小波包分解提取高采样率GPS地震波信号

随着高采样率GPS接收机的出现、高精度的定轨以及数据处理技术的发展, 利用GPS观测高频率、瞬态的地震波信号成为可能.但如何消除混叠在地震波信号中的多路径、随机噪声等误差, 有效地提取地震波信号, 仍然是制约高采样率GPS及其地球物理应用的重要因素.提出一种基于小波包分解的方法, 对动态位移序列中的多路径误差进行消除, 同时去除高频率随机噪声, 提取地震波信号.通过结合SCIGN的19个GPS测站的1Hz采样GPS观测数据, 对2010年墨西哥M7.2地震的地震波引起的地表动态位移进行解算, 采用小波包分解有效地提取地震波信号并对其进行谱分析.结果表明, 该方法提取的地震波信号能较好地反映出地震波的传播及其特性, 具有无需多天重复观测、处理精度高等特点.      

可控震源记录中的脉冲噪声分析

噪声分析一直是地震资料信噪比得以改善的重要基础方法。可控震源向地下输入瞬时低能量信号, 易受到可控震源系统内部以及背景中的瞬时脉冲噪声(如电噪声、震动噪声等)的干扰。用于提取有效信号的相关检测方法将脉冲噪声的干扰范围扩大, 严重影响了对可控震源有效信号的提取。为了从理论上分析脉冲噪声对可控震源相关记录的干扰, 通过仿真实验, 系统分析了单点脉冲和多点脉冲噪声对相关记录中可控震源信号的干扰程度和特点。结果表明, 可控震源相关记录中的信号主要受脉冲噪声强度、所在时间位置以及可控震源非相关记录脉冲点数比例三方面因素影响, 脉冲噪声所占记录的比例大于2.5%且平均强度高于100时, 相关检测后的可控震源信号会完全被噪声淹没。     

芦山地震同震和震后地表形变及重力变化的理论模拟

为了研究芦山地震的孕震过程和震源区的长期构造过程以及解释实测的震后形变和重力资料, 采用分层介质模型, 利用数值模拟的方法, 考虑区域流变系数, 计算了地震引起的地表同震、震后的形变和重力变化以及区域内部分GPS与重力连续观测台站的震后形变和重力变化的时间序列.结果表明: 芦山地震的地表同震形变显示出发震断层明显的逆冲特性; 粘弹性松弛效应引起的震后地表形变和重力变化比同震形变和重力变化的范围明显扩大, 但随着粘滞系数的增加, 变化量明显减小; 观测台站的震后变化时变曲线显示震后形变和重力变化在震后50 a间变化显著, 100 a后基本平缓, 趋于稳定; 模拟计算的GPS台站中除了MEIG台和MYAN台以外, 其余台站的震后观测必须考虑粘弹性松弛的影响.      

Multipath interference cancelation in GPS time series under changing physical conditions by means of adaptive filtering

Multipath, a highly autocorrelated signal is observable phenomena during time periods longer than the sidereal period of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites in their constellations. Multipath pattern and sidereal repeat time interaction are examined in terms of time series correlations of topocentric coordinates using GPS code and phase observations collected at high and low frequencies. The horizontal and vertical components at 5 and 30 s sampling rates are analyzed to detect and remove multipath classified by their M P ₁ levels and baseline lengths. For the selected 11 stations that have 24-hour data from CORS stations in the USA and Turkey, the repeat times of the GPS constellation were identified as a function of maximum cross-correlation of adjacent time series. The multipath interference signal from two-day time series data is removed by an adaptive filter to improve time series of coordinate estimates. After the filtering process, an effective epoch based position tracking has been accomplished, especially in the height component. The position errors disappeared to maximum possible extent in the pseudo-range measurements. Up to 70% improvement for the phase derived coordinates in reflective environment has been achieved over the baselines ranging from 1 km to 175 km. For the phase observables, the filter success directly related to the multipath level which is specific to the station.     

