青海西台吉乃尔湖盐田蒸发光卤石矿的粒度分布及其矿物学特征

以煤油介质,利用筛分法对青海西台吉乃尔盐湖盐田蒸发光卤石原矿进行粒度分级,通过X射线衍射方法确定各粒级颗粒矿物组成,运用扫描电镜表征细粒盐类晶体微观形貌特征,结合化学分析结果,揭示原矿粒度分布规律和矿物组成变化特征。结果表明:光卤石原矿粒度分布属于中细较粗粒级,大于1mm粒径的矿物比例不超过50%,而小于0.5mm粒径的矿物不足10%;各粒径矿物组分有变化,光卤石主要集中在较细粒级范围(0~1mm),泻利盐在各个粒级范围内均有出现,粒度越大,泻利盐的含量越大,氯化钠主要富集在中粒级范围(1mm~3mm),水氯镁石在各粒径均有分布,无明显变化。小于0.45mm粒径矿物SEM和能谱分析结果表明:光卤石表面圆润,存在脱水的可能性;石盐和泻利盐、光卤石和泻利盐团聚在一起,形成胶结状聚集体。光卤石原矿的粒度分布特征和矿物微结构特征影响分解转化过程体系的水平衡和溶液相平衡,对氯化钾收率产生影响。     

马海盐湖北部矿段低品位固体钾矿中钾盐矿物的赋存特征及成因探讨

马海盐湖位于柴达木盆地中北部赛什腾凹陷内, 其矿区北部矿段全新统固体钾矿大规模固液转化开采已稳定运行近十年, 为钾肥生产提供了重要的资源保障。本文拟查明马海矿区北部矿段现阶段低品位固体钾盐矿物的类型和赋存特征, 开展了矿物薄片鉴定、能谱扫描电镜和X射线粉晶衍射等分析测试工作, 为水溶开采的可持续开发提供依据。研究发现: (1)杂卤石集中分布在70–79勘探线, 以原生和后生交代成因赋存, 且以前者为主。原生杂卤石呈片状、纤维状、粒状、纤维放射状和花瓣状集合体; 后生交代成因的杂卤石呈浸染状和具石膏假象的毛毡状。(2)光卤石多分布在67–70勘探线, 呈熔融状、他形粒状、裂纹状, 与石盐、杂卤石、钾石盐等矿物共生。(3)钾石盐仅在72勘探线集中分布, 呈自形-半自形立方单体, 与光卤石、杂卤石、水氯镁石等矿物共生。(4)根据马海盐湖杂卤石赋存特征分析其成因可能为在气候干冷, 流域补给水量减少, 湖水大面积收缩和浓缩, 矿区东南部富K+、Mg2+的硫酸镁亚型卤水与牛郎织女湖富Ca2+的高盐度氯化物型卤水发生混合掺杂作用, 形成了含钾镁钙硫酸盐型杂卤石钾盐矿物。高盐度氯化物型卤水在向东南部浓缩中心迁移渗透过程中, 受蒸发和浓缩, 便在研究区西北部形成了氯化物型光卤石、钾石盐等矿物。(5)需要根据杂卤石的赋存特征, 制定相应的固液转化方案。     

修武盆地下寒武统黑色岩系铀矿物赋存特征及富集机理

通过野外地质调查、岩相学、地球化学和电子探针等分析方法,初步查明了修武盆地下寒武统黑色岩系中的铀矿物主要为磷钙铀矿和含磷钙钛铀矿,且多数以独立矿物形式存在,矿物颗粒微小,约1~3μm,少量与钛矿物共生;黑色岩系沉积受海底热液影响,其物源来自陆地和海底热水沉积物,由两者混合组成,且以陆源为主;铀的富集与碳、磷等元素关系密切。     

川东南涪陵地区二叠系茅口组一段泥质灰岩储层特征及主控因素

四川盆地东南缘涪陵地区茅口组一段(简称茅一段)发育泥质灰岩储层。为明确其油气勘探潜力，运用实钻岩心、野外露头等地质资料，通过岩心观察、物性测试、X射线衍射、氩离子抛光扫描电镜、氮气吸附脱附等手段，探讨储层特征，并分析主控因素。研究认为：(1)茅一段储层岩性主要为泥质灰岩、微晶灰岩及瘤状灰岩，主要储集岩为灰黑色泥质灰岩；(2)储层孔隙度平均为2.8%,储集空间以纳米—微米级基质孔隙为主，亦见微米—毫米级裂缝；(3)茅一段储层储集空间类型多样，与碳酸盐岩相关的孔隙比例最高，约占总孔隙的3/5,与黏土矿物和有机质相关的孔隙各约占1/5;孔隙主要为成岩收缩缝(孔)和矿物粒缘缝(孔);孔径主要为2～50 nm,其次为大于50 nm者；(4)孔隙度与TOC含量呈正相关，与碳酸盐岩含量呈负相关，当岩石黏土矿物含量低于50%时孔隙度与其正相关、高于50%则呈负相关；(5)独特的瘤状构造使得储层内普遍发育大量裂缝，对储层物性有较大的提升作用。本次研究对涪陵地区茅一段泥质灰岩的勘探开发提供了依据，亦可为其它地区泥质灰岩储层评价提供参考。     

