氮限制条件下链状亚历山大藻H3K4me3的调控机制解析

为探索链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium pacificam)在低氮条件下的适应性反应机制,本研究采用结合位点分析法(ChIP-seq)比较了链状亚历山大藻氮限制和氮正常条件下组蛋白第三亚基四号赖氨酸的三甲基化(H3K4me3)修饰情况及调控机制,GO分析结果表明H3K4me3修饰在低氮条件下调控了跨膜转运蛋白活性,表明在低氮条件下链状亚历山大藻增强了转运体活性来获取外界营养物质。通过KEGG分析发现还富集了植物病原菌相互作用途径和谷胱甘肽代谢途径,表明链状亚历山大藻在低氮条件下,病原菌防御和抗氧化应激对其生存至关重要。此外还发现在低氮条件下H3K4me3调控了泛素介导的蛋白质降解和自噬途径来缓解氮的耗竭而响应氮胁迫。     

加权基因共表达网络探究链状亚历山大藻爆发性生长的分子机制

链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium pacificum)作为典型的产毒赤潮甲藻,分布广泛,而对其爆发性生长的研究将有助于探究由其引发的赤潮的分子机制。本研究通过模拟赤潮爆发的条件对链状亚历山大藻进行表达谱测序,利用表达谱测序后得到的基因表达量数据,采用加权基因共表达网络(WGCNA)构建方法探究链状亚历山大藻的爆发性生长的分子机制。通过计算基因间表达量的相关性得到了35个基因共表达模块,将基因共表达模块与链状亚历山大藻爆发性生长性状相关联,在爆发性生长阶段,有6个显著性相关的模块,基于KEGG及GO功能富集分析,这些模块涉及蛋白质的加工合成、核糖体的合成,电子传递,碳水化合物代谢等过程,表明了细胞代谢能力的提升,为细胞增殖提供了物质基础。此外有大量的未知功能的枢纽基因被发现,基因模块可以用于推测这些基因的功能,从而为以后挖掘新基因,探究潜在的调控机制提供了基础。     

链状亚历山大藻铜胺氧化酶基因的克隆和表达分析

本文以链状亚历山大藻为实验材料,克隆了2个铜胺氧化酶基因,分别命名为cad-1和cad-2。对获取的基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了cad-1和cad-2在链状亚历山大藻不同生长时期的表达。结果发现,cad-1开放阅读框全长1 023bp,编码340个氨基酸;cad-2开放阅读框全长1 800bp,编码599个氨基酸,含一个内含子1 065bp。2个基因编码的蛋白与颗石藻和抑食金球藻的铜胺氧化酶有较近的亲缘关系。荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,cad-1和cad-2在对数期和衰亡期分别是下调表达和上调表达。依据铜胺氧化酶的功能和链状亚历山大藻衰亡的相关研究,推测铜胺氧化酶可能通过催化多胺产生过量过氧化氢的方式参与链状亚历山大藻赤潮衰亡的过程。     

两种甲藻对人工海水中胶体磷的利用初探

采用批次培养方法,研究了东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenlla)对胶体磷的生物可利用性,并初步探讨了甲藻利用胶体磷的机制问题.结果表明东海原甲藻和链状亚历山大藻均能利用胶体磷生长繁殖.东海原甲藻在接种11d后细胞密度在无机磷和胶体磷培养基中分别为10.53×107和3.43×107个/dm3.链状亚历山大藻在接种11d后细胞密度在无机磷和胶体磷培养基中分别为39.0×105和28.3×105个/dm3.通过对比细胞密度,胶体磷对东海原甲藻生长的促进作用要低于无机磷的作用;胶体磷对链状亚历山大藻生长的促进作用与无机磷的作用相当.东海原甲藻和链状亚历山大藻在胶体磷源下碱性磷酸酶活性迅速升高,前期均显著高于各自无机磷组的碱性磷酸酶活性,碱性磷酸酶活力最高值分别为0.29和0.30μmol/(dm3·h).初步结果表明,两种甲藻均能通过碱性磷酸酶的降解来利用胶体磷.     

