Recent changes in the summer precipitation pattern in East China and the background circulation

This study documents the decadal changes of the summer precipitation in East China, with increased rainfall in the Huang-Huai River region (HR) and decreased in the Yangtze River region (YR) during 2000?C2008 in comparison to 1979?C1999. The main features of the atmospheric circulation related to the increased precipitation in the HR are the strengthened ascending motion and slightly increased air humidity, which is partly due to the weakened moisture transport out of the HR to the western tropical Pacific (associated with the weakened westerly over East Asia and the warming center over the Lake Baikal). The rainfall decrease in the YR is related to the weakened ascending motion and reduced water vapor content, which is mainly related to the weakened southwesterly moisture flux into the YR (associated with the eastward recession of the Western Pacific Subtropical High). The global sea surface temperature (SST) also shows significant changes during 2000?C2008 relative to 1979?C1999. The shift of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) to a negative phase probably induces the warming over the Lake Baikal and the weakened westerly jet through the air-sea interaction in the Pacific, and thus changes the summer precipitation pattern in East China. Numerical experiments using an atmospheric general circulation model, with prescribed all-Pacific SST anomalies of 2000?C2008 relative to 1979?C1999, also lend support to the PDO??s contribution to the warming over the Lake Baikal and the weakened westerlies over East China.     

Tibetan Plateau summer precipitation: covariability with circulation indices

Relations between Tibetan Plateau precipitation and large-scale climate indices are studied based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the boreal summer season. The focus is on the decadal variability of links between the large-scale circulation and the plateau drought and wetness. Analysis of teleconnectivity of the continental northern hemisphere standardized summer precipitation reveals the Tibetan Plateau as a major SPI teleconnectivity center in south-eastern Asia connecting remote correlation patterns over Eurasia. Employing a moving window approach, changes in covariability and synchronizations between Tibetan Plateau summer SPI and climate indices are analyzed on decadal time scales. Decadal variability in the relationships between Tibetan Plateau summer SPI and the large-scale climate system is characterized by three shifts related to changes in the North Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, and the tropical Pacific. Changes in the North Atlantic variability (North Atlantic Oscillation) result in a stable level of Tibetan Plateau summer SPI variability; the response to changes in tropical Pacific variability is prominent in various indices such as Asian monsoon, Pacific/North America, and East Atlantic/Western Russia pattern.

     

塔里木盆地夏季降水年代际的变化及联系的大尺度环流[*]

基于1961-2020年夏季塔里木盆地33站逐日降水数据和NCEP/NCAR大气环流再分析数据,分析了塔里木盆地夏季降水的年代际变化特征及影响环流。结果表明,塔里木盆地夏季降水在1986/1987年发生了由少到多的年代际突变,降水显著增加的区域主要位于盆地的西部和北部,主要由降水日数的增加贡献。不同年代际背景下,影响塔里木盆地夏季降水的环流配置存在一定差异。1961-1986年,影响盆地夏季降水的中亚副热带急流位置显著南移,中亚上空的异常气旋位于40°N附近,水汽源于阿拉伯海;1987-2020年,影响盆地夏季降水的中亚上空异常气旋位置位于40°N以南,水汽源于孟加拉湾和西北太平洋。东大西洋—西俄罗斯大气遥相关型在塔里木盆地夏季降水的年代际变化中扮演了重要角色。     

Improved regional scale processes reflected in projected hydrological changes over large European catchments

For the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the recent version of the coupled atmosphere/ocean general circulation model (GCM) of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology has been used to conduct an ensemble of transient climate simulations These simulations comprise three control simulations for the past century covering the period 1860–2000, and nine simulations for the future climate (2001–2100) using greenhouse gas (GHG) and aerosol concentrations according to the three IPCC scenarios B1, A1B and A2. For each scenario three simulations were performed. The global simulations were dynamically downscaled over Europe using the regional climate model (RCM) REMO at 0.44° horizontal resolution (about 50 km), whereas the physics packages of the GCM and RCM largely agree. The regional simulations comprise the three control simulations (1950–2000), the three A1B simulations and one simulation for B1 as well as for A2 (2001–2100). In our study we concentrate on the climate change signals in the hydrological cycle and the 2 m temperature by comparing the mean projected climate at the end of the twenty-first century (2071–2100) to a control period representing current climate (1961–1990). The robustness of the climate change signal projected by the GCM and RCM is analysed focussing on the large European catchments of Baltic Sea (land only), Danube and Rhine. In this respect, a robust climate change signal designates a projected change that sticks out of the noise of natural climate variability. Catchments and seasons are identified where the climate change signal in the components of the hydrological cycle is robust, and where this signal has a larger uncertainty. Notable differences in the robustness of the climate change signals between the GCM and RCM simulations are related to a stronger warming projected by the GCM in the winter over the Baltic Sea catchment and in the summer over the Danube and Rhine catchments. Our results indicate that the main explanation for these differences is that the finer resolution of the RCM leads to a better representation of local scale processes at the surface that feed back to the atmosphere, i.e. an improved representation of the land sea contrast and related moisture transport processes over the Baltic Sea catchment, and an improved representation of soil moisture feedbacks to the atmosphere over the Danube and Rhine catchments.     

