云南小湾水库蓄水后P波速度结构的双差地震层析成像研究

联合小湾水库库区及其附近11249个地震的P波绝对到时、相对到时数据,利用双差地震层析成像方法反演得到小湾水库蓄水后2008年12月16日～2011年6月30日和2011年7月1日～2016年12月31日2个时间段内库区及其附近的地震重定位结果和三维P波速度结构。结果表明,蓄水后黑惠江段和小湾水库回水澜沧江段地震的增多与水库蓄水有关。由于水体渗透导致孔隙压变化,并随着时间的推移孔隙压变化朝着更深的部位扩散,地震震源深度也随之向深部扩散,进而导致介质变化和P波速度降低。蓄水回水至澜沧江保山段后该区域地震增多,P波速度下降,库水渗透作用为主控因素,该区域地下一定深度的地质构造有利于库水的快速渗透。初步判定2015年10月30日云南昌宁M_S5.1地震余震序列是与蓄水有关的柯街断裂上的构造地震。同时,也存在着与蓄水相关性不大的属于构造地震的活动,如云南施甸一带历来地震多发,施甸2010年6月1日M_L4.8、2012年9月11日M_S4.7地震序列均属于构造地震,与水库蓄水无关。     

综合物探方法在碳质灰岩库区岩溶渗漏带调查中的应用研究

桂林市全州县洛潭水库常年处于不能正常蓄水状态,水量少,水位浅,为了查明桂林市全州县洛潭水库岩溶渗漏带发育的位置,为帷幕灌浆提供依据,笔者采用综合物探方法对库区进行研究,研究结果表明:受碳质灰岩影响,高密度电法及跨孔电阻率透视对低阻异常体辨识度降低,高密度电法低阻反演异常体范围变大,α2装置对低阻异常体的分辨率小于β装置,跨孔电阻率透视在低阻异常段电阻率等值线容易形成圈闭现象;在碳质灰岩地区,地震折射法、地震反射法及微动法受碳质影响小,采用该三方法组合的方式能较好的确定岩溶渗漏带发育的位置及分布范围;1号岩溶渗漏带分别通过7-2测线515~534 m测点段及大坝钻孔ZK1~ZK2,7-2测线534~592 m测点段为1号岩溶渗漏带隐患区;2号渗漏带分别通过7-2测线655~672 m测点段及大坝钻孔ZK7~ZK8,钻孔ZK6~ZK7为2号岩溶渗漏带隐患区,1、2号渗漏带主要为裂隙渗漏.     

湖南省五强溪水库地震地质的初步研究

五强溪水库坝址位于沅水中下游,沅陵县麻伊洑区五强峡谷区。设计坝高134米,库容近60亿立米,库容迴水尾至辰溪上游一带,占沅水总流域面积的93％。 五强溪水库是我国待建的大型水利工程之一。因此,开展研究库区的构造稳定性、地震活动性以及是否会发生诱发地震是极为重要的。在库区及其附近,历史上仅发生过     

近20年来三峡水库泥沙淤积及其对库区的影响

泥沙问题是三峡工程建设与运行中的关键技术问题之一,只有妥善处理好泥沙问题,才能保证三峡工程长期有效使用,维持水库功能的全面发挥。本文首先结合实测水文、河道地形观测资料,对三峡水库运行近20年来的泥沙淤积特性及水库排沙比进行了较为全面的分析研究,并与已有研究成果进行了对比;其次,围绕防洪、航运以及坝前段的泥沙淤积等方面,进一步分析了水库淤积产生的影响。结果表明:三峡水库蓄水以来,在不考虑区间来沙的情况下,三峡水库共淤积泥沙20.484亿t,近似年均淤积1.102亿t,水库排沙比为23.6%,水库年均淤积量为原论证预测值的33%。其中,库区干流段累计淤积泥沙17.835亿m³(变动回水区冲刷0.694亿m³;常年回水区淤积18.529亿m³),淤积在水库防洪库容内的泥沙为1.648亿m³(干、支流分别淤积1.517亿m³和0.131亿m³),占水库防洪库容的0.74%,“十一五”攻关阶段研究得出的多年平均淤积量及排沙比较实测值均偏大,变动回水区冲淤则出现反向的...     

