内波频散关系的一种数值解法

基于Ｆｌｉｇｅｌ等（１９７５）采用的Ｔｈｏｍｐｓｏｎ－Ｈａｓｋｅｌｌ算法（Ｈａｓｋｅｌｌ，１９５１），在取消Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ近似的条件下求解线性内波方程，以研究内波的频散关系及其各种模态的垂直速度振幅随深度分布的特征。本文以南海（１３°３０′Ｎ，１１８°３０′Ｅ）、（９°３０′Ｎ，１１１°３０′Ｅ）两个测站夏季和冬季的内波特征的计算为例，分别用Ｆｌｉｇｅｌ等原先的方法（引入Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ     

非线性大气Ekman层三维动力学特征

本文采用Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ近似，利用地转动量近似（ＧＭＡ）方法，研究了大气Ｅｋｍａｎ层的三维非线性动力学特征，得到了Ｅｋｍａｎ层中三维风速分布的解析解，着重讨论了热成风对Ｅｋｍａｎ层水平风速分布的影响，对传统的求垂直速度的方法进行了改进。     

缓坡方程与Boussinesq方程的差异性比较

本文对在缓变水深条件下缓坡方程和Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程各种不甘落后 差异进行了比较。明确了线性缓坡方程的频散性上，要好于非线性Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程。而Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程可讨论非线性的波与波相互作用等问题，而缓坡方程则不能。对Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程在不规则波计算上的局限性问题本文也进行了讨论，指出对于不规则波而言分解频率的数量和对高频波所产生的混淆误差的抑制是Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程能     

厄尔尼诺现象与赤道西太平洋,印度洋,黑潮之间海温变化的相互关系分析

文中采用美国ＣＯＤＡＳ和国家气候中心出版的每月海温资料，对按国家气候中心出版的月监测公报所划分的赤道海区Ｃ区（０－１０°Ｓ，１８０－９０°Ｗ），Ｗ区（０－１０°Ｎ，１８０－１４０°Ｅ）和Ｂ区（０－１０°Ｎ，５０－１５０°Ｅ），以及西太平洋黑流区Ａ区（２５－３０°Ｎ，１３０－１４０°Ｅ；３０－３５°Ｎ，１４０－１５０°Ｅ）裼 海温变化作了互相关分析，海区间互相滞后相关系数、交叉凝聚谱计算表明：Ｃ区与     

南海晚第四纪的硅藻遗体及其地质意义：V.沟纹藻属

硅藻门沟纹藻属在我国是１个新记录的属。核属最先由Ｋｏｌｂｅ（１９５４）在西太平洋赤道区（２°５２＇Ｓ，８９°５０＇Ｗ，水深３２２５ｍ）的柱状样沉积物中找到１种，订名Ｌ．ｐｅｔｔｅｒｓｓｏｎｉｉ。之后，又在１９５５年从大西洋（０°７＇Ｎ，１９°１２＇ｅ；０°８′Ｎ，１６°１９′Ｅ）和太平洋（６°４４′Ｎ，１２９°２８′Ｗ；２°５２′Ｓ，８９°５′Ｗ）的柱状样沉积物中找到另１种，订名Ｌ．ｈｕｓｔｅｄｔ     

非线性弱色散波内部流场的重构

基于势流理论和级数直接求逆方法,本文建立了基于Ｂｏｕｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程或Ｇｒｅｅｎ－Ｎａｇｈｄｉ方程给出的水深平均流速或某特征流速及波面信息重构非线性弱色散波内部流场的算法。以Ｂｏｕｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程的孤立波解为例,用本反演方法计算了孤立波的表面水平流速及底部水平流速。结果表明本算法是有效的。本反演算法可用于获取非线性弱色散波的内部流场的详细信息。     

欧洲中部晚冰期／全新世过渡期高分辨率的湖泊记录

欧洲中部晚冰期／全新世过渡期高分辨率的湖泊记录ＴｏｍａｓｚＧｏｓｌａｒ等Ｇｏｓｃｉａｚ湖（５２°３０′Ｎ、１０°２０′Ｅ、海拔６４．４ｍ）位于Ｖｉｓｔｕｌｉａｎ冰川作用最大进积期冰盖的南部，最深处在湖的中心部位，另一个较深的部位在湖的西部，相互距离大...     

Boussinesq方程波浪数学模型的应用

介绍了Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ 方程的推导过程和发展过程,基于深水和缓变地形的色散关系,建立了Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程的波浪数学模型。该模型可以产生波浪,模拟吸收边界和不同反射率的反射边界。该模型可用于研究深水和浅水地区波浪的浅水变形、折射、绕射和反射     

白垩纪-第三纪分界期前的全球环境变化

白垩纪－第三纪分界期前的全球环境变化Ｅ．Ｂａｒｒｅｒａ大洋钻探计划６９０（６５°１０′Ｓ，１°１２′Ｅ）、７５０（５９°３６′Ｓ，８１°１４′Ｅ）和７６１（１６°４４′Ｓ，１１５°３２′Ｅ）钻位的有孔虫样品的δ￣（１３）Ｏ、δ￣（１３）Ｃ和￣（８７）...     

新型Boussinesq方程的进一步改善

基于传统的Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程,通过速度变换及在方程中加入高阶项的方法,给出了进一步改善线性色散关系及变浅作用系数的方程,其线性色散关系及变浅作用系数的精度均为Ｏ（β８）（β＝ｈ０／Ｌ,Ｌ为特征波长,ｈ０为特征水深）．     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.