不同脂肪水平下添加胆汁酸对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼生长、体组成和脂肪代谢的影响

在10%和18%两个脂肪水平下,分别添加0%、1.5%的胆汁酸,配制成四种等氮饲料,投喂初始平均体重为(45.78±0.11)g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼8周,研究两个脂肪水平下添加胆汁酸对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、体组成和脂肪代谢的影响。结果表明:饲料脂肪水平升高或添加胆汁酸均能显著提高大菱鲆幼鱼增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率,降低饵料系数(P0.05);相同脂肪水平下,添加胆汁酸显著提高了实验鱼的生长,降低了肝体比(P0.05)。随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,组织中粗脂肪含量呈上升的趋势;而添加胆汁酸降低了组织中脂肪的蓄积,但全鱼与肌肉中水分、粗蛋白含量主要受饲料中胆汁酸水平的影响(P0.05)。胆汁酸能显著降低大菱鲆幼鱼肌肉PUFA含量(P0.05),增加SFA、MUFA含量。饲料添加胆汁酸能降低实验鱼血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量及谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性(P0.05),但饲料脂肪水平对血液生化指标的影响呈相反趋势。饲料脂肪水平的升高或添加胆汁酸均能提高实验鱼肝脏脂蛋白脂酶、肝脂酶、总脂酶和肠道脂肪酶活性(P0.05),且胆汁酸和脂肪二者之间的交互作用对脂肪代谢有显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,在2个脂肪水平下添加胆汁酸均能促进大菱鲆幼鱼的生长,提高饲料利用状况,促进脂肪消化吸收,降低组织中粗脂肪含量。     

Simultaneous exposure of English sole (Parophrys vetulus) to sediment-associated xenobiotics: Part 1—uptake and disposition of 14C-polychlorinated biphenyls and 3H-benzo[a]pyrene

English sole (Parophrys vetulus) were exposed to environmentally realistic levels of sediment-associated ³H-benzo[a]pyrene (3 μg BaP/g sediment, dry weight) and ¹⁴C-Aroclor 1254 (1 μg PCBs/g), separately and together, for up to 10 days. BaP and its metabolites in tissues reached steady-state concentrations by the first day of the exposure, whereas PCBs did not approach steady-state concentrations until the tenth day of exposure. Simultaneous exposure of sole to BaP and PCBs, relative to separate exposure to the xenobiotics, significantly increased the concentrations of BaP-derived radioactivity and decreased the concentrations of PCB-derived radioactivity in some tissues and bile. Accumulation of PCB-derived radioactivity, estimated as the burden in tissues, was significantly greater (4- to 13-fold) than that of BaP-derived radioactivity throughout the experiments and regardless of the type of exposure. The rank of the concentrations of PCB-derived radioactivity in tissues and bile was: bile ～ liver > brain > kidney ～ gill > skin ～ blood ～ muscle and for BaP-derived radioactivity the order was: bile > liver > gill > kidney > skin ～ blood > muscle > brain. BaP-derived radioactivity in liver and bile was present primary (85–99%) as metabolites, whereas PCB-derived radioactivity was present equally as parent compounds and metabolites in bile and primarily (98 %) as parent compounds in liver. Hydrolysis of bile from PCB/BaP-exposed sole with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase released 35 % of the BaP-derived radioactivity and 32 % of the PCB-derived radioactivity as primary metabolites. A much higher proportion of the BaP-derived radioactivity (64 %) than the PCB-derived radioactivity (13 %) in bile was unaffected by the enzyme treatment, indicating differences in the conjugation of the primary metabolites of PCBs and BaP. The results suggest that in contaminated environments the tissue to sediment concentration ratios for PCBs would exceed that for BaP and its metabolites; however, BaP would be continually absorbed and metabolized by sole to potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds. In addition, the tissue levels of these toxic compounds may be increased by simultaneous exposure to PCBs.     

The biokinetic behavior of Tc in juvenile Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)

Juvenile coho salmon, Onchorynchus kisutch, were exposed to ^95mTc in both saltwater and freshwater to study the biokinetic behavior of this element in an anadromous fish. In freshwater, equilibrium whole-body concentration factors (CF₅) ranged from 28 to 32 in two separate experiments, in sharp contrast to an equilibriumCF of < 5 in saltwater. While the uptake kinetics were unimodal in saltwater, in freshwater, biomodal uptake kinetics were observed.Technetium-95m retention was biphasic in freshwater depuration experiments, an initial rapid loss of 21% to 26% of the steady-state activity with an elimination half-life of 3 to 5 days was followed by a slower loss rate, with a whole-body elimination half-life ranging from 23 to 33 days. In saltwater, retention was monophasic with an elimination half-life of 5–16 days. Dramatic decreases in ^95mTc body burdens when freshwater-labeled fish are transferred to Tc-labeled saltwater indicate that the changes in physiology accompanying saltwater acclimation lead to the loss of ^95mTc.     

