华南湘中南地区中生代构造变形特征及深部过程

华南板块地处西太平洋俯冲构造域与特提斯构造域的交汇地带, 经历了三叠纪特提斯洋关闭导致的陆-陆碰撞和古太平洋板块俯冲的大地构造过程。然而, 关于华南板块内部复杂变形和丰富岩浆作用的构造属性, 对应古特提斯和古太平洋构造体制转换的记录等仍然存在着严重的分歧。本文通过华南中部湘中南地区发育的大型叠加褶皱系统的构造解析、相关断层滑动矢量构造反演, 结合同构造岩浆岩年代学研究, 恢复两期褶皱的变形样式和叠加机制, 建立华南中部早中生代两期重要的构造-岩浆事件及其构造应力场。其中, 鉴别出两期叠加构造中早期E–W/WNW向褶皱与三叠纪岩浆系统, 受控于NE–SW向挤压应力场, 与三叠纪华南南部与印支地块碰撞、北部与华北地块碰撞事件相协调; 晚期近NE/NEN向褶皱近直交地叠加在近早期褶皱之上, 形成穹-盆(dome-basin)样式的大型叠加褶皱系统, 这期褶皱受控于NWW–SEE向的挤压应力场, 结合卷入变形的地层关系和岩浆岩年代学数据, 确定了大致形成与中—晚侏罗世, 对应古太平洋板块俯冲事件。大型叠加褶皱样式的建立和两期褶皱变形事件的鉴别, 对华南陆内复杂变形的过程和动力学背景的解释提出重要的时空约束, 对理解华南陆内造山作用乃至中国东部的早中生代构造序列具有重要的参考价值。     

米仓山地区构造演化

米仓山地区构造变形序列和构造沉积、岩浆、变质同步事件记录了五大构造发展阶段演化历史。克拉通结晶基底的形成与古裂陷开合构造有关，褶皱基底形成于扬子古板块活动大陆边缘环境，澄江期基性超基性、碱性、中酸性侵入岩序列发育良好，与古大陆裂谷活动有关，克拉通沉积盖层形成于被动大陆边缘，中新生代构造格局为大型推覆—滑脱构造。     

大兴安岭地区上古生界变形特征及构造层划分

大兴安岭地区古生界构造变形表明,上古生界自二叠纪末以来遭受了3期构造变形改造:第一期变形为二叠纪末华北板块与佳蒙地块碰撞造成的近EW向展布的断裂和褶皱构造,强度由南向北有减弱的趋势;第二期变形为侏罗纪西太平洋板块俯冲导致的NE—NNE向左行走滑断裂和褶皱构造;第三期为NW向具有右行走滑特征的断裂构造,时间大致在晚侏罗世—早白垩世。综合区域构造、沉积岩古地理分析对比,初步将大兴安岭地区上古生界划分为早古生代、D—C1、C2—P2、P3—T14个构造层:早古生代末加里东运动之后,在D—C1期间早期以伸展为主,总体表现为北海南陆的古地理特征;早石炭世末期松嫩地块与额尔古纳—兴安地块沿嫩江—扎兰屯一线碰撞拼接;C2—P2期间总体表现为造山后伸展特征,表现为北陆南海;P3—T1时期古亚洲洋的闭合,海水退出,转为陆相。     

试论新疆深部构造基本特征

在编制１：２００万新疆莫霍面等深线图的基础上，结合航磁、遥感、地质和地球物理资料，系统编制出新疆古深部构造分区图，划分出新疆深部构造类型和单元，并简要阐述其基本特征。深部构造类型分为构造区和幔源断裂，构造区分为幔隆区、幔坳区和幔坡区三大类及幔凸、幔脊、幔坪、幔槽、幔谷、幔凹、幔坡等若干工类，幔源断裂按其活动时间和特征分为古、恒、今幔源断裂三类。新疆深部构造单元划分为阿尔泰—蒙古幔坳区、准噶尔幔隆区、伊犁幔坳区、塔里木幔隆区、昆仑幔坡区和羌塘—冈底斯幔坡区等６个一级，２０个二级及２７个三级单元。由此对新疆古板块进行了初步探讨，认为额尔齐斯、天山中央、康西瓦三条断裂深部构造特征明显，可作为一级板块构造界线。准噶尔古板块属古生代洋壳板块，其内不存在前寒武纪变质岩结晶基底。     