由向家坝水库震源机制探讨诱发地震的成因

金沙江向家坝水库是目前中国第三大水库,2012年底水库开始蓄水,水位升高71m;2013年6月底再次蓄水,升高的水位淹没到库尾段。该水库以及上游的溪洛渡水库布设了地震台网,有35台仪器连续记录,能够很好地控制库区及周边的地震。水库地震台网在2007年9月—2013年6月记录了库尾一带1级以上地震共计38次,平均每月发生0.66次。而2013年7—9月则记录ML≥1.0地震186次,平均水平达到每月62次,已经接近以往月均值的100倍,可判别为诱发地震。同期还记录1级以下地震553次,在强震背景区发生大量小地震已经引起巨大反响。震源位置采用3维速度模型进行重新修订,发现这些地震有94%发生在0~5km深度范围。利用水库地震台网的观测资料,取垂直向记录到直达P、S波的最大振幅,得到库尾一带蓄水之前9个、蓄水后69个小地震的震源机制,并进一步利用这些震源机制反演了南、北2个区的应力场,以期通过分析震源机制和应力场变化,探索水库诱发地震发生的特点及成因。结果显示,在蓄水后69个震源机制中走向滑动类型占最多,存在较多过渡类型,倾向滑动的正断层、逆冲断层数目较少,震源机制空间取向复杂、破裂类型多样,显示区域应力场对小震的控制较弱。利用这些震源机制反演得到南、北2个区的应力场差别较大,状态不均匀,北区呈现挤压应力状态,而南区呈现弱拉张状态,均与区域应力场不一致。穿过库尾的猰子坝断裂是活动断裂,却没有控制诱发地震,有可能表明水库蓄水抑制了逆断层的活动。库尾区分布碳酸盐岩、灰岩,存在溶洞。分析认为库水涌入溶洞,渗透到裂隙、节理,导致孔隙压力增加,摩擦强度、岩石破裂强度降低以及库水载荷加大造成弹性变形等共同作用是诱发地震的成因。     

三峡水库运行后长江中游洪、枯水位变化特征

流域大型水库蓄水后,坝下游河道调整过程中的洪、枯水位变化,对下游水安全、水生态和水资源利用影响甚大.利用1955-2012年长江中游各水文站水位、流量等资料,采用改进的时间序列分析方法,对三峡水库运行前后长江中游洪、枯水位变化特征进行了研究,结果表明:三峡水库蓄水前长江中游洪、枯水位变化的周期长度分别为9~14、11~15 a,在假设三峡水库运行后水位无趋势性变化的前提下,估算得到的水位变化周期长度基本在20 a以上,蓄水前的自然周期性已被打破,枯水位发生趋势性下降且无复归迹象,而洪水位波动周期虽有所延长,但上升幅度未超过历史波动变幅,仅可确定洪水位没有明显的下降趋势.三峡水库蓄水后坝下游长距离冲刷,枯水河槽冲刷量占平滩河槽的比例逐年增加,累计至2013年已达91.5%,是枯水位下降的主控因素.河槽冲刷导致的床沙粗化增加了河道床面阻力,高程在平滩水位附近的滩体上覆盖的大量植被增加了水流流动阻力,同时大量航道整治、护岸、码头等工程主体部分布设在枯水位以上,综合因素作用使得洪水河槽阻力增加.三峡水库蓄水后,虽然枯水期流量补偿作用显著削弱了枯水位下降的效应,但枯水位下降事实已经形成,不利于航道水深的提高及通江湖泊枯水期的水量存蓄,洪水位未明显下降,同级流量下的江湖槽蓄量不会明显调整.     