Research Progress of Relative Humidity and Its Changing Annual Cycle

Studies on the characteristics of relative humidity annual cycle change include the frequency, phase, and amplitude of the time series and their changes. The effective diagnosis of the relative humidity annual cycle can provide important help in the monitoring and regulation of seasonal haze, the spatial distribution of epidemic outbreaks and their prevention and control, and the real-time forecasting and decision-making of monsoon precipitation. Different from studies on the trend of the relative humidity, the diagnosis in the annual cycle is scarce. This paper summarized the research status of relative humidity and its annual cycle, introduced several current methods for extracting common signals, and evaluated the feasibility of these methods for extracting annual cycle signals. Due to the time-varying characteristics of the annual cycle of relative humidity and complex structures such as asymmetric triangular waves, square-like waves, and state transients, harmonic-based extraction methods are difficult to succeed. The nonlinear signal extraction method with high noise immunity will solve this problem. At present, the relative humidity annual cycle studies urgently need to be improved and improve the quality of relative humidity observation data, accurately extract and quantify the time-varying characteristics and complex structure of the annual cycle. Moreover, combining the dynamic process and statistical analysis, we also need to study the physical mechanism of the change of relative humidity annual cycle (frequency, phase, amplitude, etc.) in China.     

Comparison of GRACE data and groundwater levels for the assessment of groundwater depletion in Jordan

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) derived groundwater storage (GWS) data are compared with in-situ groundwater levels from five groundwater basins in Jordan, using newly gridded GRACE GRCTellus land data. It is shown that (1) the time series for GRACE-derived GWS data and in-situ groundwater-level measurements can be correlated, with R ² from 0.55 to 0.74, (2) the correlation can be widely ascribed to the seasonal and trend component, since the detrended and deseasonalized time series show no significant correlation for most cases, implying that anomalous signals that deviate from the trend or seasonal behaviour are overlaid by noise, (3) estimates for water losses in Jordan based on the trend of GRACE data from 2003 to 2013 could be up to four times higher than previously assumed using estimated recharge and abstraction rates, and (4) a significant time-lagged cross correlation of the monthly changes in GRACE-derived groundwater storage and precipitation data was found, suggesting that the conventional method for deriving GWS from GRACE data probably does not account for the typical conditions in the study basins. Furthermore, a new method for deriving plausible specific yields from GRACE data and groundwater levels is demonstrated.     

Assessment of nonlinear trends and seasonal variations in global sea level using singular spectrum analysis and wavelet multiresolution analysis

The main purpose of this paper is to apply the singular spectrum analysis (SSA), based on the phase space, and the wavelet multiresolution analysis (WMA), based on the frequency space, to the weekly time series of global sea level anomaly (GSLA) derived from satellite altimetry data over 1993–2013, in order to assess its nonlinear trends and its seasonal signals. The SSA results show that the GSLA time series is mainly dominated by a nonlinear trend explaining 89.89 % of the total GSLA variability, followed by annual and semi-annual signals with an explained variance of 9.15 and 0.32 %, respectively. For the annual signal, both methods give similar results. Its amplitude is less than 14 mm with an average of about 11 mm, and its minimum and maximum occur in April and October, respectively. The calculation of sea level trend, by both methods, is direct without removing the seasonal signals from the original GSLA time series as the most commonly used in the literature. The global sea level trend obtained from the WMA is about 2.52 ± 0.01 mm/year which is in good agreement with 2.94 ± 0.05 mm/year estimated from the SSA. Furthermore, the SSA method is most suitable for seasonal adjustment, and the WMA method is more useful for providing the different rates of sea level rise. Indeed, the WMA reveals that the global sea level has risen with the rate of 3.43 ± 0.01 mm/year from January/1993 to January/1998, 0.66 ± 0.01 mm/year from February/1998 to May/2000, 5.71 ± 0.03 mm/year from June/2000 to October/2003, and 1.57 ± 0.01 mm/year since January/2004.     

矿集区大地电磁强干扰类型分析

根据安徽庐枞大地电磁资料,研究了各种干扰噪声对大地电磁测深资料影响的特点,并对几种常见的噪声干扰信号进行了频谱分析,展示了相关干扰信号的时间序列特征和典型视电阻率一相位曲线,将影响大地电磁测深资料的噪声干扰分为工频干扰噪声,地质噪声和其他外界、观测系统不稳定造成的干扰噪声,它们分别来自不同的场源。分析结果表明,地质噪声一般影响全频域,近场干扰主要影响高频的有限频率,而大功率用电系统的不稳定则主要影响低频。最后提出了消除或降低各种噪声干扰的一些建议。     

Secular crustal deformation and interplate coupling of the Japanese Islands as deduced from continuous GPS array, 1996–2001