渤海裸甲藻和链状亚历山大藻的麻痹性贝毒毒素分析

目的:分析渤海裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sp.)和链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)的麻痹性贝毒毒素,为渤海天津海域的赤潮研究积累基础数据。方法:通过实验室培养裸甲藻和链状亚历山大藻,选取对数生长期、平台生长期的裸甲藻以及平台生长期的链状亚历山大藻,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对这两种微藻进行麻痹性贝毒(PSP)毒素分析。结果:裸甲藻细胞内不含有麻痹性贝毒(PSP);链状亚历山大藻细胞内含有C毒素和GTX1-4毒素,该微藻每个细胞毒素含量约为10.81 fmol/cell。结论:裸甲藻细胞内虽不含有麻痹性贝毒(PSP),但不能排除其含有其它毒素的可能。链状亚历山大藻细胞内含有麻痹性贝毒(PSP),属于有毒微藻,需要对其进行密切监测。     

链状亚历山大藻不同生长状态差异表达microRNA的筛选和验证

从链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)延迟期、对数期2个小RNA文库中选择了2个差异表达的microRNA(osa-miR2876和rgl-miR5139),设计f/2培养下延迟期、对数期和高氮、高磷、高锰对数期5个条件,用qPCR的方法对其表达进行了检测。研究建立了以5.8srRNA为内参基因,以SYBR Green I为荧光染料,用加尾法荧光定量PCR检测microRNA在不同生长状态相对表达的方法。microRNA的表达量在对数期和诱导下对数期均低于延迟期,高锰条件下对数期均为最低,且延迟期的表达量分别是高锰条件表达量的18.63和14.12倍。microRNA负调控靶基因的表达,而osamiR2876和rgl-miR5139在对数期均为下调表达,说明其靶基因参与的细胞生理过程:DNA复制、修复、嘌呤、嘧啶碱基的代谢、RNA聚合酶的代谢等过程呈现激活状态,而上述生理过程的激活均有利于藻细胞增殖。这些结果表明:osamiR2876和rgl-miR5139可能在链状亚历山大藻的快速分裂和增殖中发挥着非常重要的调控作用。本文研究结果为甲藻兼性营养型正确性提供了进一步的证据,同时rgl-miR5139在细胞快速生长阶段的下调表达提示在该阶段下异养营养型可能占优势。本研究说明了microRNA在链状亚历山大藻快速生长过程中可能发挥着重要的调节作用。也为其他物种microRNA的研究和检测提供了快速简便、特异性好的研究方法。     

一种快速制备甲藻细胞PCR扩增DNA模板的方法

报道了一种快速制备PCR扩增甲藻细胞模板DNA的方法。以赤潮甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）和链状亚历山大藻（Acatenella）为目标藻，对藻液预处理后直接用于PCR扩增，获得5,8S核糖体RNA基因及其两侧的核糖体RNA基因转录单元内基因间隔区（internal transcribed spacer，ITS）序列片段，成功测序。此方法避免了复杂的DNA提取过程。     

6种赤潮甲藻对荧光标记藻类的吞噬行为研究

选取6种在中国沿海广泛分布的赤潮甲藻米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)、链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)、微小原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)和锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea),采用经5-(4,6-二氯三嗪基)氨基荧光素(DTAF)标记灭活的荧光饵料藻进行投喂,观察目标甲藻是否存在吞噬行为,研究光照、营养盐条件对目标甲藻的吞噬行为的影响。结果发现,链状亚历山大藻能吞噬旋转海链藻(Thalassiosira curviseriata),东海原甲藻能摄食球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana),但其摄食概率非常低,且不受光照和营养盐条件的影响。实验中,未观测到米氏凯伦藻、海洋原甲藻、微小原甲藻和锥状斯氏藻的吞噬行为。在黑暗中培养48-72h后,目标甲藻均出现不同程度的死亡,尤其是东海原甲藻和链状亚历山大藻。虽然东海原甲藻和链状亚历山大藻具吞噬行为属于混合营养生物,但光合自养是目标甲藻获取营养、维持生长最主要的方式。     

氮限制下链状亚历山大藻DMSP合成与生理变化的研究

DMSP是一种重要的生源有机硫化物,甲藻不仅是海洋浮游植物的重要组成部分,同时也是DMSP的重要生产者,但有关DMSP在甲藻中功能的研究比较匮乏。本文首次在链状亚历山大藻中检测到DMSP产生,研究了氮限制对藻细胞生长、细胞体积、活性氧、光合作用能力和DMSP浓度的影响。结果发现,氮限制能引起细胞生长限制及藻细胞DMSP浓度的显著增加。相关性分析发现,细胞活性氧水平和DMSP浓度之间具有强相关关系(Pearson相关系数=0.83),结合实验室之前氮限制下细胞氧化胁迫状态的结果,提示DMSP在藻细胞中具有抗氧化的作用。另外,氮限制下藻细胞体积的显著增大,光合活性降低,提示DMSP在链状亚历山大藻中可能具有渗透压调节的作用。我们的观察进一步验证了前人的发现。本研究还首次分析了链状亚历山大藻中与DMSP合成相关的基因,结果发现,cad-1和cad-2基因可能都参与了DMSP的合成,但发挥不同的作用。实验结果为在甲藻中深入研究DMSP的功能奠定一定的基础,也为揭示甲藻中DMSP合成相关途径提供参考。     