长江中游的泥沙淤积问题

长江上游年产泥沙5.12×10⁸ t, 经宜昌输入中游, 长江中游干流及各支流年产沙约 0.80×10⁸ t. 这两部分中约1.24×10⁸ t沉积于中游河湖中, 4.68×10⁸ t经大通输入下游, 沉淤于河道及长江三角洲或入海. 长江中游的泥沙, 总体是淤大于冲, 但是冲淤的地理分布、时间段分布和河床断面分布不均衡. 长江干流的宜昌-城陵矶段、九江-大通段冲大于淤或冲淤平衡. 淤积主要发生在长江干流以武汉为中心的螺山-武汉-黄石段以及洞庭湖区和鄱阳湖区. 即使在主要淤积江段, 也有局部时段和江段以冲刷为主. 主泓所在的河槽以冲刷为主, 而河道两侧或河道之间的洲滩, 则以淤为主, 形成高而平的漫滩, 往往被人为改造成圩垸. 荆江以北的江汉平原因有大堤从长江隔开, 只有汉水少量泥沙供应, 冲淤量很小, 再加上构造沉降的累计效应, 其地面高程绝大部分低于干流洲滩数米. 螺山-武汉-黄石段的淤积导致该段及以上江段洪水位抬高. 干流断面冲槽淤滩使长江中游河道的典型形态呈深河谷、高漫滩, 靠干堤保护堤内平原. 这种断面在洪水时成为在同等水量下, 水位不断抬高的原因. 高水位要高堤防来防堵, 这就增加了堤防压力、水头压力, 容易导致管涌、渗漏等险情. 堤外滩及洪水位与构造沉降的堤内平原间的高差不断增大. 三峡工程建成后, 水库拦沙及中游河道冲深, 可使同流量下水位大幅度降低, 但城陵矶-武汉段冲刷量很小, 不能解决该段及以下江段的泥沙淤积问题, 因此江汉平原因相对于洪水位地势过低而造成的洪涝灾害及相关环境问题, 仍将是中游长远的重大隐患.     

含裂面岩石渗透率的实验研究

本文在实验室中采用定常压力差法在围压10—20MPP、注水压力为2.5—12.SMPS条件下对新丰江水库区花岗岩及刘家峡水库区变质岩进行了渗透实验,观测到了岩石渗透率随围压、注水压力及时间变化的结果,并且得到了渗透率随时间衰减的经验关系l。(t)=k。XEXP(一、t)。实验结果表明:完整岩石、自然裂而中含填充物岩石、自然裂面岩石的渗透率依次增大两个数量级。在实验中,恒定注水压力时渗透率明显地随着围压的增大而减小,当国压变化发生循环时,渗透率产生了不可恢复的减小;当恒定因压时,渗透率随着注水压力的变化取决于流体水对裂面的冲刷、溶解及沉淀堵塞作用而不可预测。最后根据该实验结果讨论了水库地震中水沿断裂系统渗透过程中渗透水的前锋形成高孔隙压力而触发地震的机制。     

鲁甸震区龙泉河次生山地灾害的分布规律与成灾模式

以鲁甸灾区龙泉河流域的龙头山镇至天生桥段为研究对象,运用遥感解译和野外调查数据,探讨了研究区地震次生山地灾害的分布规律与成灾模式。结果表明:1地震次生灾害发育主要是由龙泉河右岸的次级小断裂与包谷垴—小河断裂的延伸部分(下水沟走滑断裂)共同作用引起的,龙泉河谷到断层的距离均小于2km,导致区内地震次生灾害发育密度最高达到4.125个/km;2次生灾害主要发生在凸形坡,占总数46.3%,凹形坡仅有24.1%,且在背向断裂方向的斜坡更容易发生地质灾害;3 60%的崩塌滑坡发育在浅表层的残坡积物中,40%岩质崩塌滑坡体中多为岩质较硬的灰岩、白云岩以及砾岩;4次生山地灾害主要以损毁道路、阻断交通,形成堰塞湖淹没上游、淤高下游河床、损毁上下游设施,造成建筑物损毁等模式呈现。     