Data from the nation-wide GPS continuous tracking network that has been operated by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan since April 1996 were used to study crustal deformation in the Japanese Islands. We first extracted site coordinate from daily SINEX files for the period from April 1, 1996 to February 24, 2001. Since raw time series of station coordinates include coseismic and postseismic displacements as well as seasonal variation, we model each time series as a combination of linear and trigonometric functions and jumps for episodic events. Estimated velocities were converted into a kinematic reference frame [Heki, K., 1996. Horizontal and vertical crustal movements from three-dimensional very long baseline interferometry kinematic reference frame: implication for reversal timescale revision. J. Geophys. Res., 101: 3187–3198.] to discuss the crustal deformation relative to the stable interior of the Eurasian plate. A Least-Squares Prediction technique has been used to segregate the signal and noise in horizontal as well as vertical velocities. Estimated horizontal signals (horizontal displacement rates) were then differentiated in space to calculate principal components of strain. Dilatations, maximum shear strains, and principal axes of strain clearly portray tectonic environments of the Japanese Islands. On the other hand, the interseismic vertical deformation field of the Japanese islands is derived for the same GPS data interval. The GPS vertical velocities are combined with 31 year tide gage records to estimate absolute vertical velocity. The results of vertical deformation show that (1) the existence of clear uplift of about 6 mm/yr in Shikoku and Kii Peninsula, whereas pattern of subsidence is observed in the coast of Kyushu district. This might reflect strong coupling between the Philippine Sea plate and overriding plate at the Nankai Trough and weak coupling off Kyushu, (2) no clear vertical deformation pattern exists along the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan. This might be due to the long distance between the plate boundary (Japan trench) and overriding plate where GPS sites are located, (3) significant uplift is observed in the southwestern part of Hokkaido and in northeastern Tohoku along the Japan Sea coast. This is possibly due to the viscoelastic rebound of the 1983 Japan Sea (M_w 7.7) and the 1993 Hokkaido–Nansei–Oki (M_w 7.8) earthquakes and/or associated with distributed compression of incipient subduction there. We then estimate the elastic deformation of the Japanese Islands caused by interseismic loading of the Pacific and Philippine Sea subduction plates. The elastic models account for most of the observed horizontal velocity field if the subduction movement of the Philippine Sea Plate is 100% locked and if that of the Pacific Plate is 70% locked. However, the best fit for vertical velocity ranges from 80% to 100% coupling factor in southwestern Japan and only 50% in northeastern Japan. Since horizontal data does not permit the separation of rigid plate motion and interplate coupling because horizontal velocities include both contributions, we used the vertical velocities to discriminate between them. So, we can say there is strong interplate coupling (80%–100%) over the Nankaido subduction zone, whereas it is about 50% only over the Kurile–Japan trench.     

Number Counts,Confusion, Mapping Issues,and Sky Coverage Analysis for Radio Continuum Surveys through Emu Early Science,EMU-ASKAP,and WODAN Especially for Cosmology Science Goals

In this study, we discuss the challenges radio astronomers face while observing radio continuum sources. We consider issues related to rms noise, confusion, position accuracy, shot noise and how these issues affect observation results, data analysis and the science goals we are trying to achieve. We mainly focus on the Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU-ASKAP) sky survey, EMU Early science survey and Westerbork Observations of the Deep APERTIF Northern sky (WODAN). The study will also be useful for future surveys like with possible continuum surveys through MeerKAT (e.g., MIGHTEE) and SKA-1. The late time Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect detection is one of the major areas of research related to dark energy cosmology. We will particularly discuss how technical, data analysis and mapping issues, affect galaxy over/under density dependent science goals like the detection of the late time Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect through wide-field radio continuum surveys.

