深水沉积体系研究进展及其对南海北部陆坡区天然气水合物研究的启示

近年海域天然气水合物勘探和研究表明,水合物的形成、聚集和分布往往与浅层深水沉积体之间存在紧密联系,随着深水观测和钻探技术的提高以及高分辨三维地震资料的使用,深水沉积体系研究进入了一个快速发展的阶段,在水合物远景区域内对浅层深水沉积体进行精细刻画已成为海域天然气水合物勘探的热点和难点。通过分析国内外深水沉积体系研究现状,从浅层深水沉积体与海域天然气水合物的关系入手,对现有研究方法和手段、深水沉积体的发展趋势进行总结和分析,结合南海北部陆坡天然气水合物勘探研究现状和存在问题,提出应该在浅层深水沉积体发育类型和沉积背景、浅层深水沉积体的内部构成和空间分布、以及浅层深水沉积体与水合物耦合关系等三方面加强研究,以期为我国海域天然气水合物勘探和研究提供参考。     

地震属性在海洋天然气水合物识别中的应用

海洋拖缆主动源多道地震技术是应用于海洋天然气水合物资源调查的主要技术方法。不同于常规油气藏勘探,海底天然气水合物成藏机制复杂多样,海底似反射(Bottom Simulating Reflector,BSR)特征与水合物赋存并非完全对应。为提高海洋天然气水合物矿体识别的可靠性,地震属性技术在水合物资源调查中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文对我国南海北部海域天然气水合物调查中的关键属性进行了对比、分析及筛选试验研究。试验针对海洋高分辨多道三维地震数据,采用三维地震层速度控制综合处理技术完成了BSR区域的成像,提取了与BSR相关的多种地震属性,并对BSR地震属性体的内部特性进行了分析,实现了BSR特征水合物矿体的识别,并提取了BSR上方和下部结合层带的地震属性。研究结果表明,在水合物赋存地层极其复杂的条件下,地震属性分析技术在海洋复杂浅地层水合物识别方面具有可行性和技术优势。     

天然气水合物准三维地震调查电缆排列长度研究

地震勘探方法是研究海洋天然气水合物的主要方法之一。在我国某海域对天然气水合物研究过程中,使用了单源单缆准三维地震勘探方法,获得了天然气水合物矿体较好的三维成像效果。影响天然气水合物矿体三维成像的因素很多,其中,电缆排列长度是最直接的影响因素之一。在大量试验数据的基础上,研究了电缆排列长度对野外采集资料的影响,研究结果与海试资料及国内外资料非常吻合,最后通过理论分析与试验资料对比,基本确定了在南海某海域天然气水合物准三维地震调查时最佳的排列长度及电缆段划分等参数,对天然气水合物准三维调查具有一定的指导意义。     

海底高频地震仪在南海北部天然气水合物探测中的应用

天然气水合物是石油天然气的理想替代能源,是当前能源、环境领域的研究热点。我国2007年神狐海域水合物钻探表明,天然气水合物的空间分布不均,水合物矿体内部物性差异较大。为了研究海域水合物及游离气的矿层结构,准确评估研究区天然气水合物资源量,采用三维地震与海底高频地震(HF-OBS)联合采集技术,获取水合物矿区的多波地震反射数据。充分利用纵横波速度信息,刻画研究区天然气水合物矿体的外形与内部结构,分析含天然气水合物沉积层的沉积环境与沉积物类型关系,进而获得这一海域天然气水合物分布规律的综合地质认识。     

海域天然气水合物地球物理勘探进展

进入21世纪后,海域天然气水合物地球物理勘探取得了较大的进步。主要表现为,在勘探技术上已由单一的地震勘探发展到以地震勘探为主,重力、磁力勘探综合应用的格局;在地震勘探方法上,已由常规的单道、多道地震发展到多频地震、高分辨率二维、三维地震和海底多分量地震;在地震资料的处理上,已由常规处理发展到突出BSR特征的“三高”和叠前时间偏移处理;在天然气水合物的地震识别上,已由速度、振幅结构研究发展到多属性判别、多弹性参数和多物性参数反演。这些新技术、新方法的应用,加快了海域天然气水合物调查进度,提高了天然气水合物地球物理识别的可靠性。     

