考虑主应力轴旋转的基坑开挖应力路径研究

首先对应力路径的概念进行丰富和扩展,提出考虑主应力轴旋转的三维应力路径,然后采用数值方法,对基坑开挖过程中的应力路径进行了深入分析,研究了基坑内外各种应力路径及其规律,结果表明：开挖过程中无论横向还是竖向,应力路径都表现出卸荷特性,且坑内卸荷量大于坑外卸荷量,使得坑内应力变化及主应力轴旋转较坑外大;随着离基坑中心距离的增大,坑内应力变化减小,主应力轴旋转趋缓;开挖过程对坑外应力变化及主应力轴旋转的影响随离围护墙距离的增大而减小。坑内应力路径总体表现为平均压应力p减小,广义剪应力q减小,主应力轴偏转角? 增大;坑外应力路径总体表现为p减小,q增大,? 增大。最后归纳出基坑开挖过程中坑内与坑外的典型应力路径,以指导基坑工程实践设计分析和室内试验模拟。     

植被覆盖与沙尘暴日数分布关系的探讨——-以内蒙古中西部地区为例

利用NOAA/AVHRR的NDVI数据和地面气象观测数据，以植被覆盖率和年沙尘暴日数为指标，分析了内蒙古中西部地区植被覆盖与沙尘暴分布的关系。研究结果表明，在内蒙古中西部地区，80年代沙尘暴日数的正距平与植被覆盖率的负距平、90年代沙尘暴日数的负距平与植被覆盖率的正距平是相互对应的；沙尘暴日数与植被覆盖率之间呈现负的相关关系，这种相关关系在不同地貌类型区和不同季节有所差异；沙地区的夏季（7、8、9月平均）植被覆盖率与第 2年沙尘暴日数之间的负相关最为显著。     

Character and efficacy of national atlases,in particular of the atlas DDR

Emphasis is laid on the characterization of national atlases as exact means of information and communication which are visually easy to handle. Besides a true-to-scale location of the features of particular objects and groups of objects national atlases offer the opportunity of obtaining starting points for the registration of spatial structures and functions by means of analysing the positional interconnections of these objects and groups of objects, without anticipating causal connections. The static of the maps, which is often considered as a negative characteristics of national atlases, increases the value and efficacy of this category of atlases instead of decreasing them.The author discusses opposed points of view by explaining, furthermore, the special kind of preparing the material, the primary of the contents anylysis, which has to go hand in hand with the autonomy of cartographical forms of representation from the beginning of the drafting process. The analyses of the basic material are not carried out with special aims, as, for instance, in the case of planning atlases, but under the aspect of a generally interesting characterization of a particular spatial sector, which is limited by national frontiers, for heterogeneous circles of users.     

Mesozoic age of the uril formation of the Amur Group, Lesser Khingan terrane of the Central Asian foldbelt: Results of U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic studies of detrital zircons

U-Pb (LA-ICPMS) geochronological studies established the minimum age of detrital zircons from metasedimentary rocks of the Uril Formation of the Amur Group of ～240 Ma, which approximately corresponds to the lower age boundary of formation of their protoliths. The upper boundary of accumulation of sedimentary rocks of this formation is governed by the age of superimposed structural-metamorphic transformations (220–210 Ma). It follows that the age of protoliths of metasedimentary rocks of the Uril Formation is Triassic in contrast to the previously suggested Early Precambrian age. At the same time, previous estimations of the Nd model age of metasedimentary rocks of the Tulovchikha Formation of the Amur Group and intruding gabbroic rocks are 1.7 and 0.5 Ga, respectively. In other words, the age of this formation is 1.7–0.5 Ga. All of this indicates a combination of sedimentary and volcanic rocks of different ages in the section of the Amur Group. Judging from the Lu-Hf isotopic-geochemical studies of zircons, the major sources of protoliths for metasedimentary rocks of the Uril Formation are Neoproterozoic igneous rocks and also Early and Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic igneous rocks, the formation of which was related to the reworking of the Neo- and Mesoproterozoic continental crust.     