     

区域地下水位预报的季节型神经网络模型

根据西北干旱区地下水位周期性变化趋势明显的特点,提出了测井水位预报的季节型神经网络模型。同时,针对系列不同周期内变幅各异的特点,对监测序列进行了光滑处理。预报结果表明:该模型预测效果较好,运行合理,对规律性不强的地下水位动态预报具有一定的实用价值。     

差分GPS实现探地雷达图像地形校正方法研究

针对在地形起伏较大的区域探地雷达获取的图像不能表达地形变化的缺点,通过探地雷达与差分GPS同步采集记录数据,实现探地雷达图像与GPS数据时间同步,选择某一标准水准面为参考面,根据时间位移和线性插值方法,将探地雷达数据进行时深转换,从而实现探地雷达地形校正。探地雷达图像地形校正前后对比表明此方法在保留地下介质体水平方向分布特征的同时,实现了探地雷达图像在垂直方向的精确校正,对地下目标的解译和精确定位有很大的帮助,对浅层活动断层探测具有一定的实际意义。      

Co-seismic gravity changes in the Koyna-Warna region: Implications of mass redistribution

Koyna-Warna Region (KWR) is one of the known sites for reservoir triggered seismicity. The continued triggered seismicity over the five decades is restricted to a region of about 600–700 sq. km, which provides a unique opportunity to monitor geophysical anomalies likely to be associated with seismicity of the region. Present study confers temporal gravity changes recorded by gPhone and GRACE satellite and interprets observed changes in conjunction with seismological, geodetic (cGPS) observations and groundwater level measurements. GRACE data suggest that seasonal vertical deformation due to hydrological loading is ～ 2 cm, which corroborates with continuous GPS observations. Seasonal hydrological loading of the region, which is in a phase of reservoir loading, might be influencing the critically stressed KWR leading to the seasonal seismicity of the region. The gPhone gravity data distinctly show co-seismic gravity signals for eight earthquakes of M_w > 2 and gravity anomalies show positive correlation on a logarithmic scale with earthquake released energy. To investigate the cause of gravity changes, an estimate is made for 14^th April 2012 earthquake for M_w 4.8 using fault dislocation model. The recorded gravity changes of 189 μGal by gPhone located at a distance of 28 km from the hypocentre is much more than the estimate of ～0.1 μGal calculated for M_w 4.8 Koyna earthquake. Therefore, it is inferred that co-seismic gravity signals for eight earthquakes are primarily caused due to redistribution of mass at shallow depth.     

The dynamic characteristics of GPS time series and their relation to the seismotectonic specific features of a region

The noise component in the time series of Earth surface displacements that were obtained with the Global Positioning System (GPS) is analyzed for 19 points. The methods of dynamic system and fractal set theory are applied. The analyzed parameters include the correlation dimension, spectral scaling parameter, fractal dimension, and the Hurst exponent. We detect that GPS time series demonstrate fractal properties in a range of over one order of magnitude of frequency (flicker noise). The fractal characteristics of the studied series and seismotectonic features of the studied regions are characterized by a relationship that can be explained by the dynamic characteristics of the block models and seismicity.     

Quality Assessment of the Beidou-3 New Signal B1C and B2a Observation Data*

With the successful launch of the sixteen MEO satellites of the Beidou-3 global satellite navigation system and the broadcast of new signals, Beidou has officially entered the global construction stage while the international GNSS Monitoring and Assessment System (iGMAS) is also performing systematic testing and evaluation on various aspects of operational performance from satellite end to ground receiving end of Beidou-3 system. This paper analyzed and evaluated the observation quality of new signals B1C and B2a broadcasted by the twelve new Beidou-3 MEO satellites on the observation data integrity rate, multipath error, pseudorange noise and Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) compared with GPS and GALILEO. The results show that the observation data integrity rate of B1C signal is better than that of B2a signal in the Beidou-3 system. In the aspects of multipath error, pseudorange noise and CNR, B2a signal is better than that of B1C. The performances of the twelve MEO satellites of Beidou-3 are equivalent, that is, for Beidou-3, the consistency of satellites can be guaranteed. In terms of pseudo-range noise, Beidou-3 is slightly worse than GPS and GALILEO While the observation data integrity rate, multipath error and CNR of Beidou-3 are equivalent to those of GPS and GALILEO.     