基于测井与地震多属性分析神狐海域天然气水合物分布特征

我国在神狐海域钻探发现了高饱和度天然气水合物,由于该地区受迁移峡谷影响,水合物在空间的分布变化较大。本文把测井数据和地震数据相结合识别了BSR并解释了侵蚀面等层位,沿水合物稳定带底界提取多种属性,并对属性结果进行优化分析。发现振幅类属性对水合物显示较为敏感,不同站位水合物矿体展布特征不同。在W19井和SC-02井水合物矿体呈马蹄状分布,W18井矿体呈斑点状分布,分别位于埋藏水道天然堤的局部高点和水道头部高点上,矿体形态与构造高点形态一致。测井异常指示的水合物层在SC-02井伽马值较高,而W18和W19井水合物层伽马值较低,表明不同站位含水合物层泥质含量不同。而地震解释和属性分析发现水合物层位于一个规模较大的气烟囱构造上部,流体运移是控制该区域水合物成藏的重要条件,气体组成分析表明热成因气为水合物的成藏提供重要气源。     

天然气水合物储层反演及饱和度预测

沉积物含天然气水合物后通常会引起速度的增加,与周围地层形成较大的波阻抗差异,利用地震波阻抗反演技术可识别出这种差异,从而预测天然气水合物的分布。测井资料具有较高的纵向分辨率,而地震资料横向分辨率较高,通过井震联合反演可获得天然气水合物准确的空间展布形态。利用井震联合反演技术对南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物储层进行了精细刻画,研究表明,该矿区天然气水合物储层表现为高波阻抗特征,其值域范围为3 450～4 500m/s·g/cm3,同时根据有效介质模型建立了岩石物理量版,预测了天然气水合物储层的孔隙度和饱和度数据,预测结果与测井解释结果吻合度较高,为天然气水合物的资源评价提供了比较准确的物性数据。     

小道距高分辨率三维地震探测新技术助力海域天然气水合物勘查

<正>近日,由中国地质调查局青岛海洋地质研究所联合中国海洋大学开展的"天然气水合物小道距高分辨率三维地震探测"项目圆满完成了野外资料采集工作,并顺利通过了专家组验收,为今后我国海域天然气水合物资源勘查再添关键技术支撑。随着我国天然气水合物勘查开发利用的快速发展,常规的二维地震探测精度已无法满足精细刻画天然气水合物矿体的要求。2011年以来,青岛海洋地质研究所联合中国海洋大学开展了"天然气水合物小道距高分辨率三维地震探测"技术     

秘鲁近海气体水合物带底界的地震反射特征分析

位于秘鲁近海的ODP第688站位的地震资料显示出：该区存留有似海底反射层（简称BSR）,其深度与气体水合物稳定的深度相当。虽然在太平洋和大西洋的科学钻探岩芯中已经发现了气体水合物,但通常在有BSR显示地区避免钻探,这是因为钻探容易引起含水合物的沉积物民封闭的游离气的释放,造成危险。利用反褶积和真振幅恢复技术,可对地震资料重新处理,达到对BSR定量分析。从而地震资料提取声波参数,从第688站位的钻孔测量物性资料,利用前述两项资料可合成地震记录,并同实际地震资料进行比较,来估算游离气带的厚度。结果显示出：BSR沿侧向呈不连续分布,在BSR表现为强振幅的地带,其下游离气带厚5．5－17m;在BSR呈弱振幅之处,游离气带厚度不足5．5m,甚至完全缺失。     

