based on internal horizontal displacements

This paper proposes a horizontal displacement-based approach to determine the potential slip surface of the slope. Firstly, a group of in-situ inclinometers with an appropriate spacing in the horizontal direction is located in the model slope. The equation of horizontal displacement with time for each in-situ inclinometer is fitted during the whole simulation process. Furthermore, the intersection of each inclinometer with potential slip surface is determined by using an optimization model. The slip surface can be obtained by using least square fitting method. Finally, the feasibility and accuracy of the method are validated by a series of numerical simulations. It is noted that the optimization model taking the maximum value of displacement increment gradient as an objective has higher accuracy when compared with other optimization models. This method employed in this study provides a preliminary approach to determine the real-time slope stability based on displacement, which can also be measured by using conventional instruments on site.     

High slope stability of diversion power system intake of Jinchuan hydropower station

The excavated height of the left bank slope of the diversion power system intake in Jinchuan hydropower station is about 16o m. The stability and safety of the slope during construction and its operation/utilization become one of the most important geological engineering problems. At the same time, it is also crucial to select a safe and economic excavation gradient for the construction. We studied the problem of how to select a safe and economic slope ratio by analyzing the geological condition of the high slope, including the lithology, slope structure, structural surface and their combinations, rock weathering and unloading, hydrology, and the natural gradient. The study results showed that the use of an excavation gradient larger than the gradient observed during site investigation and the gradient recommended in standards and field practice manuals is feasible. Then, we used the finite element method and rigid limit equilibrium method to evaluate the stability of the excavation slope under natural, rainstorm and earthquake conditions. The calculated results showed that the excavated slope only has limited failure, but its stability is greatly satisfactory. The research findings can be useful in excavation and slope stabilization projects.     

江汉平原高砷地下水稳定碳同位素特征及其指示意义

溶解性有机碳（DOC）是地下水中砷释放过程的关键因素,为查明江汉平原高砷地下水稳定碳同位素特征,识别有机质的降解过程对砷富集的影响,采用稳定碳同位素分析测试技术并结合地下水化学特征,对江汉平原典型砷中毒病区的浅层地下水进行了区域采样分析。结果表明:浅层承压水的砷质量浓度为0.23~2 621 μg/L。地表水较地下水具有更负的δ13C_DOC、δ13C_DIC值。地下水中溶解性无机碳（DIC）的δ13C_DIC值在-11.9‰~-3.99‰之间,溶解性有机碳的δ13C_DOC值在-28.5‰~-19.6‰之间。地下水的δ13C_DIC-δ13C_DOC差值与ρ（As）呈一定负相关关系,表明微生物作用下有机质的降解促进了As的富集。δ13C_DIC-δ13C_DOC差值与δ13C_DIC和ρ（DOC）均具有较显著的正相关关系,表明地下水中有机质的氧化分解是导致δ13C_DIC贫化的重要过程,微生物作用下溶解性有机质的降解是地下水中无机碳的重要来源。此外,江汉平原少数高砷地下水呈现较大的δ13C_DIC值,推断江汉平原高砷含水层强还原环境下可能存在的产甲烷过程导致了明显的碳同位素分馏。      