Residues of C-4n-nonylphenol in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) oocytes and embryos during dietary exposure of mature females to this xenohormone

In order to assess in fish the maternal transfer of alkylphenolic compounds to the progeny, the identification and quantification of the labelled compounds present in oocytes and embryos was conducted after dietary exposure of mature female mosquitofish to ¹⁴C-4n-nonylphenol during vitellogenesis and embryogenesis respectively. Radioactivity found in bile and liver extracts accounted for 0.9–0.6 and 0.2–0.1% of ingested radioactivity for females exposed during vitellogenesis and embryogenesis respectively. The amount of extractable radioactivity present in oocytes and embryos was 0.19 and 0.07% of the ingested dose respectively. The radio-HPLC profiles obtained from bile, liver, oocyte and embryo extracts were similar. They showed the presence of 4n-NP-glucuronide as the major metabolite and traces of unchanged 4n-NP. The other metabolites corresponded to 8-hydroxynonylphenol, 9-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-nonanoic acid and para-hydroxybenzoic acid which is the final product of the alkyl chain oxidation. Our results indicate that exposure of ovoviviparous female fish to 4-NP during vitellogenesis and embryogenesis leads to the contamination of the progeny by 4-NP and its metabolites.     

盐酸甜菜碱对短盖巨脂鲤脂肪代谢的影响

采用现场实验的方法，以短盖巨脂鲤为对象进行了60天养殖实验，探讨盐酸甜菜碱对其脂肪代谢作用机理。结果表明，盐酸甜菜碱使整鱼水分和含脂量呈下降趋势，鱼肌肉含水量下降，肝脂量极显著降低；肌肉和肝脏中游离肉碱、酸不溶肉碱含量和酸不溶肉碱与游离肉碱的比例极显著提高；血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯极显著下降，脂肪酶活性呈升高趋势；甜菜碱对肠系膜脂肪酶活力产生影响，使鱼肌肉肌问脂肪分布发生明显变化。实验结果提示：甜菜碱可改善肉质，它参与机体代谢活动，使肝脏和肌肉中甲基化产物(肉碱)含量增加，影响肠系膜脂肪酶活力，改变体脂和鱼肉脂肪酸组成，进行体脂重分配。     

Metabolism and organ distribution of nonylphenol in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Nonylphenol (NP) is a breakdown product of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs), an important class of non-ionic surfactants that are widely used in many detergent formulations and plastic products for industrial and domestic use. A complex microbial degradation pattern, characterized by the formation of several metabolic products that are more toxic than the parent compound, has been established for APEs. We have studied the in vivo metabolism and organ distribution of NP in juvenile salmon. Fish were exposed to a single oral dose of [³H]-4-n-NP (1295 KBq, 25 μg) and sampled at 24, 48 and 72 h after exposure. Metabolites were separated by radio-high-performance liquid chromatography and tentatively identified by co-chromatography with standards characterized by mass spectrometry. Our results show that 4-n-NP was mainly metabolized in vivo to its corresponding glucuronide conjugate and to a lesser extent to various hydroxylated and oxidated compounds. Biliary excretion at 72 h after dosing amounted to 2.83±0.75% of the administered radioactivity. Kinetic analysis shows that NP-glucuronide accounted for 83, 95 and 81% of total radioactivity in the HPLC-injected bile sample at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, after exposure. The half-life of residues in carcass and muscle was between 24 and 48 h after exposure.     