高分辨率多道地震勘探技术在南海天然气水合物调查中的应用

天然气水合物资源作为人类未来可以利用的一种清洁能源越来越受到各界的关注。根据天然气水合物矿藏的分布特点,提出用高分辨率多道地震勘探的技术方法对天然气水合物资源进行探查的可行性,并以南海某陆坡天然气水合物资源勘察为例,详细论述了应用该方法的具体步骤和参数选择的重要性。通过分析获得的地震剖面评判该方法在天然气水合物勘探领域的应用前景和实际价值。     

南海陆坡天然气水合物饱和度估计

基于双相介质理论和热弹性理论,建立了沉积层纵波速度与天然气水合物饱和度、弹性性质及地层孔隙度之间的关系。通过对比饱和水的理论P波速度与实际P波速度,可以得到天然气水合物饱和度。根据ODP184航次的电阻率、声波速度、密度等测井资料以及地质资料,初步推断南海陆坡存在天然气水合物。根据声波测井的纵波速度估算出南海1146和1148井天然气水合物饱和度分别为孔隙空间的25％～30％和10％～20％,1148井个别沉积层天然气水合物饱和度可达40％～50％。沉积层的纵波速度与饱和水速度差值越大,天然气水合物饱和度越高。     

Evidence of gas hydrate from downhole logging data in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea

The Gas Hydrate Research and Development Organization (GHDO) of Korea successfully accomplished both coring (hydraulic piston and pressure coring) and logging (logging-while-drilling, LWD, and wireline logging) to investigate the presence of gas hydrate during the first deep drilling expedition in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea of Korea (referred to as UBGH1) in 2007. The LWD data from two sites (UBGH1-9, UBGH1-10) showed elevated electrical resistivity (>80 Ω-m) and P-wave velocity (>2000 m/s) values indicating the presence of gas hydrate. During the coring period, the richest gas hydrate accumulation was discovered at these intervals. Based on log data, the occurrence of gas hydrate is primarily controlled by the presence of fractures. The gas hydrate saturation calculated using Archie’s relation shows greater than 60% (as high as ∼90%) of the pore space, although Archie’s equation typically overestimates gas hydrate saturation in near-vertical fractures. The saturation of gas hydrate is also estimated using the modified Biot-Gassmann theory (BGTL) by Lee and Collett (2006). The saturation values estimated rom BGTL are much lower than those calculated from Archie’s equation. Based on log data, the hydrate-bearing sediment section is approximately 70 m (UBGH1-9) to 130 m (UBGH1-10) in thickness at these two sites. This was further directly confirmed by the recovery of gas hydrate samples and pore water freshening collected from deep drilling core during the expedition. LWD data also strongly support the interpretation of the seismic gas hydrate indicators (e.g., vent or chimney structures and bottom-simulating reflectors), which imply the probability of widespread gas hydrate presence in the Ulleung Basin.     

南海神狐海域天然气水合物饱和度的数值模拟分析

珠江口盆地神狐海域是天然气水合物钻探和试验开采的重点区域,大量钻探取心、测井与地震等综合分析表明不同站位水合物的饱和度、厚度与气源条件存在差异。本文利用天然气水合物调查及深水油气勘探所采集的测井和地震资料建立地质模型,利用PetroMod软件模拟地层的温度场、有机质成熟度、烃源岩生烃量、流体运移路径以及不同烃源岩影响下的水合物饱和度,结果表明:生物成因气分布在海底以下1500 m范围内的有机质未成熟地层,而热成因气分布在深度超过2300 m的成熟、过成熟地层。水合物稳定带内生烃量难以形成水合物,形成水合物气源主要来自于稳定带下方向上运移的生物与热成因气。模拟结果与测井结果对比分析表明,稳定带下部生物成因气能形成的水合物饱和度约为10%,在峡谷脊部的局部区域饱和度较高;相对高饱和度(>40%)水合物形成与文昌组、恩平组的热成因气沿断裂、气烟囱等流体运移通道幕式释放密切相关,W19井形成较高饱和度水合物的甲烷气体中热成因气占比达80%,W17井热成因气占比为73%,而SH2井主要以生物成因为主,因此,不同站位甲烷气体来源占比不同。     

