Variability of the fields of concentration of microelements and strontium in seawater near the South Coast of the Crimea in 2002–2007

We study the space-and-time variability of the concentrations of 27 microelements (Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Se, Sb, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Hf, Hg, Pb, Au, Th, and U) and Sr in the sea, river, and waste waters of the South Coast of Crimea in 2002–2007. Parallel with the data about elements studied earlier, we present, for the first time, the data of investigations of the contents of rareearth elements (Lu, Nd and Yb) whose concentrations in the major part of the analyzed samples of seawater were lower than the limit of their quantitative determination. We present the ranges of the concentrations of elements and perform their comparison with the data of the previous period of monitoring.     

南黄海NT2孔沉积地球化学及其物源

对苏北岸外南黄海陆架区NT2孔岩心进行了地球化学分析和物源判别。南黄海NT2孔化学成分分布表现出一定的分层性,常微量元素组成的垂向变化可自上而下分为5层,常微量元素的R-型聚类分析表明初步可分成5个聚类,R-型因子分析反映常微量元素主要受4个因子控制。研究发现南黄海NT2孔沉积物物源主要为长江和黄河,NT2孔上部0～5·50和5·50～19·40m沉积物以长江源为主,19·40～27m沉积物以黄河源为主,底部54·60m以下沉积物以长江源为主,其间夹近28m厚的沉积物则以长江源为主。结果表明黄河在中更新世中晚期已开始对南黄海陆架沉积作用有明显的影响,长江从晚更新世早期到现代一直对南黄海陆架起着主要作用。     

Metal and metalloid concentrations in the giant squid Architeuthis dux from Iberian waters

This study investigated 14 trace elements (Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V and Zn) in the tissues of the giant squid Architeuthis dux from the Mediterranean and Atlantic Spanish waters. As for other families of cephalopods, the digestive gland and the branchial hearts of Architeuthis showed the highest concentrations of Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Se, V and Zn, highlighting their major role in the bioaccumulation and detoxification processes. With the exception of Hg, the muscles showed relatively low trace element concentrations. Nevertheless, this tissue contained the main proportion of the total As, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, and Zn body burden because muscles represent the main proportion of the squid mass. These findings suggest that the metal metabolism is overall the same as other cephalopod families from neritic waters. In females, Zn concentrations increased in the digestive gland with the squid's weight likely reflecting physiological changes during sexual maturation. Comparing the trace element concentrations in the tissues of Architeuthis, higher Ag, Cu, Hg and Zn concentrations in the squid from the Mediterranean reflected different exposure conditions. In comparison to other meso-pelagic squids from the Bay of Biscay, Cd concentrations recorded in the digestive gland suggest that Architeuthis might feed on more contaminated prey or that it displays a longer life span that other cephalopods.     

东海陆架晚第四纪沉积物化学成分及物源示踪

东海陆架EA1孔和EA5孔沉积物化学成分变化范围较大。与东海陆架表层沉积物相比，钻孔沉积物的Si,Al,Mg,Mn,Ti,P,Ba,Zr,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cr明显偏高，而Fe,Na,Ca,Sr,Li,U明显偏低，与全球大陆地壳化学组成相比，钻孔沉积物的Si,Li,Rb,Ba,Th,Zr,Hf,Cu,Zn,Pb偏高，而Al,Na,Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,Ti,P,Sr,U,Co,Ni,V,Cr偏低，钻孔沉积物的化学成分在垂向上具有明显变化，主要受岩性和沉积环境的控制，钻孔沉积物中元素的富集因子（EF）均小于10，接近于1，表明钻孔沉积物主要来自大陆地壳，一些元素因分异或外来物质加入而富集，一些元素则因分异带出而亏损，钻孔沉积物源区的DF值判别表明，钻孔沉积物与现代黄河，长江沉积物均有亲缘关系，可能是在末次冰期最盛期，由于气候带南移，干旱区域扩大，在古长江搬运沉积物中类似现今黄河沉积物的干旱组分明显增加，从而导致了地球化学示踪结果的长江与黄河双重性，或者说古气候的变化导致了古长江搬运物质成分的变化。     

2015年春季长江口表层沉积物生源要素分布和来源

根据2015年5月对长江口及其邻近海域的生态环境调查资料, 探讨长江口春季表层沉积物总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和生源硅(BSi)4类生源要素的空间分布和来源。结果表明: 2015年春季长江口表层沉积物TOC、TN、TP和BSi平均含量分别为0.315%、0.041%、0.066%和0.450%, 其中, 沉积物中TOC、TN受到陆源输入和海洋自生输入双重影响, 且海洋自生组分的贡献较大, 二者空间分布均呈现南部分布最高并沿西北方向递减趋势; TP分布主要受陆源输入影响, 并呈西北向东南递减趋势; BSi来源于生物沉积, 总体呈现南部高、北部低的分布趋势。与2007年相比, 长江口表层沉积物有机碳、氮含量降低, 东南外海区域替代浑浊区域成为表层沉积物生源要素含量最高区域, 且陆源输入对长江口表层沉积物生源要素的贡献趋于减弱。     