Bioconcentration and distribution of 4-tert-octylphenol residues in tissues of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Branched chain alkylphenols are weak oestrogen mimics which are present in the aquatic environment and have been implicated in the feminisation of fish. This study reports the biotransformation, bioconcentration and tissue distribution of the xenoestrogen 4-tert-octylphenol (t-OP) in juvenile rainbow trout. Fish were exposed for 10 days to a concentration of 4 micrograms/l of [14C] t-OP in a flow-through system and were sampled after 1, 4, 7 and 10 days of exposure. t-OP residues were extracted from all tissues and analysed by radio-high-performance liquid chromatography. After 1 day of exposure radioactive residues were detected in all tissues and reached steady state conditions in the whole fish after 4 days of exposure. The concentration of t-OP residues were highest in bile, followed by faeces, pyloric caeca, liver and intestine. In these tissues the majority of alkylphenol was in the form of two metabolites which were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy as the glucuronide conjugates of t-OP and t-octylcatechol. t-OP accumulated as the parent compound in fat with a bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 1190, and in brain, muscle, skin, bone, gills, and eye with BCFs of between 100 and 260. This study suggests that exposure to water-borne alkylphenols results in rapid conjugation and elimination of the chemical via the liver/bile route, but that high amounts of the parent xenoestrogen can accumulate in a variety of other fish tissues.     

Dioxin compounds in the deep-sea rose shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) throughout the Mediterranean Sea

Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) are among the more toxic anthropogenic contaminants. They are fat-soluble and accumulate in animal tissues. Exposure to PCDD/Fs can cause several endocrine, reproductive and developmental problems in animals, including human beings. Several studies have demonstrated that fish and invertebrates living in association with sediments are exposed to and accumulate contaminants, but to date there have been no studies of PCDD/Fs contamination in deep-sea regions. Specimens of Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) were collected from depths of 600–2500 m at different points in the Mediterranean Sea, from the western basin off the coast of Barcelona to the central basin off the Peloponnesian Peninsula, with otter trawl gear. Amounts of PCDD/Fs were measured in different animal tissues by high resolution gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC–HRMS). This is the first study to report the presence of PCDD/Fs in deep-sea organisms dwelling at depths below 600 m. A. antennatus presented levels of PCDD/Fs of the same order of magnitude, or slightly higher, as those found in shallow-water species (Melicertus kerathurus) with respect to land-generated contamination. This highlights the widespread distribution of these pollutants and the potential threat posed to the biodiversity of fragile and vulnerable ecosystems such as the deep-sea. PCDD/F levels detected in the edible parts (muscle) of the commercial shrimp A. antennatus were clearly below the toxic limit value established by European legislation. Levels followed the trend muscle<ovary<hepatopancreas, according to the lipid content of the organs in question. The specific profile of toxic PCDD/F congeners in the studied Penaeid shrimp specimens was characterized mainly by octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) congeners. Moreover, non 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners bioaccumulated in this species, as observed in shallow-water crustaceans. PCDD/Fs were found in the shrimp A. antennatus throughout the Mediterranean Sea. Total PCDD/Fs burdens were higher in shrimps caught in the western Mediterranean than in those caught at eastern Mediterranean sites. There was a tendency for higher levels of PCDD/F contamination in samples obtained from deeper (2500 m) than from shallower sites (600 m).     

盐度对乌鳢(Channa argus)生长和肌肉品质的影响

设置盐度为0(对照组)、5.0、7.5、10.0的4个水体,饲养平均体重为(402.4±44.6)g的乌鳢30天,测定乌鳢生长性能、肌肉成分、游离氨基酸和肌肉物理性能指标,研究盐度对乌鳢生长和肌肉品质的影响。结果表明,各组乌鳢的增重率分别为37.7%、33.9%、31.5%、6.3%,成活率分别为100%、100%、100%和63.6%,表现出随盐度增加而下降的趋势,但盐度0、5.0、7.5各组间无显著差异,在盐度为10.0的水体中,乌鳢成活率和增重率均显著降低(P<0.05),饲料系数显著增加(P<0.05);随盐度增加,肌肉水分和肌肉失水率增加,而脂肪含量减少;肌肉蛋白含量和胶原蛋白含量在盐度0、5.0、7.5各组间无差异,但在盐度10组显著降低;与对照组相比,盐度7.5组的肌原纤维耐折力增加,肌纤维直径减小;随盐度升高,肌肉质构指标(硬度、弹性、黏性、咀嚼性、凝聚性)均有不同程度改善;在肌肉游离氨基酸方面,随盐度增加,肌肉游离呈味氨基酸和总游离氨基酸含量呈上升趋势,其中盐度10.0组较对照组分别增加88.2%、42.7%(P<0.05)。上述研究表明,适宜的盐度可改善乌鳢的肌肉品质,结合鱼体生长性能,适宜的盐度为7.5。     