东北亚地区晚侏罗—白垩纪构造格架主体特点

将东北地区主体构造特征置于东北亚大地构造背景中进行分析,可将东北亚地区晚中生代—古近纪的构造演化划分为3个时段:1)中—晚侏罗世,特提斯洋扩张及古北美大陆板块与古欧亚大陆之间的碰撞,致使蒙古—鄂霍茨克湾闭合,形成大规模深层次逆冲构造;并在南蒙古和华北地块北缘产生远距离的构造叠加效应。2)晚侏罗—早白垩世,特提斯洋板块、古太平洋构造域(包括古太平洋和伊泽纳奇板块)与古欧亚大陆之间的联合作用,导致亚洲东部大陆地壳向东蠕散、伸展和断块活动,伴随发育小型断陷盆地和变质核杂岩。3)早白垩世末(阿尔布晚期)—新近纪(中新世),特提斯洋板块(后期包括印度大陆)、太平洋构造域与欧亚大陆间的联合作用,导致古太平洋(或伊泽纳奇板块)消失及鄂霍茨克海微板块与欧亚大陆之间的碰撞,在大陆边缘叠加形成火山-深成岩带和坳陷盆地。在100～40Ma期间,太平洋构造域与欧亚大陆之间的相互作用,对欧亚大陆东部边缘产生重大影响,在导致大陆岩石圈-地壳减薄、地幔类型转变和强烈深成构造-岩浆活动的同时,也产生一系列与大陆边缘断块活动有关的浅层效应。     

渤海海域侏罗—白垩纪沉积与构造演化

覆盖区侏罗—白垩系分布、变形特征及构造演化对理解华北克拉通破坏过程具有重要意义。根据编制的地层分布图和地震资料解释,研究了渤海海域侏罗—白垩纪时期沉积、构造变形及演化特征。渤海海域燕山期构造变形与板块俯冲引起的地幔上拱有关。早-中侏罗世,库拉—伊泽奈崎板块北西向俯冲,地层展布继承了印支期古构造格局,呈近东西向,属于坳陷成盆期。晚侏罗—早白垩世,库拉—伊泽奈崎板块北北西向俯冲,火山活动强烈,为热拱断陷期。受郯庐断裂左行活动影响,地层展布具有明显分带性,多呈北东—南西向和北西西—南东东向。晚白垩世,太平洋板块北西向俯冲挤压,岩浆冷凝,进入萎缩隆褶期。     

中国东部中—新生代大陆构造的形成与演化

20世纪60年代提出的"威尔逊旋回"以关闭洋盆两侧板块的碰撞作为板块运动旋回的终结,然而板块构造学说"登陆"20多年来的实践说明这种认识是不全面的。大陆弥散而宽广的陆内变形说明洋盆闭合两侧板块的碰撞并未终止板内构造作用。古亚洲大陆形成后中国东部中—新生代广泛发育的板内构造变形、岩浆活动、克拉通内盆地的形成都和古亚洲大陆南、北,印度洋和北冰洋洋脊的持续扩张、西太平洋和菲律宾洋壳的俯冲相关。本文拟厘清中国东部中—新生代大陆构造形成与演化的重大事件、构造性质、形成背景及其时空展布:(1)晚海西—印支期古特提斯洋关闭陆块拼合碰撞古亚洲大陆雏形形成;(2)晚侏罗—早白垩世蒙古—鄂霍茨克海闭合,陆-陆碰撞古亚洲大陆形成,挤压逆冲推覆构造在陆内变形中形成高潮,西太平洋伊佐奈岐洋壳板块的斜俯冲叠加了自东而西的影响;(3)早白垩世晚期—古近纪加厚地壳-岩石圈减薄、转型,陆内伸展变形达到高潮,大陆克拉通泛盆地、准平原化;(4)始新世晚期—早中新世(40~23 Ma)太平洋板块运动转向对东亚大陆NWW向的挤压和印度洋脊扩张印—澳板块对古亚洲南部陆-陆碰撞挤压的叠加,形成中国东部新生的构造地貌;(5)中-上新世—早更新世受东亚—西太平洋巨型裂谷系和印度洋中脊扩张的叠加影响,中国东部岩石圈地幔隆升、地壳减薄,陆缘、陆内伸展变形相继形成边缘海、岛弧、裂谷型盆地和剥蚀高原地貌;(6)早更新世晚期(0.9~0.8 Ma)—晚更新世末(0.01 Ma)中国东部大陆构造地貌基本形成。     