On the dynamics of open clusters

The kinematics of stars in open-cluster models are investigated. The central regions of these model clusters are fairly “cool, ” leading to gravitational instability in the cluster cores. A temporary virilization is observed in the model clusters, during which an appreciable fraction of the fluctuation energy of the cluster is temporarily transformed into the kinetic energy of the peculiar motions of stars. The duration of this stage can reach ∼10⁸ yr. The origins of this temporary virialization of the model clusters are discussed. The instability of the intrinsic fluctuations of the phase density in the centers of six clusters and model clusters is investigated. Several new regions of unstable phase-density fluctuations are found, in addition to those already known. The observed and model clusters can move toward a stable equilibrium state when the density of the cluster core both decreases and increases. The structure of regions of instability of the phase-density fluctuations in the centers of the six clusters is studied. Resonance curves for the amplitudes of steady-state phase-density fluctuations in the center of NGC 6705 are constructed. Analysis of the structure of the regions of instability indicates an appreciable rate of fluctuation-energy loss due to relaxation effects. The instability increments and widths of regions of instability fall off with increasing distance of the cluster from the Galactic center. An important role in the formation of regions of instability may be played by resonances between the frequency of the orbital motion of the cluster in the Galaxy and the frequencies of intrinsic phase-density fluctuations in the centers of the clusters considered.     

初论矿床的成矿系列问题

<正> 一、矿床分类、矿床分带等有关问题的历史回顾 了解矿床的形成过程及其机理,在此基础上划分矿床类型,再结合其区域地质背景和其他有关科技资料的分析,探讨区域成矿的规律性,并进行矿产预测,不仅可以指导一定地区内的普查找矿工作,还具有较大的理论意义。但人们在这方面的工作和取得的认识,有一个积累和发展的过程。     

湖南郴州柿竹园超大型钨多金属矿床的成矿复杂性研究

用非线性科学和复杂性理论对湖南郴州柿竹园超大型钨多金属矿床的成矿复杂性进行系统、深入的研究 ,以成矿作用与时空结构是一切矿产资源的本质与核心的自然哲学理念为根本立足点 ,从一种新的视角 ,就矿床的动力学属性、矿床的物质成分与结构、矿床的地质学场和成矿系统的演化四大相互联系的范畴 ,对矿产资源进行再认识 ,提出了矿床的新定义 ,并较深刻地揭示了矿床的动力学属性、成矿物质高度多样化和复杂性及其超常规模集成、矿田成矿分带的内部结构、矿床地质学场的时空分形结构、成矿系统时间演化的长期性和成矿过程的多期多阶段性以及成矿作用的发生和矿床形成的分形生长机制等方面的复杂性与动力学本质。项目成果将矿床学的研究提高到非线性科学和复杂性理论的层次 ,提供了如何应用这种理论和方法对矿床的成矿复杂性进行研究的实例 ,也是第一作者所提出的关于成矿系统复杂性的新成矿理论与方法论“成矿动力系统在混沌边缘分形生长”的具体化及其进一步深化。沿着这一研究方向的不断开拓将可使传统矿床学向精确科学跨越。     

造山带汇聚板块边缘沉积盆地的鉴别与恢复

大洋俯冲和大陆碰撞是板块汇聚过程中的有机连续过程,也是造山带形成的两种基本造山作用方式。不同的造山作用过程形成不同类型的沉积盆地和填充序列,沉积盆地性质的改变和沉积物源区变化是造山作用方式和时限的最直接体现。沉积盆地是造山带重要大地构造相单元之一,完整记录了板块边缘动力学过程和构造演化以及造山作用方式和时限。沉积盆地构造原型鉴别与恢复是造山带结构-属性解剖的重要内容之一。视沉积盆地与相邻大地构造相的演化为统一整体,以填充物和沉积物源区作为链接沉积盆地和造山带的纽带,系统地精细解剖填充物组成和沉积相以及沉积物源区时空变化系列,准确鉴别并恢复造山带沉积盆地构造原型,是获取大陆碰撞方式和时限的沉积-地层判别标志的有效方法之一。     