松辽盆地大庆长垣南缘四方台组砂岩型铀矿碳氧同位素特征及铀成矿意义

为进一步探讨松辽盆地大庆长垣南缘四方台组砂岩型铀矿的成岩环境、铀沉淀机制及成矿机理,通过钻井岩心观察,岩石薄片,含铀砂岩碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧同位素分析,对研究区砂岩岩石类型、碳酸盐胶结物类型、成岩阶段以及碳、氧同位素特征进行了系统研究。结果表明:含铀砂岩岩石类型为长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩,碳酸盐胶结物可分为3个期次,以第一和第二期次为主,胶结物包括方解石、铁方解石,见极少量含铁白云石。δ13C_PDB值为-22.45‰~-13.65‰,平均值为-18.33‰,δ18O_PDB值为-17.56‰~-9.46‰,平均值为-13.52‰,揭示有一定有机质参与;古盐度Z值介于75.98~90.97之间,为淡水沉积;古温度介于67.31~94.92℃之间,结合以上岩石特征、胶结物类型及成岩作用判定成岩环境处于早成岩—中成岩阶段A期。综合分析认为:早成岩阶段砂岩的压实、胶结作用使含铀砂岩孔隙度减小,抑制含氧富铀流体运移;随着成岩作用进行,埋藏深度增加,有机质成熟度升高发生热脱羧基作用,与压实作用产生的吸附水形成酸性溶液对长石、碳酸盐胶结物等进行溶蚀形成次生孔隙,增大砂岩孔隙度,促进含氧富铀流体下渗运移,下伏油气由断裂向上逸散,为地层提供还原剂,使铀在四方台组底部大规模沉淀和富集。      

Concentration and Characterization of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in the Surface Microlayer and Subsurface Water of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

The distribution and chemical properties of colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM) in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during December 2011-January 2012 were investigated. The input of freshwater and biological activities had an evident influence on the CDOM levels(characterized by the light absorption coefficient at the wavelength of 355 nm a₃₅₅) in the study area. The spatial distribution of CDOM levels displayed a gradually decreasing trend from the coastal waters(0.37 m^-1) to the open sea(0.18 m^-1). The spectral slope ratio(the slope ratio S_R defined as S_275-295:S_350-400) during the cruise was correlated with salinity, and exhibited a large variation from inshore(average of 2.515) to offshore sites(average of 5.327) compared with the distribution of a₃₅₅. The values of S_R were related to CDOM molecular weight(MW). The a₃₅₅, S_R, and chlorophyll a in 37 samples collected from the surface microlayer were significantly correlated with those in the corresponding subsurface water samples, implying a strong exchange action between the microlayer and bulk water. The a₃₅₅ and S_R of CDOM exhibited significant microlayer enrichment, with mean enrichment factors(EFs) of 1.72 and 1.62, respectively.     

高氯酸盐稳定氯、氧同位素测试新技术

高氯酸盐同位素测试技术能够为环境介质中高氯酸盐污染物来源的判识、降解途径与修复效果的监测与评价提供重要的分析工具。在国内建立高氯酸盐稳定氯、氧同位素测试技术,采用真空热解方法组建同位素真空制样系统,并结合GasBenIIIRMS联用技术实现在线高精度测试。实验结果表明,真空制样系统稳定性高,最佳热解反应温度为650℃,样品量约10μmol ClO-₄。δ18O、Δ17O和δ37Cl的方法分析精度分别为0.3‰,0.04‰和0.1‰,达到国际水平,为我国高氯酸盐环境污染的防治研究提供了先进的方法与手段。      

岩质边坡非饱和带水汽运移机制及其生态学意义

岩质边坡非饱和带水分对于边坡植物生长具有重要的生态学意义.目前对岩质边坡非饱和带水汽运移的系统性研究还很少,现有研究大部分集中在大气与岩体的接触面和凝结水能否生成的定性层面,而未将边坡非饱和带作为一个系统整体来研究.为了阐明岩质边坡非饱和带的水汽运移机制及其与边坡植物生长之间的关系,运用热力学和系统科学的理论,开展边坡温湿度监测试验,进行了详细的水汽运移机制的研究.研究发现,岩质边坡非饱和带内的水汽运移驱动力为水汽分压梯度,水汽从水汽分压大的位置向水汽分压小的位置运移.冬季时,水汽从边坡深部向浅部运移,夏季时,水汽从大气向边坡深部运移.岩质边坡非饱和带内存在水汽饱和带,夏季范围较大,冬季范围收缩.同时,通过对岩质边坡复绿植物的成活率进行监测分析,论述了岩质边坡非饱和带内的水汽内循环机制及其生态学意义.本文对于研究岩体非饱和带水文学、探索植物水分来源、指导岩质边坡复绿乃至干旱半干旱带的生态修复都有极为重要的理论和现实意义.     