Influence of the circumglobal wave-train on European summer precipitation

We investigate European summer (July–August) precipitation variability and its global teleconnections using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data (1950–2010) and a historical Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate simulation (1901–2005) carried out using the ECHAM6/MPIOM climate model. A wavelike pattern is found in the upper tropospheric levels (200 hPa) similar to the summer circumglobal wave train (CGT) extending from the North Pacific to the Eurasian region. The positive phase of the CGT is associated with upper level anomalous low (high) pressure over western (eastern) Europe. It is further associated with a dipole-like precipitation pattern over Europe entailing significantly enhanced (reduced) precipitation over the western (eastern) region. The anomalous circulation features and associated summer precipitation pattern over Europe inverts for the negative CGT phase. Accordingly, the global teleconnection pattern of a precipitation index summarizing summer precipitation over Western Europe entails an upper level signature which consists of a CGT-like wave pattern extending from the North Pacific to Eurasia. The imprint of the CGT on European summer precipitation is distinct from that of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation, despite the two modes of variability bear strong similarities in their upper level atmospheric pattern over Western Europe. The analysis of simulated CGT features and of its climatic implications for the European region substantiates the existence of the CGT-European summer precipitation connection. The summer CGT in the mid-latitude therefore adds to the list of the modes of large-scale atmospheric variability significantly influencing European summer precipitation variability.     

夏季淮河流域大气环流型在降水趋势预测中的应用

采用NCEP/NCAR逐日海平面气压场资料,利用Lamb-Jenkinson大气环流分型方法对淮河流域夏季环流进行分型,并利用逐步回归方法建立了淮河流域夏季降水趋势的预测模型。结果表明:影响夏季淮河流域的主要环流型有南风型、西南风型、东南风型及气旋性环流,这些环流型都具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征,利用大气环流型建立的夏季淮河流域降水趋势预测模型具有一定的预报能力。     

淮河流域春夏季降水位相变化特征

淮河流域的降水异常容易导致旱涝灾害。本研究从降水位相变化的角度,对淮河流域春夏季降水规律作了分析。在近50 a中,春夏季降水持续偏多的典型事件发生频次较多,强度较大。1960年代初期—1970年代末期和2000年代的两个时期内发生降水位相变化的站次都呈现减少趋势,而在近几年则显著增加。通过S-EOF分解,第1模态代表春、夏季降水持续同位相变化,其时间系数在近年来持续上升;第2模态为春夏季降水反位相变化特征,此模态的时间系数有明显的年代际变化特征。进一步研究发现:前冬和春季,当赤道太平洋持续发生El Ni1o事件,南印度洋偶极子负位相;春季东亚副热带急流偏弱,春夏季中国东部850 hPa均存在南风异常,有利于淮河流域春夏季降水持续正位相变化;持续负位相年则反之。当春季东亚副热带急流偏强(弱),夏季位置偏南(北);中国东部沿海春季海温偏低(高);春夏季间中国东南部850 hPa经向风由北(南)风异常转变为南(北)风异常,可能会导致春季降水负(正)位相—夏季正(负)位相的变化。     