High-resolution well-log derived dielectric properties of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments, Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope

A dielectric logging tool, electromagnetic propagation tool (EPT), was deployed in 2007 in the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well (Mount Elbert Well), North Slope, Alaska. The measured dielectric properties in the Mount Elbert well, combined with density log measurements, result in a vertical high-resolution (cm-scale) estimate of gas hydrate saturation. Two hydrate-bearing sand reservoirs about 20 m thick were identified using the EPT log and exhibited gas-hydrate saturation estimates ranging from 45% to 85%. In hydrate-bearing zones where variation of hole size and oil-based mud invasion are minimal, EPT-based gas hydrate saturation estimates on average agree well with lower vertical resolution estimates from the nuclear magnetic resonance logs; however, saturation and porosity estimates based on EPT logs are not reliable in intervals with substantial variations in borehole diameter and oil-based invasion.EPT log interpretation reveals many thin-bedded layers at various depths, both above and below the thick continuous hydrate occurrences, which range from 30-cm to about 1-m thick. Such thin layers are not indicated in other well logs, or from the visual observation of core, with the exception of the image log recorded by the oil-base microimager. We also observe that EPT dielectric measurements can be used to accurately detect fine-scale changes in lithology and pore fluid properties of hydrate-bearing sediments where variation of hole size is minimal. EPT measurements may thus provide high-resolution in-situ hydrate saturation estimates for comparison and calibration with laboratory analysis.     

Elastic-wave velocity characterization of gas hydrate-bearing fractured reservoirs in a permafrost area of the Qilian Mountain,Northwest China

There are two types of gas hydrate-bearing reservoirs in the permafrost area of Qilian Mountain. Most of the gas hydrates occur mainly in the fractured mudstone reservoirs and rarely in the pores of the sandstone reservoirs. In this study, for the acoustic velocity characterization of the fractured gas hydrate reservoirs of the Qilian Mountain permafrost area, some mudstone core samples were collected for physical rock experiments, such as the acoustic experiment and the porosity and permeability experiment. An acoustic velocity numerical simulation of gas hydrate reservoirs was performed according to the Biot theory and the differential effective medium theory, with the conditions of multiple gas hydrate occurrence models, including the suspension model, the semi-cementation model and the cementation model, and considering both infinite and penny-shaped cracks. Fracture porosity was added to the core samples that only contain matrix porosity. With fracture porosity ranging from 0.01% to 5%, the variation laws between acoustic velocity with fractured porosity and hydrate saturation are obtained: (1) In the case of an infinite crack, if the fractured porosity is 0.01%–1%, the P-wave velocity decreases rapidly in the case of the three occurrence models. If the fractured porosity is higher than 1%, the acoustic velocity decreases gradually. If the crack shape is a penny-shaped crack, the P-wave velocity decreases almost linearly with increasing fracture porosity. (2) If the hydrate occurrence model is the suspension model, the P-wave velocity increases slightly with increasing hydrate saturation. If the occurrence model is the semi-cementation model or the cementation model, when the gas hydrate saturation of the infinite crack ranges from 0 to 80%, the acoustic velocity increases approximately linearly, whereas when the gas hydrate saturation ranges from 80% to 100%, the velocity increases rapidly. If the crack is a penny-shaped crack, the velocity increases almost linearly with increasing gas hydrate saturation from 0 to 100%. (3) It is found that the fractured gas hydrate reservoirs of the Qilian Mountain permafrost area contain both penny-shaped and infinite cracks, of which the infinite crack is the main crack shape. The gas hydrate occurrence in the Qilian Mountain permafrost area mainly follows the suspension model. This has significance for the seismic exploration and log evaluation of gas hydrate-bearing fractured reservoirs in the permafrost area of the Qilian Mountain in studying the acoustic velocity characterization, the crack shapes and occurrence models of gas hydrate reservoirs in the study area.     