浑厚山体随高程增加由表及里地震动响应研究

为探究浑厚山体不同高程由表及里地震动响应规律,以冷竹关山体为例,采用离散元软件建立地形与风化介质组合模型,并从底部边界输入汶川地震波信号,研究该山体两侧边坡的内外动力响应规律。结果表明,随着高程的增加,靠大渡河一侧边坡坡体内与坡表的加速度放大系数均表现出先增大后减小的节律性变化,在近坡顶时增大较快并达到最大值;靠近瓦斯沟一侧边坡坡表受地形起伏的影响,加速度放大系数存在凸坡放大、凹坡减小的特征;相同高程,随边坡由表及里深度的增加,加速度放大系数表现为逐步减小,当距坡表150~200 m时放大曲线趋于平缓;随高程的增加,加速度放大系数由表及里的减小速度变缓,且放大曲线收敛平缓的深度增大;随岩体风化程度的增加,岩体介质波速降低,共振效应使得加速度响应增大,与此同时,斜坡地形与介质组合效应使得坡表峰值加速度放大系数在2.0附近。     

Comparative studies on carbon origin of dawsonite between Hailaer Basin in China and Bowen-Gunnedah-Sydney basin system in Australia

Dawsonite, NaAlCO3(OH)2, is widespread as a cement, replacement and cavity filling in Hailaer Basin in China and Bowen-Gunnedah-Sydney (BGS) basin system in Australia. The origin of dawsonite is emphatically contrasted and analyzed through stable isotopic composition. Dawsonite δ13C values ranging from -4.0×10-3 to 4.1×10-3 are remarkably consistent through the BGS basin system. The calculated δ13C values of CO2 gas in isotopic equilibrium with dawsonite range from -11.3×10-3 to -4.6×10-3. These values indicate carbon of dawsonite came from inorganic CO2 gas accompanied by magmatic activity. In Hailaer Basin, the Dawsonite δ13C values ranging from -4.64×10-3 to 2.12×10-3 are also consistent. The calculated δ13C values of CO2 gas in isotopic equilibrium with dawsonite range from -11.82×10-3 to -5.11×10-3. According to the coincidence of dawsonite-bearing well and CO2 gas well with mantle source,lying along deep fracture within or adjacent to Yanshanian granite,it is concluded that CO2 gas forming dawsonite is derived from mantle related to magmatic process during the Yanshanian. A little biologic origin carbon owing to petroleum charging intervened when dawsonite formed.     

Spatial differentiation in stable isotope compositions of surface waters and its environmental significance in the Issyk-Kul Lake region of Central Asia

Stable isotope values of oxygen(~(18)O) and hydrogen(~(2)H) of surface waters were used to study the origin and environmental significances in the Issyk-Kul basin of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia, which is the most important intermountain basin in the modern Tien Shan orogen. This study is the first analysis of hydrochemical spatial differentiation in the stable isotopes of surface waters in this watershed.75 samples were collected from rivers, springs, lakes,rain and snow during the rainy season in July and August of 2016. Stable isotopes of ~(18)O and ~(2)H were studied for all samples, and cation ratios(Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca) were also determined for lake water samples.Stable isotope values from precipitation scattered around the Local Meteoric Water Line(determined from Urumqi Station of the global network of isotopes in precipitation(GNIP)), together with values of the Deuterium excess parameter(d) from 15.3‰ to30.5‰, with an average of 19.8‰, indicating that the moisture sources are primarily from regions with low relative humidity. The δ~(18)O and δ~(2)H values were significantly different between the river and lake samples, indicating that regional evaporation caused the isotopic enrichment of lake water. Geospatial autocorrelation, measured by Moran's I coefficient,indicated weak spatial autocorrelation within stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the surface waters of the studied area, which is primarily an effect of climate during the water chemistry evolution. The cation ratios Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca in lake water samples were not correlated with the concentration of total dissolved solids, but did show correlation with stable isotopic values, which is significant for paleoenvironmental reconstruction.