Different effects of tropical cyclones generated in the South China Sea and the northwest Pacific on the summer South China Sea circulation

Tropical cyclones (TCs) that affect the South China Sea (SCS) can be generated in either the SCS or the northwestern Pacific (NWP). Using satellite measurements, the Sverdrup theory and a 1.5-layer nonlinear reduced gravity model, the present paper investigates the effects of SCS and NWP TCs on the summer SCS upper layer ocean circulation. Both SCS and NWP TCs enhance the summer mean circulation pattern of the cyclonic gyre in the northern SCS and the anti-cyclonic gyre in the southern SCS. However, the effect of SCS TCs is much larger than that of NWP TCs, although the number of SCS TCs is smaller than NWP TCs. This is because the SCS TCs-induced wind stress curl pattern is favorable for enhancing the summer SCS mean circulation.     

1998年春夏南海温盐结构及其变化特征

利用1998年5～8月“南海季风试验”期间“科学1”号和“实验3”号科学考察船两个航次CTD资料,分析了1998年南海夏季风暴发前后南海主要断面的温盐结构及其变化特征.观测发现,南海腹地基本被典型的南海水团所控制,但在南海东北部尤其是吕宋海峡附近,表层和次表层水明显受到西太平洋水的影响.季风暴发以后,南海北部表面温度有显著升高,升幅由西向东递减,而南海中部和南部表面温度基本没变,这使得南海北部东西向温度梯度和整个海盆南北向温度梯度均减小.北部断面表层盐度普遍由34以上降低到34以下,混合层均有所发展,是季风暴发后降水和风力加剧的结果.观测期间黑潮水跨越吕宋海峡的迹象明显但变化剧烈.4～5月,黑潮次表层水除在吕宋海峡中北部出现外,在吕宋岛以西亦有发现,表明有部分黑潮水从吕宋海峡南端沿岸向西进而向南进入南海.6～7月,次表层高盐核在吕宋海峡中北部有极大发展,但在吕宋岛以西却明显萎缩;虽然看上去黑潮水以更强的流速进、出南海,但对南海腹地动力热力结构的影响未必更大.一个超过34.55的表层高盐水体于巴拉望附近被发现,似与通过巴拉望两侧水道入侵南海的西太平洋水有关.     

南海暖水季节和年际变化的初步研究

南海暖水具有明显的季节和年际变化。利用气候平均的COADS资料和NCEP大气资料分析了南海暖水的季节变化及其与海面净热通量的关系,以及由此引起的南海地区大气环流的变化。发现海面净热通量在南海暖水的季节变化过程中起到了主要的作用;冬季无暖水存在时,最大上升气流位于赤道及以南地区的印尼群岛附近,夏季最大上升气流北移到了南海暖水上空,南海暖水上空对流强烈,成为大气的对流活动中心。利用50年逐月的SODA海温资料进行垂直方向的3次样条插值,定义并计算南海暖水的强度指数,分析南海暖水的年际变化,并对南海暖水的几个异常暖年份作了合成分析,探讨了暖水年际变化的形成因素。     

南海盐度对南海夏季风响应的初步分析

为分析南海盐度对南海夏季风的响应情况,采用1967-2001年共35年的月平均海洋同化数据(SODA)等资料,利用合成等分析方法,探讨了南海上层盐度与净淡水通量、风应力、Ekman抽吸速度的关系以及不同海域盐度对南海夏季风爆发以及季风强度的响应.结果表明,随着南海夏季风建立,南海北部、东部的盐度降低,南部盐度增加.在强季风年,南海北部沿岸、东部盐度偏低,南海南部马来西亚以北海域盐度偏高;弱季风年南海盐度异常分布则为北部、东部盐度偏高,南部盐度偏低.南海上层盐度对南海夏季风爆发和季风强度的响应均与南海的净淡水通量、风应力、Ekman抽吸速度存在密切关系.     

A Review on the Currents in the South China Sea: Seasonal Circulation, South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio Intrusion

Researches on the currents in the South China Sea (SCS) and the interaction between the SCS and its adjacent seas are reviewed. Overall seasonal circulation in the SCS is cyclonic in winter and anticyclonic in summer with a few stable eddies. The seasonal circulation is mostly driven by monsoon winds, and is related to water exchange between the SCS and the East China Sea through the Taiwan Strait, and between the SCS and the Kuroshio through the Luzon Strait. Seasonal characteristics of the South China Sea Warm Current in the northern SCS and the Kuroshio intrusion to the SCS are summarized in terms of the interaction between the SCS and its adjacent seas.     