山东半岛夏季降水异常的环流型及影响因子分析

利用1961—2016年华东地区106个气象观测站的日降水数据和再分析资料,分析引起山东半岛夏季降水异常的大气环流型及其与前期下垫面因子（海温和土壤湿度）的关系,结果发现：1）当孟加拉湾出现西南风异常,日本列岛以南和贝加尔湖西南侧地区分别呈反气旋和气旋式环流异常时,加强了向山东半岛的水汽输送,配合区域大气上升运动异常最终导致山东半岛夏季降水偏多;反之,当孟加拉湾出现西北风异常,日本列岛以南和贝加尔湖西南地区分别呈气旋和反气旋式环流异常时山东半岛降水偏少。2）孟加拉湾和北太平洋中部关键区的对流层整层位势高度与下垫面海温自春季持续至夏季存在显著正相关,当两个地区的整层位势高度均呈正异常时,分别对应夏季孟加拉湾的强西风气流和日本列岛以南的反气旋环流异常。3）区域土壤湿度异常引起的感热和潜热通量异常,可能是引起贝加尔湖关键区位势高度和山东半岛局地对流异常的原因：贝加尔湖西南地区土壤湿度偏大时,其上空对流层位势高度为负异常;山东半岛地区土壤湿度偏大时,其上空对流层大气出现异常上升运动。4）利用关键区春季下垫面因子（海温和土壤湿度）建立山东半岛夏季降水的统计预测模型,留一交叉检验的距平同号率达到75%。这些结果可为山东半岛夏季降水预测提供重要参考。     

European winter precipitation extremes and large-scale circulation: a coupled model and its scenarios

Summary The physical coupling between the occurrence of winter heavy precipitation in Europe and the surface large-scale circulation is studied by isolating their coupled modes with a singular value decomposition technique. The leading mode is a clear manifestation of the North Atlantic Oscillation forcing. The second mode reflects the influence of a centre-of-action in the pressure field westward of the British Isles. The Hadley Centre Coupled Model (3^rd generation) is skilful in reproducing these two modes and an eastward extension of the North Atlantic Oscillation towards the Mediterranean Basin is projected under two future climatic scenarios. This extension yields an increase in the North Atlantic Oscillation forcing over the occurrence of heavy precipitation in several regions of Southern Europe, which is corroborated by the changes in the coupling of the daily precipitation. A combination of the first six coupled modes of the daily precipitation revealed that its amounts in some parts of Western Europe and the Mediterranean are effectively governed by the large-scale circulation. The model is still reasonably skilful in reproducing this large-scale coupling. The projected modifications, both in the strength and in the patterns of the coupled modes, explain important fractions of the projected changes in variance, which ultimately have implications in the occurrence of heavy precipitation in several European areas. Therefore, the ability of a model in reproducing the large-scale forcing over the daily precipitation is important for the reliability of its projections of the occurrence of heavy precipitation in Europe.     

Diurnal variations of circulation and precipitation in the vicinity of the Tibetan Plateau in early summer

A regional climate model (RCM) has been applied to simulate the diurnal variations of the Asian summer monsoon during the early summer period. The ERA40 reanalysis data and the TRMM precipitation data are used to evaluate the performance of the model. The 5-year simulations show that the RCM could simulate well the diurnal cycle of the monsoon circulation over the region. A strong diurnal variation of circulation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) can be observed at the 500-hPa level, with strong convergence and upward motion in the late afternoon. The diurnal variation of the 500-hPa relative vorticity over the TP associated with the corresponding diurnal variation of convergence may lead to the formation of a prominent plateau-scale cyclonic circulation over the TP during the evening to midnight period. The simulated diurnal variation of precipitation over land is generally better than that over the ocean, particularly over the regions close to the TP such as the Bangladesh region in the southern flank of the TP, where the well-known nocturnal maximum in precipitation is well captured by the RCM. However, the late-afternoon maximum in precipitation over the Southeast Asia region is not well simulated by the RCM. The model results suggest that the diurnal variation of precipitation over the southern flank of the TP is associated with the strong diurnal variation in the circulation over the TP.     

SST and circulation trend biases cause an underestimation of European precipitation trends

Clear precipitation trends have been observed in Europe over the past century. In winter, precipitation has increased in north-western Europe. In summer, there has been an increase along many coasts in the same area. Over the second half of the past century precipitation also decreased in southern Europe in winter. An investigation of precipitation trends in two multi-model ensembles including both global and regional climate models shows that these models fail to reproduce the observed trends. In many regions the model spread does not cover the trend in the observations. In contrast, regional climate model (RCM) experiments with observed boundary conditions reproduce the observed precipitation trends much better. The observed trends are largely compatible with the range of uncertainties spanned by the ensemble, indicating that the boundary conditions of RCMs are responsible for large parts of the trend biases. We find that the main factor in setting the trend in winter is atmospheric circulation, for summer sea surface temperature (SST) is important in setting precipitation trends along the North Sea and Atlantic coasts. The causes of the large trends in atmospheric circulation and summer SST are not known. For SST there may be a connection with the well-known ocean circulation biases in low-resolution ocean models. A quantitative understanding of the causes of these trends is needed so that climate model based projections of future climate can be corrected for these precipitation trend biases.     