山西耿庄金矿FeS2-Fe(Ni,Co)S2晶须的发现与成因探讨

在山西耿庄金矿区含金隐爆角砾岩体的晶洞内发现重晶石晶体中大量晶须构成了明显的环带状。用扫描电镜、电子探针等研究了晶须的物理性质、形态特征和化学成分，结果表明，晶须属FeS2-Fe(Ni，Co)S2类质同象系列。根据地质背景，结合同位素、岩石化学分析结果和包裹体研究成果等，讨论了FeS2-Fe(Ni，Co)S2系列晶须的成因，认为耿庄FeS2-Fe(Ni，Co)S2系列晶须是在浅成、低温条件下由幔源岩浆期后热液和大气水热液经沸腾和混合作用形成；晶须结晶的溶液饱和度低于临界过饱和度，晶须形成后经历了二次加厚过程。深入研究晶须生长原理和条件，对进一步了解耿庄成矿热液的演化和相关环境有实际意义，同时对研究矿物形貌与生长环境条件的相关性也具有重要意义。     

鄂东北前震旦纪沉积变质磷灰岩矿床地质构造特征

本区前震旦纪沉积变质磷灰岩矿床，呈层状，似层状及透镜状，产于中元古界红安群黄麦岭组下段和上段含磷岩系中。下部含磷岩系分布于大磊山周围，有磷灰岩１－３层，平均厚２－１８ｍ；上部含磷岩系发育在左家湾－双峰尖一带，产磷灰岩１－２层，厚１．５－１３ｍ。本区沉积变质磷灰岩可分为浅粒磷灰岩、变粒磷灰岩、锰质磷灰岩及碳酸质磷灰岩等四种类型，其Ｐ２Ｏ５含量一般为４．６－２６．１％之间。黄麦岭组属于海湾－浅海机沉积     

昆阳磷矿沉积环境与矿床地球化学

滇东地区昆阳磷矿床是特征海相沉积大型磷矿床,位于扬子古地块西南缘,矿区内广泛出露下寒武统筇竹寺组(ε13q),为含磷岩系顶板岩系;中谊村组(ε12z)含磷岩系和小歪头山组(ε11x),含磷岩系底板岩系;寒武系沉积基底为上震旦统灯影组(Zbdn),其间均具有冲刷面,显示舍磷岩系出现在地球变暖期,即海进旋回沉积早期.磷矿沉...     

贵州开阳龙水地区震旦系洋水组沉积特征及生物成磷作用*

贵州开阳磷矿以其厚而富的磷矿石资源备受关注。对开阳龙水地区含磷岩系(洋水组)剖面进行地层学、岩石学和沉积学研究,并讨论其沉积环境和成磷作用。区内含磷岩系岩性组合为黏土岩-白云岩-碎屑状磷块岩-硅质岩-泥晶磷块岩-叠层石磷块岩。龙水地区在震旦纪陡山沱期整体为靠近古陆边缘的滨岸潮坪沉积环境,并经历了2次海侵-海退。其沉积环境由初期的无障壁海滩转变为晚期的潮坪环境,表明陡山沱期古海洋处于较为动荡的环境,海平面升降频繁。富含生物化石的致密状泥晶磷块岩、圆柱状叠层石磷块岩和磷质生物团粒,均属于原生磷块岩。三者磷酸盐含量极高,属于高品位磷块岩,其形成环境可能是弱酸性至弱碱性的浅海陆棚。生物与高品位磷块岩的密切关系说明生物在高品位磷块岩形成过程中起重要作用。其形成具有3个必要条件: 海水富磷,生物大量繁殖,有利于生物繁殖及磷酸盐结晶的沉积环境。     

扬子区寒武系底部含磷岩系沉积特征对比与成矿规律

扬子区寒武系底部含磷岩系主要蕴藏于梅树村期地层中,因沉积相类型多样,含磷岩系复杂,沉积厚度变化大,含大量磷矿资源而具有重要的研究价值.对研究区13条含磷岩系剖面进行野外勘查和大区域横纵向综合对比研究,结果表明:含磷岩系沉积层序自下而上显示颗粒由粗变细,层理类型由交错层理、波状层理及粒序状层理转为平行层理,生物屑减少至消...     

贵州坝黄含铀磷质岩中多水硫磷铝石矿物学特征

贵州铜仁坝黄含铀磷质岩岩层表面及节理、裂隙缝中产出大量粉末状、絮状、毛发状白色矿物集合体。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜及能谱(SED)分析,确定该矿物为多水硫磷铝石,粒径约1.55～1.85 mm,单晶形态常呈菱形薄板状,自形,具{001}1组完全解理,吸湿性较强。计算多水硫磷铝石矿物晶胞参数分别为a≈10.8150nm,b≈15.0956nm,c≈22.6058nm,化学式为(Al_(8.75)Fe_(0.75))(PO_4)_(3.26)(SO_4)_(1.24)(OH)_(16.24)·55.67H_2O,与其他地区的多水硫磷铝石比较,坝黄含铀磷质岩中的多水硫磷铝石Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、SO_3、OH~-含量较高,P_2O_5、H_2O含量则有所减少,可能是由于类质同象Fe~(3+)置换Al~(3+),以及表生期强烈的风化淋滤作用过程中OH~-、SO_4~(2-)共同置换PO_4~(3-)所致。坝黄多水硫磷铝石与外生风化作用密切相关,是一类氧化次生矿物,应为含磷沉积物遭受长期表生风化淋滤形成,说明坝黄磷矿在沉积成岩后还经历过表生风化成矿的改造和叠加,次生作用可能导致了原生磷质的迁移、流失。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.