基于重构信号模型的去噪技术

面波和多次波等噪音的产生是海上地震勘探的突出特点,如何高保真地对其进行压制一直是信号处理工作的难题。基于重构信号模型的去噪技术通过不同的方法,充分考虑不同入射角度和横波地震信息,重构信号模型,分离出剩余信号,然后针对剩余信号进行去噪处理,利用建立的信号模型和剩余有效信号结合,得到有效地震信号,达到突出有效信号衰减噪声的目的。     

Time-Varying Multifractal Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Loaded Coal Electromagnetic Radiation

Dynamic collapses of deeply mined coal rocks are severe threats to miners. To predict the collapses more accurately using electromagnetic radiation (EMR), we investigate the time-varying multifractal characteristics and formation mechanism of EMR induced by underground coal mining. A series of uniaxial compression and multi-stage loading experiments with coal samples of different mechanical properties were carried out. The EMR signals during their damage evolution were monitored in real-time; the inherent law of EMR time series was analyzed by fractal theory. The results show that the time-varying multifractal characteristics of EMR are determined by damage evolutions process, the dissipated energy caused by damage evolutions such as crack propagation, fractal sliding and shearing can be regard as the fingerprint of various EMR micro-mechanics. Based on the Irreversible thermodynamics and damage mechanics, we introduced the damage internal variable, constructed the dissipative potential function and established the coupled model of the EMR and the dissipative energy, which revealed the nature of dynamic nonlinear characteristics of EMR. Dynamic multifractal spectrum is the objective response of EMR signals, thus it can be used to evaluate the coal deformation and fracture process.     

基于时间序列分解和多变量混沌模型的滑坡阶跃式位移预测

三峡库区某些库岸滑坡在强降雨、库水位涨落等诱发因素影响下,其位移时间序列表现出阶跃式变化特征且可能存在混沌特性.但目前常用于滑坡位移预测的混沌模型,均建立在单变量混沌理论的基础之上.且已有的考虑了诱发因素的常规多变量模型,大都采用经验性的方法来选取输入变量;常规多变量模型对滑坡位移序列的非线性特征,及其与诱发因素间的动态响应关系缺乏数学理论上的深入分析.因此,提出一种基于指数平滑法、多变量混沌模型和极限学习机（extreme learing machine,ELM）的滑坡位移组合预测模型.指数平滑多变量混沌ELM模型首先对滑坡累积位移序列的混沌特性进行识别;然后用指数平滑法对累积位移进行预测,得到趋势项位移,并用累积位移减去趋势项位移得到剩余的波动项位移;之后对波动项位移及降雨量、库水位变化量这3个因子进行多变量相空间重构,并用ELM模型对多变量重构后的波动项位移进行预测;最后将预测得到的趋势项和波动项位移值相加,得到最终的累积位移预测值.以三峡库区白水河滑坡ZG93监测点的累积位移作为实例进行分析,并将模型与指数平滑多变量混沌粒子群-支持向量机（PSO-SVM）模型、指数平滑单变量混沌ELM模型作对比.结果表明滑坡位移序列存在混沌特性,模型能有效预测滑坡位移,其预测效果优于对比模型.且本文模型从混沌理论的角度将波动项位移与降雨量、库水位变化量的动态响应关系进行综合分析,更能反映滑坡位移系统演化的物理本质.      

福建地壳形变GPS观测台网选址及噪声分析

利用福建地壳形变GPS基准台选台过程中 ,在 4个站址上得到的 2 4h连续观测数据 ,计算并分析了各站址背景噪声信噪比 ,认为福州、南平、泉州、龙岩所选点址适宜建站 ,并提出背景噪声信噪比计算结果可用于评价仪器性能和站址安静程度 ,反映台网的监控能力 ,为观测台网的建设提供参考依据     

Estimating Climatic Timeseries From Multi-Site Data Afflicted With Dating Error

Timeseries of estimated temperature have been combined to create global or hemispheric climate series over periods exceeding 1000 yr. The data used in these studies, however, may be subject to dating errors. It is shown that when timeseries with dating error are combined, the noise in the data smoothes periodic signals but leaves linear trends intact. This means that the effect of dating error of sample data in a timeseries reconstruction is to smooth out any signals (waves, cycles) that may be present. The purpose of this study was to develop signal extraction methods that will work for this type of historical data. The method used was nonlinear estimation of sample series where dating error has been added by Monte Carlo sampling. Several algorithms were tested for handling the dating error problem. Results were that using nonlinear model fitting, the periods of signals can be identified even from the averaged data. In a second stage of the estimation procedure, the cycle magnitudes can be estimated. Very good fits were achieved for two example cases. Temperature estimation error (white noise due to the use of proxies) was also considered and the method was extended to cover this case with quite good results. Using the new estimation methods, the information inherent in multiple series can be used to overcome the problem of dating error.