厚植海洋生物学基础,创新海洋生物技术,赋能蓝色生物产业

著名生物学家童第周、曾呈奎、张玺奠基的中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来,面向国际学科前沿、国家重大需求和国民经济主战场;刘瑞玉、吴尚懃、张福绥、郑守义为代表的科学家和一批批优秀学科带头人努力攀登,攻坚克难,前仆后继,薪火相传,为我国海洋生物学学科的系统、全面发展做出了重要建树和奠基性贡献,夯实了海洋科学技术发展的根基。近30多年,可为海洋生产力及其可持续性提供解决方案的海洋生物技术受到国内外普遍重视,海洋研究所为国家海洋生物高技术发展战略出谋划策,并在关键技术突破上发力,引领了海洋生物技术的创新发展。在实现产业化,推动蓝色生物产业的征途上,海洋研究所为世界最大的海洋增养殖产业发展壮大做出突出贡献,直接催生了海藻、贝类和对虾三次养殖浪潮的兴起,带动了基础性、战略性海水增养殖种业发展;此外,海洋研究所在海洋药物、海洋生物制品的研究与开发以及着力挖掘和提升海洋生态系统服务功能和价值上,成果斐然,有力支撑了蓝色生物新型产业的发展。新近,海洋研究所牵头筹建的中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心必将为建设海洋强国,铸造蓝色辉煌注入强劲活力。     

海洋生物多样性中心形成与演变机制的比较基因组研究进展

在大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈等多圈层相互作用下,全球范围内海洋生物多样性中心的地理位置、物种组成结构和优势度都呈动态变化.迄今,海洋生物多样性中心的形成与演变机制在生态、遗传和分子等层面正逐步得到解析.在生态层面,学界涌现出了物种形成中心、物种汇聚中心、物种重叠中心和物种保存中心等重要科学假说,解析了生物多样性分布格...     

Shelf sediments of the Ganges delta with special emphasis on the mineralogy of the western part,Bay of Bengal,Indian Ocean

Shelf sediments at the mouth of the Hooghly River which forms the western part of the Ganges—Brahmaputra delta consist of sands, silts and clays and their various admixtures. The bulk of the sediments consists of moderately sorted fine sand to very fine sand. There is variation in lithology in the vertical and horizontal directions, as revealed from the study of the grab and core samples collected in this area, suggesting growth of the delta in different stages. In most of the samples three populations have been recognised. The grain-size variation has resulted from mixing of a number of different grain-size populations. A detailed study of the heavy minerals indicates that the suite consists of hornblende, tremolite/actinolite, opaques, zircon, pyroxenes (ortho-and clino-), garnet, sillimanite, chlorite, muscovite, biotite, epidote, monazite, kyanite, staurolite, riebeckite, carbonates and glauconite. The assemblage and the distribution patterns suggest two distinct mixed igneous and metamorphic sources for the sediments—the Himalayas to the north, mainly drained by the Ganges—Brahmaputra and their tributaries, and the peninsular shield drained by the Dhamra and other easterly-flowing rivers debouching into the Bay of Bengal. The mineralogy of the core samples in the top and bottom layers does not differ, indicating that the source area remained the same during the time of deposition of the sediments. The mineralogy of the sediments in this area, when compared with the mineralogy of the Deep-Sea Drilling Project site in the Bengal fan situated very far to the south, shows similarity because the sediments of the Ganges are carried to the deep-sea. Depending on the mineral assemblage, the area has been divided into four distinct zones: (1) Hooghly River province, consisting of hornblende, tremolite/actinolite, epidote and garnet; (2) a mixed province characterised by epidote, monazite, zircon, kyanite, staurolite, hornblende, tremolite/actinolite, biotite; (3) Dhamra River province characterised by opaques, sillimanite and orthopyroxene; (4) an offshore province comprising muscovite, chlorite and pyroxene. ILlite and kaolinite are the principal clay minerals in the sediments. The mineralogical, grain size and the lithologic studies of the sediments from the core samples suggest a southward to south-southwestward direction of dispersals of the sediments in the eastern part of the area.     