海底孔内水合物观测系统与钻井实施

通过耦合布设海底表面和孔内水合物观测系统获取物理、化学、微生物等数据是了解掌握海洋水合物环境动态变化、碳循环规律和资源开发技术的有效手段,据此初步提出了一套海底孔内水合物观测系统,并指出了系统的关键技术难点。而在钻井布设该孔内观测系统时,要注意防止井内安全事故的发生,充分评估安放位置处含水合物地层的地质力学稳定性并采取适当的钻井和完井方式稳定或强化含水合物地层以支撑孔内观察仪器,实现孔内长期监测。最后讨论了在我国南海实施孔内水合物观测系统的必要性,并提出了初步想法。     

Gas hydrate identified in sand-rich inferred sedimentary section using downhole logging and seismic data in Shenhu area,South China Sea

Downhole wireline log (DWL) data was acquired from eight drill sites during China's first gas hydrate drilling expedition (GMGS-1) in 2007. Initial analyses of the acquired well log data suggested that there were no significant gas hydrate occurrences at Site SH4. However, the re-examination of the DWL data from Site SH4 indicated that there are two intervals of high resistivity, which could be indicative of gas hydrate. One interval of high resistivity at depth of 171–175 m below seafloor (mbsf) is associated with a high compressional- wave (P-wave) velocities and low gamma ray log values, which suggests the presence of gas hydrate in a potentially sand-rich (low clay content) sedimentary section. The second high resistivity interval at depth of 175–180 mbsf is associated with low P-wave velocities and low gamma values, which suggests the presence of free gas in a potentially sand-rich (low clay content) sedimentary section. Because the occurrence of free gas is much shallower than the expected from the regional depth of the bottom simulating reflector (BSR), the free gas could be from the dissociation of gas hydrate during drilling or there may be a local anomaly in the depth to the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. In order to determine whether the low P-wave velocity with high resistivity is caused by in-situ free gas or dissociated free gas from the gas hydrate, the surface seismic data were also used in this analysis. The log analysis incorporating the surface seismic data through the construction of synthetic seismograms using various models indicated the presence of free gas directly in contact with an overlying gas hydrate-bearing section. The occurrence of the anomalous base of gas hydrate stability at Site SH4 could be caused by a local heat flow conditions. This paper documents the first observation of gas hydrate in what is believed to be a sand-rich sediment in Shenhu area of the South China Sea.     

Subsurface gas hydrates in the northern Gulf of Mexico

The northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) has long been a focus area for the study of gas hydrates. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, work focused on massive gas hydrates deposits that were found to form at and near the seafloor in association with hydrocarbon seeps. However, as global scientific and industrial interest in assessment of the drilling hazards and resource implications of gas hydrate accelerated, focus shifted to understanding the nature and abundance of “buried” gas hydrates. Through 2005, despite the drilling of more than 1200 oil and gas industry wells through the gas hydrate stability zone, published evidence of significant sub-seafloor gas hydrate in the GoM was lacking. A 2005 drilling program by the GoM Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project (the JIP) provided an initial confirmation of the occurrence of gas hydrates below the GoM seafloor. In 2006, release of data from a 2003 industry well in Alaminos Canyon 818 provided initial documentation of gas hydrate occurrence at high concentrations in sand reservoirs in the GoM. From 2006 to 2008, the JIP facilitated the integration of geophysical and geological data to identify sites prospective for gas hydrate-bearing sands, culminating in the recommendation of numerous drilling targets within four sites spanning a range of typical deepwater settings. Concurrent with, but independent of, the JIP prospecting effort, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) conducted a preliminary assessment of the GoM gas hydrate petroleum system, resulting in an estimate of 607 trillion cubic meters (21,444 trillion cubic feet) gas-in-place of which roughly one-third occurs at expected high concentrations in sand reservoirs. In 2009, the JIP drilled seven wells at three sites, discovering gas hydrate at high saturation in sand reservoirs in four wells and suspected gas hydrate at low to moderate saturations in two other wells. These results provide an initial confirmation of the complex nature and occurrence of gas hydrate-bearing sands in the GoM, the efficacy of the integrated geological/geophysical prospecting approach used to identify the JIP drilling sites, and the relevance of the 2008 BOEM assessment.     