南海深水海盆环流和温跃层深度的季节变化

受南海季风和复杂地形的影响,南海环流场具有复杂的空间结构和明显的季节变化,同时此海域又是中尺度涡多发海域,这些特征必然对南海温跃层深度的水平分布及季节变化有显著影响。首先,基于GDEM(General-ized Digital Environmental Model)的温、盐资料和利用P矢量方法计算并分析了南海的表层环流和多涡结构的空间分布特征和季节变化规律。在此基础上,分析了南海温跃层深度的空间分布特征和季节变化规律。结果表明,南海环流和多涡结构对南海温跃层具有显著的影响。     

The characteristic differences of tropical cyclones forming over the western North Pacific and the South China Sea

The best track dataset of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific (WNP) and the South China Sea (SCS) from 1977 to 2005 during the satellite era, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and the extended reconstructed sea surface temperature dataset are employed in this study. The main climatological characteristics of tropical cyclone formation over the WNP and the SCS are compared. It is found that there is obviously different for the locations of tropical cyclone origins, achieving the lowest central pressure and termination points between over the WNP and over the SCS. The annual number of tropical cyclones forming over the SCS is obviously less than over the WNP, and there is a significant negative correlation with the correlation coefficient being -0.36 at the 5% significance level between over the WNP and over the SCS. The mean speed of tropical cyclone moving is 6.5 m /s over the WNP and 4.6 m /s over the SCS. The mean lowest central pressure of tropical cyclones is obviously weaker over the SCS than over the WNP. The tropical cyclone days per year, mean total distance and total displacement of tropical cyclone traveled over the WNP are all obviously longer than those over the SCS. Tropical cyclone may intensify to Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale 5 over the WNP, but no tropical cyclone can intensify to Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale 3 over the SCS. The changing ranges of the radii(R15,R16) of the 15.4 m /s winds them and the 25.7 m /s winds over the WNP are obviously wider than those over the SCS, and the median values of the radii over the WNP are also larger than those over the SCS. For the same intensity of tropical cyclones, both radii have larger medians over the WNP than over the SCS. The correlations of annual mean tropical cyclone size parameters between over the WNP and over the SCS are not significant. At the same time, the asymmetric radii of tropical cyclones over the WNP are different from those over the SCS.     

A comparison of summer precipitation structures over the South China Sea and the East China Sea based on tropical rainfall measurementmission

The three-dimensional structures of summer precipitation over the South China Sea （SCS） and the East China Sea （ECS） are investigated based on tropical rainfall measurement mission （TRMM）. The primary results are as follows. First, both the convective and stratiform precipitation rates in the SCS are much higher than those of the ECS. The contribution of the convective cloud precipitation to the surface precipitation is primarily over the SCS and the ECS with a proportion of about 70%, but the contribution of convective cloud precipitation is slightly larger in the SCS than the ECS. The contribution of stratus precipitation is slightly larger in the ECS than that in the SCS. Second, the content of cloud particles and precipitation particles in the ECS in June was greater than that in the SCS, while in July and August, the content of cloud and precipitation particles in the ECS was less than that in the SCS. Third, the latent heat profile of the ECS is quite different from that of the SCS. In June, the peak values of evaporation and condensation latent heating rates in the ECS are greater than those in the SCS. In July and August, however, the peak values of evaporation and condensation latent heating rates in the ECS are about 0.05°/h less than those in the SCS.     