海底热液活动的环境与产物

近23年的调查研究,使我们认识到分布于洋中脊、弧后盆地、岛弧和热点等环境的海底热液活动发育在多种围岩类型之上,包括超基性岩石、基性岩石、中性岩石、酸性岩石和沉积物。海底热液活动经历了岩浆去气作用、流体-岩石/沉积物相互作用和流体-海水混合,获取了岩浆、岩石、海水和沉积物的物质,构成了热液循环,产生了高温、低氧、高或低pH值、富含Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As等元素以及气体组分(甲烷、氢等)的喷口流体,影响了海水、沉积、岩石和生物环境,形成了热液柱、硫化物、含金属沉积物和蚀变岩石等热液产物,组成了海底热液系统。未来,促进海底热液活动探测技术和热液产物测试方法的发展,对海底热液区的岩石、喷口流体、热液柱、硫化物、含金属沉积物以及热液循环、生物活动的持续观测与研究,无疑将为人类探知海底地质过程及生命活动、保护海底热液环境和合理开发利用海底资源提供有力的工作支撑。     

Present-day 3D structural model of the Po Valley basin,Northern Italy

A 3D structural model of the Po Valley basin (Northern Italy) was built by integrating the dataset available from the public domain (DEM, wells, isobath-maps, cross-sections, outcrop-trends).The model shows the complex foredeep-foreland architecture across the basin, from the Moho level to the topography while illustrating the top Basement, top Triassic, top Mesozoic and base-Pliocene surface-grid structures.The results, by model slicing and isopach-map reconstruction, suggest that the deep Moho architecture and the original tectonics of the ancient Adria-Po Valley passive continental margin are key factors in controlling the current structures type, orientation and distribution, at any of the shallowest levels across the basin. In particular, the analysis of the final 3D Mesozoic geometries against the pre and post-Alpine trends confirms the structural interference between the mutually perpendicular Triassic–Jurassic extensional structures and the Tertiary compressional ones, this being evident from the regional to the oil-field scale.Despite the model uncertainty, mainly related to its dimension versus the original non-homogeneous dataset quality and distribution, the final geo-volume offers, for the first time in the region, a continuous three-dimensional visualization of the Po Valley tectonic architecture. It provides, simultaneously, a powerful tool for the reviewing of the basin structures and the potential support to future applications for both industry and academia.     

珊瑚礁地质稳定性研究现状

为探究珊瑚礁稳定性的研究现状,对影响礁体稳定性的诸多因素如礁体结构、地形地貌、波浪、潮汐、潮流、风诸如热带气旋和风暴、海流等进行总结,结果表明以上诸多因素可在不同程度上决定或影响礁体稳定性。同时指出现阶段礁体稳定性研究所需注意的问题,其一是涉及珊瑚礁地质稳定性的礁体结构、地貌形态的研究尚少,需合理利用多波束测深仪、高分辨率多道地震探测系统、钻探及AUV、三维实时声学成像声呐技术获取礁体地形、地层及剖面形态,并借助GIS技术对滑坡等失稳地带进行圈定,其二是潟湖区、礁体边坡等区域的稳定性研究缺乏,需引入极限平衡法评估礁体边坡、泻湖等区域的稳定性,且需考虑波浪、潮汐引入的孔隙水压力、渗流力的影响。通过综述礁体稳定性研究现状及未来礁体稳定性研究的方向的展望,以期为珊瑚礁体上的工程建设及未来的珊瑚礁地质稳定性研究提供些许启示。     

胶州湾沉积物地球化学特征的初步研究

关于胶州湾沉积物的地球化学研究,迄今未有报道,本文拟做一尝试.文中揭示了胶州湾表层沉积物的化学成分特征,对部分微量元素的地球化学特征进行了初步探讨,并对比分析了胶州湾同其它海湾沉积物在地球化学特征方面的异同点.     

饵料对锯缘青蟹大眼幼体生长发育的影响

以不同比例的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体搭配成各种饵料组合，分别喂养不同发育期的锯缘青蟹幼体，重点研究大眼幼体的存活、生长发育、变态和干重及化学元素(C、H、N)含量的情况.结果表明饵料搭配得当，适时适量的投喂，其幼体的生长发育和变态都正常，并可获得较高的存活率，若饵料搭配不当不仅会导致幼体出现高死亡率，而且还能诱发发育期变化的现象；不同饵料搭配对大眼幼体干重及化学元素(C、H、N)含量的影响很显著，相差60％～70％，约一个发育期，而这差异可以通过该期幼体投喂足量卤虫无节幼体来加以弥补，大眼幼体的C、H、N占干重的百分比仅次于溞V，这表明青蟹幼体在这两次变态前需在体内积累高比例的有机营养物质来保证变态的顺利进行.     

