印尼塔里阿布岛Ⅱ区铁矿石中锡的工艺矿相学研究

通过光学显微镜、X射线衍射分析、扫描电子显微镜和化学物相分析等多种研究手段对印尼塔里阿布岛Ⅱ区铁矿石中锡的赋存状态进行研究,查明了铁矿石中的锡主要以独立矿物(锡石、黑硼锡铁矿、硼钙锡石、水镁锡矿及水锡石)和类质同象的形式存在。其中水镁锡矿和水锡石是磁铁矿内呈包裹体产出的黑硼锡铁矿、硼钙锡矿因磁铁矿氧化分解暴露,逐渐转化反应而成。综合研究发现,在目前经济技术条件下,研究区含锡铁矿石试图通过原矿石选别回收利用的可能性较低,但其磁选后的尾矿,通过重选可以使锡显著富集在重矿物产品中进行回收利用。     

柿竹园千吨尾矿库尾矿中锡的赋存状态研究

截至2004年,柿竹园多金属矿山约有1万多吨的锡未被回收而进入了尾矿库,开展尾矿中锡的赋存状态研究对综合回收利用尾矿,解决矿产资源短缺问题具重要的意义。本文用ICP-MS、XRF、XRD、激光粒度仪、电子探针等实验手段,研究了柿竹园千吨尾矿库中Sn的赋存状态和分布特征。结果发现尾矿中Sn分布较均匀,随深度的变化不大。在较细粒尾矿中Sn主要以独立锡石和石榴子石中类质同象的形式存在,在较粗粒尾矿中主要是以类质同象形式存在。     

浅析哈密大水西钒矿钒赋存状态特征

大水西钒矿体赋存于下寒武统中,矿床类型为黑色页岩型钒矿床,主要为石墨硅质板岩夹碳质板岩互层型钒矿石,局部矿段夹有硅质板岩、石英岩、石英片岩型钒矿石.钒矿物大多分布于云母类、高岭土矿物中,少数分布于电气石、石榴石类矿物中.矿石中钒呈分散状分布.用电子探针能谱对矿物物质组分进行微区元素组成分析,采用电子探针背散射电子成像分析技术和选区成分分析技术对内部结构矿物组成、元素赋存状态及特征进行研究.结果表明,钒除主要以V3+类质同象杂质替代铝硅酸盐中部分Al3+的形式及以独立矿物形式分散存在外,还有少量V4+以VO2+类质同象替代地开石(高岭石)中的Al3+存在,矿石中钒以钒独立矿物形式(可能为V-Ti或V-Ti-Si化合物、钒钛铁矿、V-Ti碳化物固溶体等)于矿石中产出.     

内蒙古扎鲁特旗巴尔哲超大型矿床控矿因素分析

内蒙古巴尔哲矿床不仅是超大型的REE-Zr-Nb-Ta-Be多金属矿床,同时也是大型的U-Th矿床。通过野外地质观察、地面伽玛能谱测量、岩矿鉴定和室内数据处理等,发现铀、钍主要以类质同像的形式存在于矿石矿物中;铍和稀土元素的独立矿物以羟硅铍钇铈矿和独居石为主;铌、钽、锆主要赋存在铌铁矿、烧绿石和锆石中。另外,从构造、岩性及蚀变特征三方面,对巴尔哲矿床的控矿因素进行了详细解剖,研究表明,巴尔哲矿床的铀钍矿化与稀有稀土矿化密切共生,均赋存于强蚀变钠闪石花岗岩中,蚀变主要为钠长石化和硅化。该矿床主要受构造和碱性花岗岩体的控制,是构造和碱性花岗质岩浆演化的耦合产物。      

电子探针技术探究钪在白云鄂博矿床不同矿物中的赋存特征

随着对钪资源需求的不断增加,世界各国近年陆续开展钪成矿机理研究及找矿工作,核心内容之一是厘清钪的赋存特征.据前人研究,各类钪矿床中钪主要以类质同象、离子吸附形式存在,目前发现的含钪矿物种类已逾800种.对于白云鄂博矿床,钪资源储量较大,无独立钪矿物产出,钪以类质同象形式进入其他矿物,分布分散、含量低.囿于测试技术及取样...     

分散元素的单矿物取样

分散元素在多金属矿床内多成类质同象或混入物隐藏在各种硫化矿石矿物及脉石矿物内。少数成独立的矿物存在,为寻找分散元素及其分布规律,必须对赋存分散元素的矿物进行研究。只有找寻出分散元素与该矿床内主要金属矿物或脉石矿物的依存关系,才能查明探矿方向和有利于选择工业评价地点。     

伴生元素赋存形式研究的几种数理统计方法

矿床勘探评价、矿石综合利用和元素地球化学行为研究经常涉及到伴生元素的赋存形式问题。伴生元素是相对于主要元素而言的,主要呈类质同象和独立矿物两种形式存在。查明它,除籍助显微镜直接观察和电子探针分析等外,根据矿石或单矿物化学分析结果进行数理统计研究,也是不可缺少的方法之一。     

广东梅子冲银多金属矿床地质特征及找矿方向

韶关梅子冲银多金属矿床位于南岭成矿带中部一六矿田内,矿体赋存于下石炭统孟公坳组不纯灰岩中,属于典型的矽卡岩型矿床,矿床成矿元素地表分带和钻孔中的垂向分带现象明显。主成矿元素银主要以独立矿物和类质同象混入物形式赋存于方铅矿等硫化物中。文章通过矿床地质特征的分析,对矿床成因进行了初步的探讨,并提出了下一步本区的找矿方向。     

安徽某地伟晶岩稀有元素矿物的初步研究

安徽某地伟晶岩是以含钽铍为主的稀有金属伟晶岩,它产于黑云母花岗岩体“港湾”或“前蜂”部位的震旦系中统休宁组砂岩接触变质角岩及蚀变带闪长玢岩中,多沿张裂充填。本文试就稀有元素矿物及其赋存规律进行初步讨论。 1.铌、钽:铌、钽主要呈独立矿物出现,其矿化为铌钽铁矿、细晶石、钽铌铁矿、黄钇钽矿(钇钽矿)等。部份的类质同象分散在锡石中。在造岩矿物中,Nb_2O_5和Ta_2O_5的含量很低。     

湘南芙蓉锡多金属矿床夕卡岩矿石的矿物化学特征

夕卡岩型锡矿是芙蓉锡矿最主要的矿化类型.以矿区内19号矿体夕卡岩型矿石为研究对象,利用电子探针定量分析方法,开展矿石的矿物化学研究.结果表明,原生夕卡岩的组成矿物主要为钙铝榴石一钙铁榴石、次透辉石-低铁辉石、铁钙闪石、马来亚石和少量的符山石、硅灰石、锡石,形成于相对较氧化的条件下,与早期侵入的角闪石黑云母花岗岩具有密切的成因联系.锡主要呈Sn4+而倾向于进入硅酸盐矿物晶格中.原生夕卡岩在黑云母花岗岩浆演化过程中分异出富F、Cl和成矿物质Sn的热液流体的作用下发生金云母化、透闪石化、绿泥石化等热液蚀变作用,形成金云母+萤石+磁铁矿+锡石矿体(Ⅰ类矿体)和透闪石±透辉石+绿泥石+锡石+硫化物矿体(Ⅱ类矿体).Ⅰ类矿体的形成主要受到黑云母花岗岩结晶分异的岩浆热液流体控制,而Ⅱ类矿体则受到来自围岩的流体的影响.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.