2017年春季季风间期南海中北部浮游植物生长与微型浮游动物摄食

Phytoplankton growth rates and mortality rates were experimentally examined at 21 stations during the 2017 spring intermonsoon(April to early May) in the northern and central South China Sea(SCS) using the dilution technique, with emphasis on a comparison between the northern and central SCS areas which had different environmental factors. There had been higher temperature but lower nutrients and chlorophyll a concentrations in the central SCS than those in the northern SCS. The mean rates of phytoplankton growth(μ_0) and microzooplankton grazing(m) were(0.88±0.33) d~(–1) and(0.55±0.22) d~(–1) in the central SCS, and both higher than those in the northern SCS with the values of μ_0((0.81±0.16) d~(–1)) and m((0.30±0.09) d~(–1)), respectively.Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates were significantly coupled in both areas. The microzooplankton grazing impact(m/μ_0) on phytoplankton was also higher in the central SCS(0.63±0.12) than that in the northern SCS(0.37±0.06). The microzooplankton abundance was significantly correlated with temperature in the surface. Temperature might more effectively promote the microzooplankton grazing rate than phytoplankton growth rate, which might contribute to higher m and m/μ_0 in the central SCS. Compared with temperature, nutrients mainly affected the growth rate of phytoplankton. In the nutrient enrichment treatment,the phytoplankton growth rate(μn) was higher than μ_0 in the central SCS, suggesting phytoplankton growth in the central SCS was nutrient limited. The ratio of μ_0/μn was significantly correlated with nutrients concentrations in the both areas, indicating the limitation of nutrients was related to the concentrations of background nutrients in the study stations.     

南海大洋钻探及海洋地质与地球物理前沿研究新突破

南海是西太平洋地区规模最大且具有代表性的边缘海盆地之一。经过近几十年的研究积累,尤其是通过实施5个国际大洋钻探航次(1999–2018年)与国家自然科学基金委“南海深海过程演变”重大研究计划(2011–2019年),我国科学家获得了大量宝贵的第一手资料,取得了一系列创新进展与重大突破,标志着南海海洋地质与地球物理研究正走向国际前沿。重要研究成果包括:(1)新提出南海是“板缘张裂”盆地,与经典的大西洋型陆缘模式不同;(2)大洋钻探首次获取了基底玄武岩样品,结合中国在南海首次深拖地磁测量实验,精确测定了南海海盆玄武岩年龄,揭示南海海盆从东向西分段扩张;(3)大洋钻探结果发现南海陆缘岩石圈减薄之初岩浆迅速出现,未发现缓慢破裂造成的蛇纹岩出露;(4)发现南海扩张结束后仍存在大量岩浆活动,可能受控于多种构造与地幔因素;(5)地球化学证据与地球动力学模拟都显示南海岩浆的形成受到周边俯冲带的影响。目前我国的海洋地球科学正在进入崭新的发展阶段,有望以南海为基点,开始拓展到周边大洋,通过主导大型研究计划以及建设我国大洋钻探平台,以提升我国在南海、西太平洋与印度洋海洋地质科学研究的实质性影响力与引领地位。     

南海上层海洋次中尺度过程空间差异和季节变化特征

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海, 由于受季风影响显著以及北部海域的黑潮入侵, 其动力环境复杂多变, 次中尺度过程丰富, 且在空间上和时间上存在多变性。文章基于高分辨率数值模式的结果, 通过对次中尺度动力参数的分析, 对比讨论了南海北部、中部、西部和南部海域4个典型子区域上层海洋次中尺度过程的空间差异、季节变化、影响深度、影响因素等问题。研究发现各区域季节性变化特征和机制有所不同: 北部海域受冬季风和黑潮入侵影响, 冬季次中尺度的混合层不稳定较强; 中部海域同样表现为“冬强夏弱”; 西部海域受夏季风影响显著, 夏季次中尺度过程更为活跃; 而南部海域主要受岛屿地形影响较大, 容易产生地形尾涡, 季节性特征不明显。统计分析表明, 次中尺度过程往往表现出强正相对涡度与高应变特征, 在表层更容易出现负位涡, 流体稳定性较差。此外, 文章从能量学角度对次中尺度过程的主要能量来源、控制因素等进行了讨论。     

Impacts of a wind stress and a buoyancy flux on the seasonal variation of mixing layer depth in the South China Sea

The seasonal variation of mixing layer depth(MLD) in the ocean is determined by a wind stress and a buoyance flux.A South China Sea(SCS) ocean data assimilation system is used to analyze the seasonal cycle of its MLD.It is found that the variability of MLD in the SCS is shallow in summer and deep in winter,as is the case in general.Owing to local atmosphere forcing and ocean dynamics,the seasonal variability shows a regional characteristic in the SCS.In the northern SCS,the MLD is shallow in summer and deep in winter,affected coherently by the wind stress and the buoyance flux.The variation of MLD in the west is close to that in the central SCS,influenced by the advection of strong western boundary currents.The eastern SCS presents an annual cycle,which is deep in summer and shallow in winter,primarily impacted by a heat flux on the air-sea interface.So regional characteristic needs to be cared in the analysis about the MLD of SCS.     