深海化能生态系统双壳纲共生体系互作机制研究进展

双壳纲贝类在深海特殊生境——热液、冷泉及有机沉落生态系统中分布广泛,并且在其体内常含有化能共生细菌为贝类提供营养物质.双壳纲贝类与化能共生菌形成的共生体系对于其适应深海还原性生境至关重要.近40a来随着海洋科考力度加大,深海化能生境的神秘面纱被逐渐揭开,越来越多的深海物种被发现,双壳纲贝类无疑是这些化能生态系统中的优势...     

Modern deposits of the Northern Caspian Sea and the Volga delta

Investigations based on a complex of techniques revealed that the modern deposits in the Northern Caspian Sea involve terrigenous sands and aleurites with an admixture of detritus and intact bivalve shells, including coquina. Generally, these deposits overlay dark grayish viscous clays. A similar geological situation occurs in the Volga delta; however, the local deposits are much poorer in biogenic constituents. Illite prevails among the clay minerals. The heavy transparent minerals are represented in the coarse aleurite fraction mostly by epidotes, while quartz and feldspars represent the lighter minerals. The sedimentary material in the Volga delta is far from completely differentiated into fractions due to the abundance of terrigenous inflows, which exceed the energy potential of the river. The comparatively better grading of the sediments at the testing sites is due to additional factors such as the bottom currents and storms. When passing from the Volga delta to the testing sites, the sediments are enriched in rare earth elements (except Eu), Ca, Au, Ni, Se, Ag, As, and Sr but depleted in Na, Rb, Cs, K, Ba, Fe, Cr, Co, Sc, Br, Zr, Ta, U, and Th. The concentrations of Zn remain almost unchanged. The sedimentation rates and the types of recent deposits in the Northern Caspian Sea are governed mainly by the abundant Volga discharge.     

基于自然岸线保有率的大连市海岸线整治修复

为加强海岸线资源的保护和管理,提高自然岸线保有率,促进大连市海洋生态文明建设和社会经济可持续发展,文章总结大连市海岸线开发利用和整治修复的基本情况,分析存在的主要问题,提出亟待开展海岸线整治修复的典型区域和推进海岸线整治修复的对策建议。研究结果表明:1995—2017年大连市大陆海岸线总长度增加169km,原生自然岸线缩减378km,缩减率超过50%;2000—2007年原生自然岸线保有率由55%下降到29%,此后下降速度逐渐放缓;2010年以来大连市开展凌水湾和普兰店湾等海岸线环境综合整治工作,取得一定成效,但仍存在自然岸线缩减、海湾和滩涂湿地面积锐减以及珍稀地质景观受损等问题;目前大连市亟待开展大潮口、金州湾南岸和普兰店湾等典型区域的海岸线整治修复,并应尽快实施《大连市海岸线保护与利用规划》、建立海岸线整治修复项目库、开展渤海海岸线整治修复专项工程以及建立围海养殖占用海岸线的退出机制。     

渤海莱州湾表层沉积物中金属元素分布及环境质量

利用X-射线荧光光谱仪、等离子质谱仪或原子荧光光度计测定了莱州湾表层沉积物中金属元素的含量,探讨了它们的分布特征、来源及污染程度,结果表明,沉积物中铜、锌、铅、镉、砷、镍、铬、钴、钒、钪、铁、锰的含量由近岸向湾内递减,莱州湾北部海域的含量大于南部的。银含量高的沉积物主要分布在莱州湾中部偏西南的环流中心区。沉积物中砷和镍含量超过ERL值,潜在生态风险较高。富集系数和主成分分析显示,沉积物中铁、铜、锌、镉、砷、铬、镍、钴、锰、钒和钪为无富集,砷为轻度富集,铅和银为中度富集。铁、铜、锌、镉、铬、镍、钴、锰、钒、砷和钪主要来源于自然源,铅既有岩石和土壤风化产物硅酸盐矿物等自然源的贡献,又受到了人为活动的影响,银主要受人为活动的影响。聚类分析表明,可把莱州湾沉积物分为4类,其中黄河口西北缘沉积物中砷和镍污染生态风险最高,其次是莱州湾中部和北部。     

长江口及邻近海域夏季表层沉积物中重金属等的分布、来源与沉积物环境质量

通过现场调查研究报道了长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属、有机碳、石油类、硫化物以及氮磷的分布、来源以及沉积物环境质量.结果显示,长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属、有机碳、石油类、硫化物以及氮磷的分布很不均匀,除硫化物外,重金属、有机碳、石油类以及氮磷基本呈现长江口和杭州湾东北近岸的上海外海出现高值,其他区域浓度较低...     

海水淡化工程对环境的影响及其应对

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