混合培养条件下几种赤潮藻对无机磷源的竞争生长研究

采用批次培养方式,研究混合培养的几种赤潮藻东海原甲藻(PrDrocentrum donghaiense)与中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)及东海原甲藻与链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)对溶解无机磷源的竞争生长响应.结果表明,在富磷及贫磷的培养条件下,中肋骨条藻的比生长率远超过东海原甲藻,而成为培养体系中的绝对优势种.在东海原甲藻与链状亚历山大藻的混合培养体系中,原甲藻大量死亡,可能存在亚历山大藻对原甲藻的他感作用.培养体系中,碱性磷酸酶活性随藻类磷胁迫而显著升高,可能在后期种群利用代谢有机磷源时发挥重要作用,且在不同培养体系中表现出酶活性大小及状态的差异性,该结果可能影响浮游植物对有机磷源的利用效率.     

Cloning and characterization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene of Alexandrium catenella (Dinoflagellate) with respect to cell growth

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been affecting negatively the shellfish and aquaculture industries around the world. Though a lot of efforts have been made to disclose the changes of environmental factors involved and their effects on the HABs events, the molecular mechanism of this process remains unclear. To address this problem, proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene (pcna) was isolated and characterized from Alexandrium catenella. It showed high homology to those of other dinoflagellates (89% and 91% homology to Pfiesteria piscicid and Pyrocystis lunula, respectively), and also 42%-43% homology to those of plant and animals. The expression level of pcna revealed by quantitative real time PCR was the lowest at the late lagging cell growth phase, increased to the highest at the late exponential phase, and then decreased at the stationary phase. Though the cell growth rate was also changing, no positive correlation between pcna expression level and cell growth rate was displayed throughout the whole cell growth stages (r²=0.024 6). However, the pcna expression level had the similar trend with the change of cell growth rate throughout the whole growing process, e.g., from increasing at the earlier cell growth stage to decreasing at the following stages, though slightly lagging to the latter.     

Sensitive and rapid detection of two toxic microalgae Alexandrium by loop-mediated isothermal amplification

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was designed and evaluated for rapid detection of the toxic microalgae Alexandrium catenella and A.minutum,which can produce paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP).Two sets of four specific primers targeting these two species were derived from the sequence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA.The method worked well in less than an hour under isothermal conditions of 65 C.LAMP specificity was validated in closely related algae as a comparison,suggesting the strict specificity of the LAMP primers.Two visual inspection approaches were feasible to interpret the positive or negative results.The detection limits of A.catenella and A.minutum samples using the LAMP assay were found to be 5.6 and 4.5 pg DNA,respectively.The sensitivity of this LAMP assay was 10 or 100-fold higher than Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method in detecting the two microalgae.These characteristics of species specificity,sensitivity,and rapidity suggest that this method has the potentiality in the monitoring of red tide caused by A.catenella and A.minutum.     

Historical deposits of Alexandrium catenella resting cysts in the sediments of Queen Charlotte Sound,New Zealand

In 2011, a large repository of resting cysts of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella was discovered in the sediments of the Onapua/Opua inlet located off Tory Channel, Queen Charlotte Sound. The inlet is a potential source of infection for other areas, such as the major mussel-growing areas of Port Underwood and Pelorus Sound. This study aimed to establish whether the dinoflagellate was a new arrival in the Sounds or had existed unnoticed in this isolated embayment for some time. Alexandrium catenella cysts were identified to a depth of 20–21?cm within the sediment cores, corresponding to a date estimated by radioisotope (²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs) and Pinus radiata pollen distribution to at least the mid 1970s. Over this time span, resident populations of A. catenella have not become established beyond the confines of Queen Charlotte Sound, suggesting it does not pose an imminent threat of doing so unless increasingly intense and prolonged blooms result in more widespread cyst dispersal.     

三种赤潮藻多克隆抗体制备及特异性分析

Polyclonal antibodies against three red tide algae with different size, Heterosigma akashiwo, Gymnodinium sp and Alexandrium catenella were raised in this study. Block affinity treatment was done to enhance the specificity of the antibodies. The titer of three polyclonal antibodies was determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the specificity against polyclonal antibody was determined by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assy(icELISA). The result showed that Heterosigma akashiwo and Gymnodinium sp antibodies without block treatment got titer higher than 1:32000 and 1:10000, respectively, an indicating of high affinity antibodies. The titer of Alexandrium catenella antibody reached 1:2500, relatively lower than the previous two. The specificity of three polyclonal antibodies after affinity treatment was raised remarkably. However, the titer declined. All the polyclonal antibodies showed a high affinity with their own cells. Polyclonal antibodies were not remarkable cross reacted with other algae in the icELISA, The antibody of Alexandrium catenella reacted to its own cells, no cross activity was found with Alexandrium tamarense, which will be applicable in distinguishing species within the genus. The immunology technique was specific, sensitive and simple with low expend. This was provide a valuable tool for further experiment and had signafication to qualitative and quantitative monitoring of red tide algae.     