顾及生态安全格局的流域生态保护红线划定及管控研究——以云南杞麓湖流域为例

生态保护红线划定是保障国土空间生态安全的重要举措,对保持生态系统的完整性,实现可持续发展具有重要意义.本文基于生态系统服务功能和生态敏感性对杞麓湖流域进行生态安全格局体系的构建,并开展精细化的生态保护红线划定研究,并进一步结合无人机航拍影像及实地调研成果,构建管控路径.得到结论:(1)水源涵养、水土保持、生物多样性、洪水调蓄重要性评价中的极重要区域叠加得到生态系统服务功能极重要区.者湾河、长沙河、大沙河及沟谷密度较大的山区敏感性最高,坝区整体生态敏感性较高.(2)一级生态保护红线范围包括生态极重要区域、生态极敏感区域及湖泊岸线、水库.二级生态保护红线范围包括环湖生态缓冲区、山区林地生态缓冲区及以河流为主的生态廊道.三级生态保护红线范围为生态协调区,土地覆盖以农田为主.(3)一级生态保护红线范围内的生态极敏感区应采取相关生态修复技术进行生态功能的保护.二级生态保护红线范围以生态保护为重点,保持该区域的生态环境质量.三级生态保护红线范围通过生态修复进行整体优化,提高生态环境承载能力.     

三峡工程下游宜昌至沙市河段河床冲刷预测

在已建水库下游河床冲刷泥沙数学模型的基础上针对宜昌－沙市河段的河道特性,修改并建立了能够反映该河段水沙运动特性的一维水流泥沙数学模型,在此基础上,进行了三峡建库后,前２０年内宜昌－沙市河段的一维水沙运动及河床冲淤计算。     

2D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOOD AND FLUVIAL PROCESS IN THE MEANDERING AND ISLAND-BRAIDED MIDDLE YANGTZE RIVER

The characteristics of water flow and sediment transport in a typical meandering and island-braided reach of the middle Yangtze River is investigated using a two-dimensional （2D） mathematical model. The major problems studied in the paper include the carrying capacity for suspended load, the incipient velocity and transport formula of non-uniform sediment, the thickness of the mixed layer on the riverbed, and the partitioning of bed load and suspended load. The model parameters are calibrated using extensive field data. Water surface profiles, distribution of flow velocities, riverbed deformation are verified with site measurements. The model is applied to a meandering and island-braided section of the Wakouzi-Majiazui reach in the middle Yangtze River, which is about 200 km downstream from the Three Gorges Dam, to study the training scheme of the navigation channels. The model predicts the processes of sediment deposition and fiver bed erosion, changes of flow stage and navigation conditions for the first 20 years of impoundment of the Three Gorges Project.     

基于误差分布估计的三峡水库入库洪水概率预报方法

准确、及时的入库洪水预报,对三峡水库综合效益的发挥和长江流域水旱灾害防御、水资源利用、流域综合管理等具有重要作用。基于预报误差的最优分布估计和分布函数动态参数假定,提出了一种三峡水库入库洪水概率预报方法,并进行了洪水概率预报业务试验。结果表明:本文所提方法科学可行,计算快捷,使用方便,便于在实时作业预报中应用推广;概率预报结果较确定性预报结果,在水量预报、预警效果等方面均有所改善,1～5 d预见期预报的确定性系数提高0.1%～3.4%,水量误差减少0.1%～4.8%,可为三峡水库实时调度提供更可靠的预报信息;所提出的三峡水库入库洪水概率预报业务化产品,可提供更多风险信息,为三峡水库的科学调度,尤其是洪水资源化利用提供更好的优化决策支撑。     

Characteristics of sedimentation and channel adjustment linked to the Three Gorges Reservoir