Ontogenetic analysis of individual olivine grains in ultramafic rocks

The morphology and internal structure of individual olivine grains from ultramafic rocks in the Guli and Gal’moenan dunite massifs differing in origin are considered. To restore the ontogeny of mineral aggregates, traces of elastic deformation retained in mineral grains have been used. Comparison of anatomy of olivine grains from these two massifs showed that the mechanism of accommodation of rocks to changing geological settings is expressed as the response of the mineral aggregate structure and variation in the anatomy of individual mineral grains. At the level of individual grains, this is annihilation of older defects and origination of younger dislocations; refinement of the crystal lattice; exsolution; formation and transformation of new mineral phases; and creep and migration of subboundaries within grains. At the aggregate level, this is rotation and migration creep of the internal boundaries of rock; formation of new boundaries of mineral intergrowths; reorientation of boundaries; and variation in their extent, density, and grain dimensions. The prehistory of massifs controls the manifestation and abundance of various elastic deformations and related types of recrystallization of olivine grain boundaries and subboundaries in aggregates. New conditions and accommodation of mineral aggregates to these conditions have instigated specific schemes of recrystallization, which bear information on the history of rocks and their massifs.     

Economic growth and the standard of living of Poland's population: a regional approach

This article presents an analysis of the relationship that occurs between the level of economic growth and the standard of living of Poland's population, using a regional approach. As an indicator of the degree of economic development national income is adopted. The social aspect of regional development is characterized by means of an analysis of the structure of the standard of living expressed in terms of two principal components, representative of a set of 34 empirical indicators. Interest is centred on the spatial interdependence between the value of net output in a regional pattern and the structure of the standard of living expressed in terms of the first principal component. This first component includes the main elements which affect the quality of people's lives, but it refers primarily to highly urbanized regions. In the light of the obtained results it can be stated that the influence of economic growth on the standard of living exhibits clear regional variations, with the relation assuming different forms depending on the structure of the standard of living. It seems that, although economic growth is closely connected with the quality of life, its impact is modified by regional conditions and resources, i.e. by the way a combination of socio-economic development factors is fitted into the situation of particular regions.     

Physical properties of rocks in the zone of transition from the Asian continent to the Pacific Ocean

Velocity-density relationships in the south of Sakhalin, Primor'ye, Chukotka, Kamchatka, and the south of the Greater Kuril island arc are based on Neogene - lower Paleozoic rock samples from the part of the crust accessible to drilling. The calculated densities differ in regions with a different type of development of the crust. A comparison of the possible nature of the stresses in the crust of such regions during post-Cretaceous time suggests a similiar pattern of evolution of the crust of Japan and the south of the Kuril arc. The increased densities in the lower part of the crust in Sakhalin and Japan could evidently serve as a source of energy for the completion of future folding of this region.

The disproportion of changes in the velocities of the P and S waves with change in pressure on the rock samples suggest the possibility of discriminating the predominant directions (horizontal or vertical) of past tectonic stresses. A study of the changes in velocities of the P and S waves in the tectonically weakened regions of the crust may provide information on the present stress state of the earth. —Author.     