应用免疫荧光技术对三种赤潮藻的研究

为探索和建立免疫学结合荧光技术对赤潮生物的定性、定量检测,制备了3种粒径不同的赤潮藻——赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)、共生甲藻(Symbiodinium sp)、链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)的多克隆抗体,并采用封闭吸附处理以提高抗体的特异性;采用间接酶联免疫法检测了抗体的效价;结果表明未经吸附处理的赤潮异弯藻、共生甲藻的效价分别为1:41 000,1:18 000以上,显示是高亲合力的抗体;链状亚历山大藻抗体的效价达到1:3 500,相比另两种藻的效价较低;吸附处理后的3种多克隆抗体的特异性明显提高,而效价有所下降。3种多克隆抗体与各自藻细胞均有很强的结合力,赤潮异弯藻和共生甲藻的荧光信号均匀分布于细胞表面,链状亚历山大藻细胞的荧光信号在细胞表面分布不均匀,主要集中在腹部横沟内。制备的多克隆抗体只与自身藻细胞结合,与另外2种藻细胞无交叉反应。链状亚历山大藻抗体只与自身藻细胞结合,与塔马亚历山大藻无交叉反应,可作为同属内不同种的鉴别。结合了免疫学和荧光技术,具有特异、灵敏、直观和简便的优点,并且费用低,对于开拓赤潮准确定性、定量检测方法和技术具有重要价值。     

条斑紫菜丝裂原活化蛋白激酶PyMAPK3基因的克隆及胁迫条件下的功能分析

本研究从条斑紫菜中克隆了一个丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase)基因,命名为PyMAPK3。该基因全长2155bp,开放阅读框(ORF)1401bp,编码466个氨基酸,含有两个内含子。氨基酸序列分析表明,PyMAPK3磷酸化位点的氨基酸基序为TDY,其等电点为7.17,蛋白分子量为51.6KDa,亚细胞定位于叶绿体。荧光定量PCR技术对该基因在不同非生物胁迫条件下的转录差异分析结果显示,极端胁迫条件下基因表达量显著增加。蛋白免疫印迹技术对蛋白在不同胁迫条件下的表达量分析结果显示,在不同的胁迫条件下其翻译水平的表达模式表现出与转录水平的不一致性。本研究为深入了解条斑紫菜在逆境适应机制中MAPK蛋白的作用奠定基础,同时为条斑紫菜抗逆品系的选育提供理论指导。     

Alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphatase hydrolyzable phosphorus for phytoplankton in hiroshima bay, Japan

We investigated the seasonal variability of free alkaline phosphatase activity in seawater and alkaline phosphatase hydrolysable phosphorus (APHP) at 3 stations in Hiroshima Bay using alkaline phosphatase extracted from the dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense and Gymnodinium catenatum. The dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) was lower than 1 μM in all samples; the lowest values were in May. The amount of APHP was high at the surface and bottom waters of all stations in May, showing DIP-depleted conditions. In August and November, the amount of APHP was much less than the amount of APHP in May, indicating that the availability of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) for these species was low and/or uptake during the dinoflagellate blooming might have occurred in the area. The results obtained from short-term variations of AP activity might suggest that the growth of dinoflagellates in this season may be partly supported by the AP produced by other diatoms.     

Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in Yellow Sea sediments

To investigate the distribution,abundance,and species composition of dinoflagellate cysts in the Yellow Sea,surface sediment samples were collected at 37 sites,including the Korean dump site.Twenty-one dinoflagellate cyst taxa were identified,with the assemblages dominated mainly by Spiniferites bulloideus,Operculodinium centrocarpum,and cyst of Alexandrium catenella/tamarense type.A high frequency of O.centrocarpum in the Yellow Sea was observed for the first time,and it is likely that this can be attributed to the dynamics of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and the Changjiang(Yangtze) River runoff.Total cyst concentrations ranged from 23 to 48 442 cysts/g dry weight,and high cyst concentrations were recorded adjacent to the dumping site.This result suggests that anthropogenic activities such as ocean dumping stimulate the growth of dinoflagellates in the Yellow Sea,which in turn leads to high levels of dinoflagellate cyst production.