豆油替代鱼油对赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)生长、体组成及体脂肪酸组成的影响

以鱼粉和酪蛋白为蛋白源,玉米淀粉为糖源,以豆油分别替代25%、50%、75%和100%的鱼油,配制4组等氮(50.26%—51.03%)、等能(20.82—21.01k J/g)实验饲料,每组饲料设3个平行,每个平行20尾鱼,进行为期6周的生长实验。实验结果表明,过高的豆油替代会引起生长的下降。随着豆油替代水平的升高,饲料转换系数(FCR)呈现先下降后上升的趋势,最高值(1.96±0.42)出现在全豆油替代水平组,而蛋白质效率(PER)表现为相反的结果。全豆油替代组呈现相对最高的肝体比(HSI)值,但各处理组之间没有显著性差异(P0.05)。全鱼水分和蛋白含量没有明显差异(P0.05)。投喂25%替代水平组的全鱼脂肪含量最高(P0.05),但是在50%—100%替代水平处理组之间没有显著差异(P0.05)。赤点石斑鱼鱼体脂肪酸组成明显受到饲料脂肪酸组成的影响。随着饲料豆油水平的升高,全鱼鱼体中的亚油酸(C18:2n6)含量显著升高(P0.05),ARA(C20:4n6)、EPA(C20:5n3)和DHA(C22:6n3)含量在全豆油替代组最低。总之,饲料豆油替代水平不宜超过75%,过高的豆油替代水平可能会对赤点石斑鱼生长产生不利影响,并影响鱼的品质。     

Isolation and characterisation of pristane metabolites formed in vivo by rainbow trout

Pristane (2,6,10,14 -tetramethylpentadecane) occurs ubiquitously in the marine environment. This hydrocarbon may be of biogenic or petrogenic origin.¹ Recently it has been shown that residual amounts of this branched alkane increased in marine organisms after an oil spill.^2,3 The lack of data on the fate of pristane in fish, added with the fact that this compound was considered by some authors as a non-metabolisable substance in vertebrates, including man,⁴ led us to investigate the capability of fish to metabolise pristane. In this study, urinary and fecal excretion, tissue distribution and metabolism of ³H-pristane were analysed in Salmo gairdneri R. after a single intragastric dose. In addition to unchanged hydrocarbon, various labelled compounds have been isolated and identified in liver, bile, faeces, urine and surrounding water, demonstrating that pristane was first oxidised to alcohols (pristanol and pristane-diol) and to acid (pristanic acid). The elimination of these compounds occurred in the form of conjugated products (primarily glucuronides) as well as free metabolites.     

淡水鱼类细菌性败血症菌苗浸浴免疫研究

于1992年12月—1995年12月,采用嗜水气单胞菌TPS－30株制成全菌苗,对本所、绍兴、杭州等地渔场鲫、鲢、鳙等进行浸浴免疫试验和生产性防病试验．（1）网箱试验：将含菌5X109全菌苗按1：10,1：100,1：500稀释,对体重超过10g的健康鲫进行菌苗浓度与浸浴时间、增效剂、高渗剂、加强免疫、连续多批分别浸裕和增氧剂等6项免疫试验．经不同时间的RSP％及部分抗体测定结果表明,在1：10－1：500的浓度中分别浸浴1—60min后,45－188天的RSP达66.7％—100％;菌苗液中加入5x10－6增效剂和2％高渗剂可使RSP提高10％;首次免疫后间隔1－6个月再加强免疫,可使RSP提高及免疫有效期延长;将1：10菌苗连续浸浴鲫15批,其中前10批免疫鱼的RSP可达60％以上;增氧剂直接加入菌苗液中会降低RSP。部分免疫鱼的血清中有微弱的特异抗体．（2）生产性试验表明：7．7ha成鱼池和533ha湖泊的鱼种浸裕免疫后,池塘免疫鱼平均成活率提高15％,用药成本降低;湖泊死鱼数比上年同期减少55．8％。     

Iron content of the otoliths of tarakihi (Teleostei: Cheilodactylidae)

The otoliths (sagittae) of 1076 tarakihi Cheilodactylus macropterus collected from around the whole of New Zealand during 1968–69 were examined for heavy metal content by atomic absorption spectrometry. Copper, cadmium, nickel, manganese, and zinc did not occur in significant quantities, but iron was present in amounts ranging from 0.5 μg to 7.0 μg per otolith. The iron appears to be largely contained in the nucleus of the otolith. Variations in iron content per otolith indicate three regions where iron content is similar: a northern region (mean 3.39 μg; σ² = 1.35; n = 260); a central region (mean 1.92 μg; σ² = 1.32; n = 741); and a southern region (mean 0.96 μg; σ² = 0.45; n = 75). The significance of this regional variation, in otolith iron to the biology of the fish is not known, but may be linked by either heredity or environment to subpopulations of the fish.     