Construction of large dams is attractive because of their great benefits in flood control,hydropower generation,water resources utilization,navigation improvement,etc.However,dam construction may bring some negative impacts on sediment transport and channel dynamics adjustments.Due to the effects of recent water and soil conservation projects,sediment retention in the newly constructed large upstream reservoirs,and other factors,the sedimentation in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)is quite different from the amount previously predicted in the demonstration stage.Consequently,based on the measured data,characteristics of sedimentation and the related channel deformation in the TGR were analyzed.The results imply that sediment transport tended to be reduced after the Three Gorges Project(TGP).Sedimentation slowed dramatically after 2013 and indicated obvious seasonal characteristics.Due to the rising water level in the TGR in the flood season,the yearly sediment export ratio(Eratio)was prone to decrease.The water level near the dam site should be reasonably regulated according to the flow discharge to improve the sediment delivery capacity and reduce sedimentation in the TGR,and to try to avoid situations where the flood retention time is close to 444 h.The depositional belt was discontinuous in the TGR and was mainly distributed in the broad reaches,and only slight erosion or deposition occurred in the gorge reaches.Sedimentation in the broad and gorge reaches accounted for 93.8% and 6.2% of the total sedimentation,respectively.The estuarine reach located in the fluctuating backwater area experienced alternate erosion-deposition,with a slight accumulative deposition in the curved reach.Sedimentation mainly occurred in the perennial backwater area.The insight gained in this study can be conducive to directly understanding of large reservoir sedimentation and mechanism of channel adjustment in the reservoir region in the main channel of large river.     

近50a三峡库区汛期极端降水事件的时空变化

利用三峡库区35个台站1961-2010年汛期(5-9月)的逐日降水量资料,首先定义不同台站的极端降水量阈值,统计各站近50 a逐年汛期极端降水事件的发生频次,进而分析其时空变化特征.结果表明:三峡库区汛期极端降水事件发生频次的最主要空间模态是主体一致性,同时存在东西和南北相反变化的差异.三峡库区汛期极端降水事件发生频次具有较大的空间差异,可分为具有不同变化特点的5个主要异常区.滑动t检验表明,三峡库区西南部区代表站巴南的极端降水事件在1974年后发生了一次由偏多转为偏少的突变,北部区代表站北碚在1981年后和1993年后分别发生了由偏少转为偏多和由偏多到偏少的突变,中部区代表站武隆在1984年后发生了一次由偏多转为偏少的突变.结合最大熵谱和功率谱分析表明,近50 a来各分区汛期极端降水事件发生频次的周期振荡不太一致,三峡库区东北部区代表站宜昌、北部区代表站北碚和中部区代表站武隆分别存在5、2.4和8.3 a的显著周期.     

长江全流域大洪水下三峡水库对洞庭湖区防洪贡献分析

基于长江中下游一、二维耦合水动力学模型,以1954和1998年洪水为典型,模拟了三峡水库调蓄前后洞庭湖区的洪水过程,定量分析了三峡水库对洞庭湖区防洪的贡献.结果表明:在长江发生1954和1998年全流域大洪水期间,三峡水库实施兼顾对城陵矶河段的防洪补偿调度,可有效缓解荆南三口河系及湖区的防洪压力,减少荆南三口 1.58...     

Rapid entrenchment of stream profiles in the salt caves of Mount Sedom,Israel

Rock salt is approximately 1000 times more soluble than limestone and thus displays high rates of geomorphic evolution. Cave stream channel profiles and downcutting rates were studied in the Mount Sedom salt diapir, Dead Sea rift valley, Israel. Although the area is very arid (mean annual rainfall ≈ 50 mm), the diapir contains extensive karst systems of Holocene age. In the standard cave profile a vertical shaft at the upstream end diverts water from a surface channel in anhydrite or clastic cap rocks into the subsurface route in the salt. Mass balance calculations in a sample cave passage yielded downcutting rates of 0–2 mm s^?1 during peak flood conditions, or about eight orders of magnitude higher than reported rates in any limestone cave streams. However, in the arid climate of Mount Sedom floods have a low recurrence interval with the consequence that long-term mean downcutting rates are lower: an average rate of 8·8 mm a^?1 was measured for the period 1986–1991 in the same sample passage. Quite independently, long-term mean rates of 6·2mm a^?1 are deduced from ¹⁴C ages of driftwood found in upper levels of 12 cave passages. These are at least three orders of magnitude higher than rates established for limestone caves. Salt cave passages develop in two main stages: (1) an early stage characterized by high downcutting rates into the rock salt bed, and steep passage gradients; (2) a mature stage characterized by lower downcutting rates, with establishment of a subhorizontal stream bed armoured with alluvial detritus. In this mature stage downcutting rates are controlled by the uplift rate of the Mount Sedom diapir and changes of the level of the Dead Sea. Passages may also aggrade. These fast-developing salt stream channels may serve as full-scale models for slower developing systems such as limestone canyons.     