Formation of ring structures in galactic disks during close passages of galaxies

The formation of ring structures in galactic disks is investigated. It is shown that, in addition to the known mechanism of forming rings in “head-on” collisions between galaxies, ring structures can be formed during close passages of galaxies if the perturbing galaxy moves in a plane close to the equatorial plane of the perturbed disk galaxy, opposite to the direction of rotation of the disk. Numerical simulations of the formation of structures in the disk of a massive galaxy undergoing a passage with another galaxy are considered. The results of these cmputations show the formation of pronounced ring structures in the galactic disk when the initial inclination of the trajectory of the perturbing galaxy to the equatorial plane of the perturbed galaxy is no more than ~25°. However, the probability of close passages of galaxies with these parameters is small, as is the probability of head-on collisions. The characteristic time scale for the existence of pronounced rings is of order the dynamical time scale at the edge of the galaxy, 200–300 million years, close to the corresponding time for head-on collisions. The evolution of the rings has the same character in both cases: they gradually expand and move toward the periphery of the galaxy. The results of these simulations can also be applied to a close passage of one star by another star with a protoplanetary disk. According to the computation results, the characteristic time scale for the existence of pronounced rings in such a protoplanetary disk depends mainly on the size of the disk; this time scale can reach several tens of thousands of years for a disk radius of about 1000 AU. The formation of ring structures in such a disk could influence the formation and evolution of planetesimals, and possibly the character of the formation of planets and the distribution of their orbital semi-major axes.     

堆积层滑坡水动力位移耦合预测参数及其评价方法研究

在系统分析滑坡的物质组成和失稳动因的基础上,分析和研究了地下水在滑坡稳定性演化过程中的卸载与加载动力作用及其位移响应规律和特点。从非线性系统动力学角度,提出了运用地下水卸加载动力与位移响应耦合预测参数来评价边坡稳定性演化规律与失稳特征,即以地下水位变化量作为堆积层滑坡的卸加载动力参数,以相应的位移作为其卸加载响应参数,建立和确定了地下水卸加载动力与位移响应比预测参数与评价模型。同时,运用损伤力学基本原理,建立了其卸加载响应比与坡体损伤变量和稳定性系数的定量关系以及失稳判据。以三峡库区典型堆积层滑坡分析为例,运用地下水动力与位移耦合预测模型对其稳定性进行了分析与评价,发现地下水动力位移耦合预测参数变化与边坡稳定性实际动态演化规律基本吻合。研究成果表明,所确定的参数是水诱发型堆积层滑坡的一种有效位移动力评价参数,可运用该参数对该类滑坡的动态稳定性进行实时监测预警与评价。     

甘肃北山北带北亚带西缘泥盆纪火山岩地球化学特征

分布于甘肃北山北亚带西缘（双沟山—马鞍山北一带）的泥盆纪火山岩主要为一套浅变质的安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩,局部见少量玄武岩。岩石硅碱成分显示为钙碱性系列,钠质类型;稀土总量为（65．48×10^-6～196．69×10^-6）。属轻稀土富集型,稀土配分型式为右倾曲线;微量元素配分型式类似于岛弧及活动大陆边缘特征,具明显的ULE富集和Nb、Ti等的亏损;同时,从基性到中性熔岩的εNd（t）均为正值（6．46～6．59）,暗示其源区类似亏损地幔源区。Y-Nb和Rb-（Y＋Nb）构造判别图解显示本区中酸性火山岩形成于岛弧环境。综合分析火山岩的岩石学、地球化学特征,并结合区域构造背景,认为该套火山岩产于活动大陆边缘岛弧带环境,属俯冲型火山作用,形成于俯冲造山带的构造背景。     

论地质遗迹资源的价值及资产化管理

从地质遗迹资源的属性特征进行考虑,探讨了地质遗迹资源价值的内涵和构成,而正确理解地质遗迹资源价值的内涵和其价值构成是实行资产化管理的基础。所谓地质遗迹资源资产化管理,就是遵循地质遗迹资源的自然规律,按照地质遗迹资源资产的特点,从资源的开发利用到资源的生产和再生产,按照经济规律进行投入产出管理。对地质遗迹资源,实行有偿开发利用、有偿使用制度,将开发利用权逐步推向市场,将其收益再投入于资源环境事业;建立起的核算制度、规划制度、补偿制度和监督制度,最后形成以资源养资源、形成资源产业的良性循环,为社会提供更好的经济效益和良好的生态环境。     

Expériences sur la précipitation directe de l'apatite dans l'eau de mer: Implication dans la genèse des phosphorites