新型蛋白源替代饲料中鱼粉对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)幼鱼氨基酸组成的影响

以新型蛋白源(大豆浓缩蛋白、脱酚棉籽蛋白、喷雾血球蛋白粉)分别替代基础饲料(D0)中17% (D17)、35% (D35)、52% (D52)和 69% (D69)的鱼粉, 配制 5 种等氮等能的饲料, 饲喂星斑川鲽幼鱼[初始体重(75.6±0.18)g] 60d, 以考察鱼粉替代对星斑川鲽幼鱼氨基酸组成的影响。结果表明, 试验组肌肉 Arg 和 His 含量显著增大(P<0.05), Thr 含量差异不显著(P>0.05), 其它必需氨基酸(EAA)含量均显著降低(P<0.05); 试验组全鱼 EAA 总量无显著性差异(P>0.05)。 D69 组肝脏天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶/丙氨酸氨基转移酶(AST/ALT)显著低于其它各组(P<0.05); 血清 AST及AST/ALT随鱼粉替代量的增加显著增大(P<0.05)。 本试验条件下, 当替代饲料中35%的鱼粉时, 饲料 EAA 消化率及试验鱼肌肉和全鱼氨基酸组成均无显著性差异, 替代比例进一步加大, 会对试验鱼肝脏生理功能产生影响。     

Residues of 14C-4n-nonylphenol in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) oocytes and embryos during dietary exposure of mature females to this xenohormone

In order to assess in fish the maternal transfer of alkylphenolic compounds to the progeny, the identification and quantification of the labelled compounds present in oocytes and embryos was conducted after dietary exposure of mature female mosquitofish to 14C-4n-nonylphenol during vitellogenesis and embryogenesis respectively. Radioactivity found in bile and liver extracts accounted for 0.9-0.6 and 0.2-0.1% of ingested radioactivity for females exposed during vitellogenesis and embryogenesis respectively. The amount of extractable radioactivity present in oocytes and embryos was 0.19 and 0.07% of the ingested dose respectively. The radio-HPLC profiles obtained from bile, liver, oocyte and embryo extracts were similar. They showed the presence of 4n-NP-glucuronide as the major metabolite and traces of unchanged 4n-NP. The other metabolites corresponded to 8-hydroxynonylphenol, 9-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-nonanoic acid and para-hydroxybenzoic acid which is the final product of the alkyl chain oxidation. Our results indicate that exposure of ovoviviparous female fish to 4-NP during vitellogenesis and embryogenesis leads to the contamination of the progeny by 4-NP and its metabolites.     

Technetium: Uptake,organ distribution and loss in the mussel, Mytilus Californianus (Conrad) and the oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)

The bivalve molluscs Mytilus californianus and Crassostrea gigas were exposed to filtered seawater containing the isotope ^95mTc added as pertechnetate (TcO₄^?) to study the biokinetic behaviour of this element. Whole body concentration factors for both organisms at equilibrium were small (CF = 1·3–1·5); individual organ concentration factors were highest for the visceral mass in both. Loss rates determined both in the laboratory and under field conditions were biphasic for both molluscs; initial loss of Tc was rapid with slightly more than 50 % of the initial label being lost within 10 days. Thereafter, loss rates decreased and whole body biological half-lives ranged from 80 to 134 days. Neither I^? nor IO₃^? affected the uptake of Tc by M. californianus even when concentrations of these anions exceeded those normally present in seawater by two orders of magnitude.     