东北夏季降水分型及其大气环流特征

利用1961—2010年中国东北122站逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中国国家气候中心整理的160站月平均温度资料,对东北6月、7月、8月的降水进行分型,在此基础上分析各类降水型对应的环流形势。结果表明:东北6月、7月、8月降水均可划分为两大类四小类,6月与8月的分型结果相同,为全区一致型(同多型、同少型)和南北反位相型(南部型、北部型),7月可分为全区一致型(同多型、同少型)和东西反位相型(东部型、西部型)。6月东北降水主要受东北冷涡影响,冷涡越强,降水越多,且当鄂霍次克海阻塞高压出现明显异常时,6月东北降水将呈现南北反位相特征;7月、8月降水主要受东亚夏季风影响,其中东北降水全区一致型与西太平洋副热带高压的位置以及沿亚洲西风急流东传的波列有关,而降水南北(东西)反位相型则与西太平洋副热带高压的强度有关。     

江西持续性暴雨的典型大尺度环流模型

利用1961—2010年共50 a的500 hPa欧亚地区历史天气图资料对江西省74次持续性暴雨天气过程的大尺度环流形势进行分析,并建立了江西省持续性暴雨天气的大尺度环流模型。结果表明,该模型中,欧亚中高纬的长波槽脊呈双阻塞高压型,两个阻塞高压分别位于乌拉尔山西侧和鄂霍茨克海西侧;我国东北地区有一低涡,且从该低涡中心至江西附近地区有一深厚低压槽(华北槽);西太平洋副热带高压位于低纬西太平洋地区,其脊线位于20 N附近,西脊点位于110 E附近,副热带高压北侧的584 dagpm线位置(115 E的纬度)位于27 N附近;华北槽后的干冷空气与副热带高压西北侧的暖湿气流持续交汇于江西地区,为持续性暴雨提供了有利于水汽输送和辐合抬升条件。500 hPa的历史天气图和NCEP资料均显示,该大尺度环流模型具有较好的普适性。     

Regional-scale relationships between aerosol and summer monsoon circulation, and precipitation over northeast Asia

We investigated the regional-scale relationships between columnar aerosol loads and summer monsoon circulation, and also the precipitation over northeast Asia using aerosol optical depth (AOD) data obtained from the 8-year MODIS, AERONET Sun/sky radiometer, and precipitation data acquired under the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). These high-quality data revealed the regional-scale link between AOD and summer monsoon circulation, precipitation in July over northeast Asian countries, and their distinct spatial and annual variabilities. Compared to the mean AOD for the entire period of 2001–2008, the increase of almost 40–50% in the AOD value in July 2005 and July 2007 was found over the downwind regions of China (Yellow Sea, Korean peninsula, and East Sea), with negative precipitation anomalies. This can be attributable to the strong westerly confluent flows, between cyclone flows by continental thermal low centered over the northern China and anticyclonic flows by the western North Pacific High, which transport anthropogenic pollution aerosols emitted from east China to aforementioned downwind high AOD regions along the rim of the Pacific marine airmass. In July 2002, however, the easterly flows transported anthropogenic aerosols from east China to the southwestern part of China in July 2002. As a result, the AOD off the coast of China was dramatically reduced in spite of decreasing rainfall. From the calculation of the cross-correlation coefficient between MODIS-derived AOD anomalies and GPCP precipitation anomalies in July over the period 2001–2008, we found negative correlations over the areas encompassed by 105–115°E and 30–35°N and by 120–140°E and 35–40°N (Yellow Sea, Korean peninsula, and East Sea). This suggests that aerosol loads over these regions are easily influenced by the Asian monsoon flow system and associated precipitation.     