LICOM模拟的南海贯穿流及其对南海上层热含量的影响

利用SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)数据、XBT(Expendable Bathythermograph)观测数据和绕岛环流理论(island rule)诊断计算结果评估了一个涡相容(eddy-permitting)全球海洋环流模式——LICOM对南海贯穿流及南海上层热含量的模拟能力,同时利用模式输出探讨了南海贯穿流对南海上层热含量的影响。NEC(North Equatorial Current)分叉的垂向结构、南海内区环流的季节和吕宋海峡体积输送的年际变化等分析结果都表明,LICOM能获取西北太平洋-印尼海域环流和南海贯穿流的合理模拟结果。模式模拟的南海上层热含量季节变化与观测及同化数据都表现出良好的一致性,尤其在南海内区。相关分析表明,吕宋海峡热输送主要控制着南海内区上层的热含量变化,两者呈显著负相关,这进一步证实了南海贯穿流作为一支冷平流调制着南海上层热含量变化的重要事实。     

南海海气界面潜热通量的分布特征及其对西南季风爆发影响的初步分析

利用1982年1月至2001年12月逐日的Re_NCEP南海海表面潜热通量资料,分析了南海夏季西南季风爆发早年和晚年潜热通量在南海的时空分布特征;并通过相关对比诊断分析了潜热通量对西南季风爆发及强度的影响,初步给出了其动力学机理。结果表明,季风爆发早、晚年的前一年冬季至初春(12~3月),南海南部(5°~13°N,100°~120°E)和北部(13°~22°N,105°~120°E)的潜热通量距平符号相反,呈现反位相,季风爆发早(晚)年,前一年冬季至次年初春,南海北部的潜热通量为正(负)距平,南海南部则为负(正)距平;在季风爆发的早年和晚年,南海潜热通量表现出明显的差异,春、夏、秋季南海潜热通量正距平持续时间短(长),季风强度偏弱(强)。南海北部的潜热通量和南海北部季风强度隔季正相关。当潜热通量为正(负)距平时,同期和滞后1~3个月的海温均为负(正)异常,加大(减小)了春季南海和周围陆地陆暖海冷的海陆温差,有利于西南季风在南海北部的早(晚)爆发,西南风异常偏强(弱)。     

文献计量分析南海及其U形海疆线的遥感研究热点

为综合评估遥感技术在南海、尤其在南海U形海疆国界线(简称南海U形海疆线)研究中的应用情况, 本文以中国知识基础设施工程(China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI)和Web of Science核心合集 (Web of Science Core Collection, WOSCC)分别作为中文与外文期刊论文数据库来源, 筛选出截至2019年已发表的相关主题的中外期刊文献, 进行文献计量分析。按照关键词筛选的三类论文为: 南海自然科学研究(中文10150篇, 外文10130篇), 南海遥感研究(中文560篇, 外文1296篇)与南海U形海疆线相关研究(中文303篇, 外文33篇)。文献计量分析表明: 南海自然科学研究总发文量最大的国家为中国(18253篇), 总发文量排名前列的研究机构(如排名第一的中国科学院南海海洋研究所)与期刊(如排名第一的《热带海洋学报》)也主要来自中国; 年发文量变化趋势显示, 南海自然科学研究呈现四个阶段(缓慢起步、缓慢增长、快速增长和回降), 南海遥感研究有两个阶段(缓慢起步与快速增长), 南海U形海疆线研究中文论文呈现三个阶段(缓慢起步、快速增长与回降); 热点研究显示, 南海自然科学研究围绕季风、天然气水合物与台风开展, 南海遥感研究关注海表温度、叶绿素与台风, 南海U形海疆线研究关注南海争端和地质特征。遥感数据于1974年开始被用于南海台风研究, 2019年被用于南海U形海疆线的生态环境研究。发展海洋遥感技术, 深化南海台风“风泵”生态效应与灾害研究, 拓展南海U形海疆线走廊立体的综合科学研究和增强南海的自然科学与社会科学的交叉研究, 意义重大。     