环雷州半岛海域表层沉积物与鲬鱼汞污染研究

对2018年1月在广东环雷州半岛近海海域采集的海底表层沉积物、鲬鱼(Platycephalus indicus)进行汞含量的测定,分析比较了鲬鱼不同部位汞含量的差异,并采用单因子污染指数法对沉积物和鲬鱼的汞污染状况进行了风险评价。结果表明,环雷州半岛海域表层沉积物中汞含量范围为0.005×10^-6～0.359×10^-6,平均值为0.081×10^-6,雷州半岛东部海域表层沉积物汞含量高于南部和西部海域。鲬鱼的鳃中汞含量范围为0.032×10^-6～0.034×10^-6,平均值为0.033×10^-6;肌肉中的汞含量范围为0.065×10^-6～0.080×10^-6,平均值为0.073×10^-6;肝脏中的汞含量范围为0.228×10^-6～0.270×10^-6,平均值为0.249×10^-6。鲬鱼样品的汞含量都呈现出肝脏＞肌肉＞鳃。单因子污染指数评价结果显示,雷州半岛海域鲬鱼受到汞的轻微污染,雷州半岛东部海域表层沉积物存在汞污染生态风险,而其南部、西部海域尚未受到汞污染的威胁。     

Bioavailability of technetium from artificially labelled north-east atlantic deep-sea sediments

Laboratory experiments were designed to measure the uptake of Tc by clams from North-East Atlantic sediments which were contaminated with different oxidation states of ^95mTc. Distribution coefficients between solid sediment and pore water were similar for Tc IV and VII and never exceeded 3·5 during the 36-day experiment. Furthermore, ^95mTc was rapidly leached from the sediments with a half-time of about 4·5 days. Biological uptake was low, with transfer factors between clam tissues and sediment ranging between 0·04 and 0·6. Greater relative uptake was noted in the soft tissues than in shell, although the latter contained the largest fraction (70%) of the clam's whole body ^95mTc content. Contaminated clams, transferred to uncontaminated sediments, displayed a very long biological half-life (～120 days) for ^95mTc. This observation suggests that following acute contamination, clams living in an environment of this type would still retain Tc in their tissues long after the radionuclide had been leached from the sediments.     

Analyses of stomach contents and stable isotopes reveal food sources of estuarine detritivorous fish in tropical/subtropical Taiwan

Detritivorous fish generally refers to fish that primarily ingest unidentified organic detritus. We analyzed stomach contents in combination with stable isotopes to trace and compare the food sources of the large-scale mullet Liza macrolepis and other detritivorous fish species in subtropical mangrove creeks and a tropical lagoon in Taiwan. The volume of organic detritus always contributed >50% of the stomach content of L. macrolepis in the two habitats. However, consumed items were distinct between the two habitats and corresponded to the types in which they reside. The consumed items in the lagoon were more diverse than those observed in the mangroves. In the mangroves, the diet composition of L. macrolepis was primarily determined by season, not by body size. In the lagoon, there were no clear seasonal or size-dependent grouping patterns for the diet composition. There were significant seasonal and spatial variations in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of potential food sources and L. macrolepis. However, neither δ¹³C nor δ¹⁵N values of L. macrolepis were correlated with fish body size. Joint analyses of stomach contents and stable isotopes indicated that benthic microalgae on sediments were the most important assimilated food in both seasons for the dominant detritivorous fish in the mangroves, whereas a greater reliance on microalgal and macroalgal periphyton on oyster-culture pens was observed in the lagoon. Mangrove and marsh plants and phytoplankton, which are mostly locally produced within each habitat, were of minor importance in the assimilated food.     

莱州湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量分布及其与环境因子相关关系研究

于2007年和2008年6月、8月,用大型浮游生物网对莱州湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布进行了4个航次调查。结果表明,采集到11271粒鱼卵,隶属于4目、15科、22种(不包括2个未定名物种);仔稚鱼2942尾,隶属于4目、9科、12种(不包括2个未定名物种)。6月份是莱州湾大部分鱼类主要产卵期,鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类达25种,鱼卵优势种以斑(Clupanodon punctatus)和凤鲚(Coilia mystus)为主;仔稚鱼优势种以凤鲚、梭鱼(Mugil soiuy)和斑为主。8月份产卵的鱼类较少,仅采集到15种鱼卵、仔稚鱼,优势种均以凤鲚和鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)为主。鱼卵、仔稚鱼平面分布极不均匀,黄河、广利河和老弥河口附近海域数量较多,莱州湾中部海域数量较少。通过SPSS软件分析发现,鱼卵数量与仔稚鱼、表层铵盐含量呈显著正相关(r=0.438,0.604,P0.01),与盐度、透明度呈负相关(r=-0.343,-0.329,P0.05);仔稚鱼数量仅与鱼卵数量和表层铵盐含量呈显著正相关(r=0.438,0.536,P0.01),与其它环境因子没有明显相关关系(P0.05)。