遵义气温与降水变化的多时间尺度对比分析

用一维Morlet小波变换对遵义市（3个站资料）1951-2006年56a气温与降水资料序列诊断,将二者在6a、10a和19a时间尺度下的小波系数过程线的对比分析发现,遵义市的气温和降水彼此的相关性与二者在年际尺度和年代际尺度上表现出的位相具有较为明显的对应关系,即当气温和降水相关性显著时,二者在其对应变化的年际尺度上表现出较强的反位相,而如果二者的相关性不显著时,二者在其对应变化的较大的年代际尺度上表现出较强的反位相。     

初夏印度高压的季节转换及其与北半球环流和我国夏季降水的关系

本文以初夏印度高压撤离印度地区的早迟,来反映冬夏季节转换的早晚,并讨论这种季节转换的突变现象与北半球环流和我国夏季降水的关系。分析表明,初夏印度高压季节转换的早、晚,反映在印度地区500hPa高度距平符号是完全相反的,这种距平场的扰动,以波动形式沿一定的通道向东亚中高纬度地区传播,然后通过极区传向西半球。当印度高压季节转换早时,夏季西太平洋副高易北上,东亚中高纬度距平场往往出现东高西低的环流形势,相应我国汛期降水偏多,反之亦然。同时,5月印度地区高度场变化对我国长江中下游入梅日期也有一定的指示意义。在近几年的实际应用中,这种正相关关系保持着较好的稳定性。     

近50年营口夏季降水异常年与前期海气环流特征分析

利用1951～2000年营口夏季降水量和前期500hPa高度场、北太平洋海温资料,分析了夏季异常旱涝年的前期秋季(9～11月)、冬季(12月—翌年2月)500hPa高度场和北太平洋海温场及环流场特征。结果表明:前期秋、冬季海气资料与夏季降水相关较好,且存在“隔季相关”的现象。     

我国东部夏季降水季节内振荡与低频大气环流演变特征分析

利用1979—2017年夏季逐日气象数据,使用经验正交函数（Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF）分解和超前滞后回归方法分析了我国东部地区夏季降水季节内振荡（Intra-seasonal Oscillation,ISO）的时空特征及其与低纬和北太平洋中高纬度低频大气环流的联系。结果表明：EOF分解的第一模态表现为我国东南部地区ISO降水显著偏多,而我国北方地区偏少的空间型,相应的低频向外长波辐射（Outgoing Long wave Radiation,OLR）场表现为我国东南部地区低频对流异常活跃,而北方地区异常不活跃的南北偶极子型分布。位于南海至副热带西太平洋上空的低频对流异常活跃区与低频上升气流和低频水汽辐合带协同北传和西北传,在我国东南部地区ISO降水异常偏多位相峰值之前一周抵达华南上空,我国东部地区ISO降水开始呈现出南北偶极子空间型;与此同时,200 hPa低频经向风在北太平洋中高纬度表现为一个纬向低频波列形式,并向西传播,当低频波列中的低频南风异常西传到东亚—日本岛上空时,与低纬北传的高层异常北风形成经向对比,造成我国东南部地区上空出现强的低频散度异常。以上低纬度低频信号西北传与北太平洋中高纬度低频波列西传的协同作用,使得异常活跃的对流活动、水汽异常辐合区、异常上升运动和高层异常辐散区均锚定在我国东南部上空,形成该地区ISO降水异常偏多位相。     

Statistical comparison of European circulation patterns and development of a continental scale classification

Summary In this paper several circulation pattern classifications developed for different European regions are compared with respect to their mutual dependence. Circulation pattern (CP) classifications – both subjective and objective – for the British Isles, Germany and Greece were considered. Statistical tests were applied in order to investigate the relationships between each pair of CP classifications. It was found that each pair of classifications cannot be considered to be independent. Time dependence in the relationship between CP classifications shows anomalous behavior only when one of the classifications is subjective. This is due to a gradual change in the methodology, and therefore these classifications should be used for climate evolution studies with care. The dependence between each pair of CP classifications was motivation for developing a new CP classification for the whole European continent which is presented. It is shown that for the local precipitation variability almost no information is lost when comparing this new classification with local classifications.     

山东夏季降水异常的环流特征及降尺度解释应用预测方法研究

基于山东省123个国家级气象观测站1961—2015年夏季降水资料、1991—2015年NCEP再分析资料,分析了山东夏季降水变化特征及其与大气环流的关系。结果表明,在山东夏季降水偏多（少）时,乌拉尔山阻塞高压偏弱（强）,副热带高压偏强（弱）,南亚高压偏强（弱）,并且200 hPa经向风场有明显的类似丝绸之路遥相关型的波列结构。利用国家气候中心第二代海气耦合模式3月起报的未来夏季海平面气压场建立降尺度预测模型,该模型对山东夏季降水的预测符号一致率达到64%,有一定的预测能力,进一步分析发现,模式对关键区环流因子的模拟预测能力显著影响降尺度预测方法的准确率。