Evidence of gas hydrate from downhole logging data in the Ulleung Basin,East Sea

The Gas Hydrate Research and Development Organization (GHDO) of Korea successfully accomplished both coring (hydraulic piston and pressure coring) and logging (logging-while-drilling, LWD, and wireline logging) to investigate the presence of gas hydrate during the first deep drilling expedition in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea of Korea (referred to as UBGH1) in 2007. The LWD data from two sites (UBGH1-9, UBGH1-10) showed elevated electrical resistivity (>80 Ω-m) and P-wave velocity (>2000 m/s) values indicating the presence of gas hydrate. During the coring period, the richest gas hydrate accumulation was discovered at these intervals. Based on log data, the occurrence of gas hydrate is primarily controlled by the presence of fractures. The gas hydrate saturation calculated using Archie’s relation shows greater than 60% (as high as ∼90%) of the pore space, although Archie’s equation typically overestimates gas hydrate saturation in near-vertical fractures. The saturation of gas hydrate is also estimated using the modified Biot-Gassmann theory (BGTL) by Lee and Collett (2006). The saturation values estimated rom BGTL are much lower than those calculated from Archie’s equation. Based on log data, the hydrate-bearing sediment section is approximately 70 m (UBGH1-9) to 130 m (UBGH1-10) in thickness at these two sites. This was further directly confirmed by the recovery of gas hydrate samples and pore water freshening collected from deep drilling core during the expedition. LWD data also strongly support the interpretation of the seismic gas hydrate indicators (e.g., vent or chimney structures and bottom-simulating reflectors), which imply the probability of widespread gas hydrate presence in the Ulleung Basin.     

南海北部水道活动引起的不同类型滑塌体对应的水合物赋存模式

2015~2016年在神狐新钻探区钻遇大量水合物岩心,证实南海北部神狐新钻探区具有较好的水合物成藏环境和勘探前景。结合2008~2009年该区采集的地震资料,我们对晚中新世以来细粒峡谷的沉积特征及其相应的水合物成藏模式进行了分析。通过对大量地震剖面进行解释,发现该区峡谷两侧的隆起上发育大量的滑塌体。本文通过岩心粒度分析,地震相识别分析和水合物测井响应分析等手段综合识别出对水合物成藏有控制作用的三种类型的滑塌体：原生滑塌体、峡谷切割滑塌体、和同生断裂滑塌体。结合沉积速率、流体流速分析和峡谷迁移等沉积学要素对滑塌体成因进行分析,认为峡谷切割滑塌体由于后期峡谷迁移对前期滑塌体切割形成的、同生断裂滑塌体是由于隆起区基底不平引起差异性沉降而形成的。不同类型的滑塌体发育位置不同：原生滑塌体常发育在隆起中坡度较缓的区域、峡谷切割成因滑塌体常发育在不定向迁移的峡谷两侧、同生断裂滑塌体常发育在隆起中坡度起伏较大的区域。三种类型滑塌及其相应的水合物成藏模式不同,其中原生滑塌体有利于水合物成藏,而另外两种类型的滑塌体由于其不能对自由气进行有效封堵而不利于水合物成藏。根据三种滑塌体对水合物成藏的响应指出在粗粒的含有孔虫粉砂岩储层上,覆盖细粒的泥岩对自由气进行封堵有利于水合物成藏,并且多层的泥岩覆盖是造成水合物稳定带中水合物多个分层成矿现象出现的原因。