塔里木盆地与相邻褶皱带的区域构造演化

据新地质资料 ,塔里木盆地和周边褶皱带的区域构造演化可分为四个阶段 :( 1)前震旦纪 :“古新疆克拉通”的形成 ;( 2 )震旦纪—中泥盆世 :“古南天山洋”的开合和“新疆克拉通板块”的重新拼合 ;( 3 )晚泥盆世—三叠纪 :“新疆克拉通板块”的局部裂解与拼贴 ,“新天山洋”的开与合 ;( 4 )侏罗纪—第四纪 :冈底斯地块北向碰撞 ,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞 ,塔里木盆地及周边区域构造格局最终形成。     

蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造带中段构造变形及动力学特征

蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造带作为中亚造山带的重要组成部分,其构造变形和动力学特征一直是地质界关注的问题。沿着该构造带中段,对5个韧性变形点及1个脆性变形点进行详细解析,揭示了该构造带变形及动力学特征。B型褶皱、揉皱、A型褶皱、矿物拉伸线理、S-C组构都显示了该构造带明显的NW—SE剪切作用。剪切方向稳定而单一,未发现多方向变形叠加现象,可能指示了蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造带的形成过程为一期主要的俯冲碰撞或多期同向的俯冲碰撞。对蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造带形成时间和动力学背景进行了讨论,认为该构造带主要形成于中晚侏罗世—早白垩世东亚多向汇聚动力学背景之下。对构造带内地质点mg6脆性断层面上滑动矢量进行了统计和古应力场反演,得出两期古构造应力场,一期为NW—SE挤压,一期为近E—W挤压。NW—SE挤压应力场可能对应了中晚侏罗世—白垩纪古太平洋板块向西俯冲对中亚地区的远程影响;而近E—W向挤压可能反映了早新生代印度—欧亚板块碰撞对中亚地区的远程效应。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘边界带构造样式及其区域构造意义

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘是一条燕山运动期形成的、复杂的构造——地貌边界带,由离石断裂和晋陕挠褶带组成。基于野外观察和构造测量资料,本文论述了该边界带分段特征及断裂构造样式,利用断层滑动矢量资料反演古构造应力方向,建立了侏罗纪—白垩纪构造应力场演化序列。结果表明,该边界带发育3类断裂构造样式:反冲断裂、上盘断坡褶皱和盖层滑脱。根据地表构造样式推断,该边界带构造组成了山西断隆深部由东向西扩展的断坪—断坡式拆离系统的前缘反冲构造或上盘断坡。沿边界带发育挤压破碎带和构造透镜体。断层运动学分析结果展示了多向挤压应力作用,挤压应力方向为W—E、NW—SE和NE—SW向。该边界带的分段构造样式和应力作用方向记录了晚侏罗世燕山运动时期华北地区陆内挤压变形特征,为研究燕山运动时期古太平洋板块向东亚大陆俯冲产生的远程效应和华北陆内构造变形动力学提供重要的构造地质学依据。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.