1960年以来洞庭湖江湖连通河道松滋口枯水期分流变化特征及应对策略

河湖水文连通性强弱对于维系流域水资源安全、河湖生态系统稳定等方面具有重要意义.本文首先利用1960-2019年松滋口新江口与沙道观两站与干流枝城站实测水文资料以及河道典型横断面地形资料,采用Mann-Kendall法与趋势线法分析讨论枯水期松滋口分流变化的特征与诱因,然后,针对枯水期松滋口河道的分流问题提出河道治理方案.结果表明：松滋口枯水期的流量主要来自西支.在1960-2019年间,枯水期西支分流量呈现三峡大坝蓄水运行前后从下降趋势转变为显著上升趋势,而东支分流量在下荆江裁弯后至今基本处于断流状态,下荆江裁弯、葛洲坝运行及三峡大坝蓄水运行是其分流量变化的主要诱因.根据建立分流量与水位差（干流水位与河底高程）的回归关系,模拟出在松滋口西东支现有河道的基础上,河床高程分别下降1 m与2.5 m左右,其分流量可达到或接近1960s分流量水平,有助于缓解区域水资源与环境生态问题.     

Morph-and hydro-dynamic effects toward flood conveyance and navigation of diversion channel

The functions of the diversion channel are usually disturbed by sediment erosion and deposition. Con-sidering the effects of unsaturated sediment flow and narrowed cross section the diversion channel is enormously eroded. The discharge capacity, however, is deteriorated for the local deposition which lessens the water depth to satisfy the minimum navigable flow rate. In this study, the alternative diversion channel with unsaturated sediment flow at Hanjiang River, China, was taken as an example. The impacts of bed morphology for flood events and normal flow conditions were analyzed. The results show that the consideration of bed morphology is essential to design the diversion channel. Even for the unsaturated and eroded channel, the local deposition can reduce the water depth and restrict the navigable requirement under normal flow conditions.     

A field test of tubino's (1991) model of alternate bar formation

This study investigates the fluvial dynamics of straight natural stream channels. In particular, this experimental field study quantitatively assesses a physically based non-linear mathematical theory of alternate bar formation under unsteady natural flow conditions within a straight alluvial stream. The study site is an artificially straightened section of the Embarras River located approximately 16 km south of Champaign, Illinois. Data were collected on channel form, gradient, alternate bar dimensions, bed sediment size and flow stage over a 2 year study period. Both linear and non-linear steady flow hydrodynamic theories suggest that alternate bars are critical to the process of meander development. But these theories do not predict bar development for unsteady flow conditions, which typically occur in natural alluvial channels. Tubino (1991) suggests that bar evolution for a flood hydrograph can be divided into three parts: (1) a period of limited bar growth during the rising stage of the flood; (2) a stage of modest bar decay near the peak of the flood; and (3) a stage of non-linear bar growth during the prolonged falling stage of the flood. Bars developed during the falling limb of a hydrograph, and exhibited sequential development rather than the uniform growth along the reach predicted by Tubino's model. As flow stage decreased, short, low, fine-grained bars were superimposed on long, high and coarser-grained bars that developed under preceding high flow stages. These results suggest that the process of bar formation in artificially straightened natural streams with heterogeneous bed material may occur under different flow conditions and in a different manner than predicted by theoretical models. Further work should focus on attempting to isolate the physical mechanisms responsible for alternate bar formation in straight natural streams with heterogeneous bed material and flashy hydrologic flow regimes.