The direct precipitation of apatite in seawater is inhibited by Mg ions. The action of various factors on this precipitation is studied: addition of Ca, addition of F, reduction of pH and simultaneous effect of reduction of pH and addition either of F or of Ca. It is established that the reduction of the pH of seawater to 7 allows the precipitation of the apatite with a Ca/Mg ratio in the water of 1.2. The favourable environment for the settlement of natural apatite must then be either neutral or acid. This result is corroborated by the re-study of Gulbrandsen's equation. Such an acid environment with a high phosphorus content may be the result of oxidation of large quantities of organic matter due to previous intense biological activity. The acidity is probably brought about by bubbling of CO₂.     

大型矿床和成矿区(带)在混沌边缘

笔者将复杂性科学和矿床地质学相结合提出了一种新的金属成矿理论———“金属成矿动力系统的复杂性与自组织临界性”,并应用这一理论研究扬子古陆周缘四大成矿区（带）的矿床成因与成矿规律,发现“大型矿床和成矿区（带）在混沌边缘”。文章在概述“金属成矿动力系统的复杂性与自组织临界性”的理论纲要与噪声、混沌和混沌边缘基本概念的基础上,提出地质成矿系统在混沌边缘的四条判定准则：Ⅰ．自组织临界性的标志———广义地质学（地质学、地球物理学、地球化学）场（温度、流速、浓度、压力等场）的场量之时空幂律分布———及其基本属性：（１）长程时空关联与连通性及时空分形结构;（２）崩塌动力学;（３）“元胞自动机”的动力学机制;（４）自组织临界性涌现于“混沌边缘”,并具有最大的复杂性、演化性和创新性。Ⅱ．地质成矿过程向时间混沌及地质成矿系统向时空混沌的演化。Ⅲ．岩浆和热液“孤子”、“孤波”与“相干结构”以及其它弱混沌“拟序结构”。Ⅳ．超临界地质流体参与地质成矿作用。笔者进一步提出金属成矿动力系统的复杂性与自组织临界性的三大基础理论：（１）地质成矿过程的非线性动力学———应用非线性动力学理论研究矿床和矿集区形成的动力学机制;（２）“地质成矿作用?     

Comparative characteristic of diamonds with olivine inclusions from the Ebelyakh placer and kimberlite pipes of the Yakutian Diamondiferous Province

The results of morphological examination and the character of the structural orientation and estimation of residual pressure calculated from spectra of combination dispersion in olivine inclusions within diamonds of the Ebelyakh placer and kimberlite pipes of the Yakutian Diamondiferous Province are presented. The data analysis aimed at revealing indications of similarity and/or differences between diamonds from the pipes and the placer. Differences in the structural orientation and spectra of combination dispersion of the inclusions of olivine in dodecahedroids of placers of the northeastern part of the Siberian Platform support the assumption of their non-kimberlite nature.     

饱和土体一维固结三参数概率特性研究

在考虑岩土参数空间变异性的情况下,对软粘土地基一维固结平均固结度的概率特征进行了研究,分析了平均固结度的概率特征对渗透系数、孔隙比和压缩系数三参数变异性的敏感性,进行了岩土参数分布类型对平均固结度影响的正交试验,并根据试验结果进行了方差分析,为进一步开展多层地基固结的可靠性分析打下了基础.     

HYDRAULIC STUDIES ON THE ORIGIN OF BEDDING

A series of quasi-quantitative experiments on delta building were carried out in a laboratory flume for the purpose of studying the mechanics of deposition of topsets, foresets, and bottomsets. The genesis of these sets can be rationally explained through the discipline of sediment transport mechanics by taking cognizance of (a) the hydraulic phenomena of gradually varied and rapidly varied flow, (6) the concept of aggradation to a profile of equilibrium. The geometry of a delta front is controlled by the dynamics of the environment of deposition, and the frontal profile can be inter- preted as a function of the micro-mechanics of particle movement in the transition zone where the stream enters the basin of deposition.