南海混合层深度的季节变化及年际变化特征

通过分析新的SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)资料,得到南海混合层时空场的分布特征,剖析了南海混合层深度的季节及年际变化特征。资料分析表明:南海混合层存在着显著的季节和年际变化,且两者的均方差分布存在一定的差异。在季节变化中,冬季混合层在南海北部及西北陆架区深,在南海南部及吕宋冷涡处浅;夏季混合层在南海西北部浅,东南深。南海这种混合层深度分布特征除了与热通量的季节变化有关外,在相当大的程度上与季风引起的Ekman输送及Ekman抽吸有关。混合层深度距平场EOF(Empirical Othorgnal Function)第一模和第二模时间变化的主信号均为周期的年际变化信号,其中第一模态约为3 a,第二模态则有1.8,2.4和4.3 a的3个显著周期。EOF第一模显示混合层深度在南海东南部年际变化幅度最大,且滞后Nino3指数7个月时相关性最好(相关系数为0.422 3);EOF第二模显示在南海南部和北部混合层深度呈反位相变化。     

Seasonal and spatial distributions of phytoplankton biomass associated with monsoon and oceanic environments in the South China Sea

Seasonal variations of phytoplankton/chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） distribution, sea surface wind, sea height anomaly, sea surface temperature and other oceanic environments for long periods are analyzed in the South China Sea （SCS）, especially in the two typical regions off the east coast of Vietnam and off the northwest coast of Luzon, using remote sensing data and other oceanographic data. The results show that seasonal and spatial distributions of phytoplankton biomass in the SCS are primarily influenced by the monsoon winds and oceanic environments. Off the east coast of Vietnam, Chl-a concentration is a peak in August, a jet shape extending into the interior SCS, which is associated with strong southwesterly monsoon winds, the coastal upwetling induced by offshore Ekman transport and the strong offshore current in the western SCS. In December, high Chl-a concentration appears in the upwelling region off the northwest coast of Luzon and spreads southwestward. Strong mixing by the strong northeasterly monsoon winds, the cyclonic circulation, southwestward coastal currents and river discharge have impacts on distribution of phytoplankton, so that the high phytoplankton biomass extends from the coastal areas over the northern SCS to the entire SCS in winter. These research activities could be important for revealing spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton and their interactions with physical environments in the SCS.     

Numerical investigation of the South China Sea deep circulation

Based on a two-level nested model from the global ocean to the western Pacific and then to the South China Sea（SCS）, the high-resolution SCS deep circulation is numerically investigated. The SCS deep circulation shows a basin-scale cyclonic structure with a strong southward western boundary current in summer（July）, a northeastsouthwest through-flow pattern across the deep basin without a western boundary current in winter（January）,and a transitional pattern in spring and autumn. The sensitivity ...     

南海海平面长期变化及其趋势研究

On the basis of the satellite maps of sea level anomaly(MSLA) data and in situ tidal gauge sea level data,correlation analysis and empirical mode decomposition(EMD) are employed to investigate the applicability of MSLA data,sea level correlation,long-term sea level variability(SLV) trend,sea level rise(SLR) rate and its geographic distribution in the South China Sea(SCS).The findings show that for Dongfang Station,Haikou Station,Shanwei Station and Zhapo Station,the minimum correlation coefficient between the closest MSLA grid point and tidal station is 0.61.This suggests that the satellite altimeter MSLA data are effective to observe the coastal SLV in the SCS.On the monthly scale,coastal SLV in the western and northern part of SCS are highly associated with coastal currents.On the seasonal scale,SLV of the coastal area in the western part of the SCS is still strongly influenced by the coastal current system in summer and winter.The Pacific change can affect the SCS mainly in winter rather than summer and the affected area mostly concentrated in the northeastern and eastern parts of the SCS.Overall,the average SLR in the SCS is 90.8 mm with a rising rate of(5.0±0.4) mm/a during1993–2010.The SLR rate from the southern Luzon Strait through the Huangyan Seamount area to the Xisha Islands area is higher than that of other areas of the SCS.     

南海上层环流观测研究进展

回顾了近50a来南海环流研究的进展，重点介绍了近期有关南海上层总环流的观测研究成果，并就南海季风急流、南海暖流、南海南部的次海盆尺度环流，以及南海东北部环流的几个问题进行了专门讨论。