鄂尔多斯盆地东胜砂岩型铀矿微量和稀土元素地球化学特征

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜砂岩型铀矿的微量和稀土元素能为铀矿勘查提供地球化学标志。以东胜铀矿层位侏罗系及其中铀矿化为对象,针对砂岩型铀矿石、铀矿化砂岩和围岩几类地质体进行元素地球化学对比研究。东胜砂岩型铀矿微量元素地球化学特征表明,Pb、Mo与U关系极为密切,它们在铀矿石中最富集,铀矿化砂岩中次富集,砂质和泥质围岩中不富集;Pb和Mo可以作为东胜铀矿床矿化的指示元素,Pb、U和Mo蛛网图上构成的"W"式样可作为东胜地区砂岩铀矿化的指示模型。铀矿石、铀矿化砂岩、砂岩以及泥岩表现出相似的REE地球化学特征和配分模式,推断其具有统一的物源、沉积环境和构造背景。部分铀矿石明显富集HREE,显然在沉积成岩后期经历了(热液)改造作用。东胜铀矿化经历了沉积成岩和热液改造作用两个成矿阶段。     

桂北沙子江铀矿床稀土元素地球化学特征

针对沙子江矿床的区域地层、赋矿围岩、成矿各阶段方解石及铀矿石进行稀土元素地球化学研究发现:各类样品具大体类似的LREE富集及Eu负异常的稀土配分模式,表明它们之间稀土元素特征具有继承性,赋矿花岗岩与区域地层稀土元素特征指示两者具有共同的陆壳沉积物源区;方解石及矿石中稀土元素主要继承了赋矿花岗岩的特征。成矿各阶段方解石Y/Ho值范围狭窄,在28.86~38.22之间,显示它们具共同的源区,且从成矿早阶段经主成矿阶段到成矿晚阶段,Eu负异常趋于强烈,δEu均值由0.34→0.26→0.25,表明成矿流体向相对还原环境演化。铀矿石具最高的稀土元素总量(ΣREE=259.88×10-6~869.31×10-6),且与铀矿石的品位存在正相关关系,暗示稀土元素与铀的迁移具同步性。铀矿石(以原生铀矿物为主)中Ce负异常的形成可能与铀源岩中分散的U(Ⅳ)被活化为在成矿流体中易迁移的U(Ⅵ)的氧化过程相伴;而铀黑的Ce正异常则是由表生作用过程所导致。     

钱家店铀矿床含矿建造后生改造作用探讨:来自蚀变特征及地球化学的证据

基于开鲁盆地钱家店铀矿床含矿砂岩的偏光显微镜、扫描电子镜显微镜下观察以及元素地球化学分析,探讨了该砂岩型铀矿的形成过程.镜下观察结果显示,该矿床矿石中存在5种矿物蚀变作用类型:高岭石化、褐铁矿化、碳酸盐化、重晶石化和水云母化;钻孔伴生元素特征表明,钱家店部分铀矿体在初次形成后,可能又遭受后期流体叠加改造作用;元素迁移特征表明,矿区总体可能经历了两期不同性质的成矿流体,前期流体导致矿化砂岩的形成,后期流体在此基础上叠加改造,使铀再次富集成高品位铀矿石.综合前人研究资料,认为钱家店铀矿床经历三阶段成矿流体作用:第一阶段为同生沉积铀成矿;第二阶段为油气/热液改造叠加成矿;第三阶段为层间氧化铀成矿.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部白垩系砂岩型铀矿矿化特征及分带性研究

文章通过鄂尔多斯盆地西南部白垩系砂岩型铀矿成矿特征研究,识别并划分了砂岩型铀矿矿石类型,把鄂尔多斯盆地西南部白垩系砂岩型铀矿划分为灰色砂岩型铀矿、灰黑色有机质砂岩型铀矿、红色砂岩型铀矿、黄色砂岩型铀矿4种矿石类型,总结了砂岩型铀矿矿化特征。铀矿化具有垂向分带性,自下而上划分为灰色砂岩铀矿化带、黄色砂岩铀矿化带、红色砂岩铀矿化带、灰黑色有机质斑团铀矿化带、灰黑色有机质脉体铀矿化带5个铀矿化带,总结了不同铀矿化带的铀矿化蚀变矿物组合、铀矿物组合、相关元素含量特征,从深部到浅部还原成矿作用由强到弱,铀主要富集在下部灰色砂岩铀矿化带,有机质（碳质）主要富集在上部灰黑色有机质斑团、脉体铀矿化带。认为鄂尔多斯盆地西南部白垩系不同矿石类型铀矿化特征相似,均为深部有机成矿流体渗出还原、富集成矿的产物,具有渗出成因铀矿成矿特征。     

巴音戈壁盆地塔木素铀矿床紫红色铀矿石矿化特征

巴音戈壁盆地塔木素铀矿床是我国北方特大型砂岩型铀矿床,但矿化特征特殊,具有品位高、矿层多等特征,其矿床成因一直存在争议,亟需新的证据来破解铀矿化成因机制。项目组野外地质调查中,发现产于氧化带内的紫红色铀矿石,具有明显的热液改造的痕迹,是一种新类型的铀矿化。笔者通过岩矿鉴定、蚀刻径迹、电子探针等实验,系统分析了该地区紫红色铀矿石的矿物蚀变特征,并探讨了铀的富集成因。研究认为,塔木素紫红色铀矿石与热液蚀变关系密切,其蚀变带可划分为萤石脉带,紫红色含萤石胶结物带和灰白色高岭石化带;铀矿物主要呈分散吸附状与胶磷矿范围分布一致。该类型铀矿石是深部还原性富U、P热流体上移进入含矿目的层与氧化带弱碱性流体相互作用的产物,pH、Eh条件的改变造成U、P同时沉淀和富集。结合矿体地质特征分析,认为塔木素矿床为表生氧化流体和深部热流体相互作用下形成的具复合成因砂岩型铀矿床,表生氧化流体造成蚀源区和地层中的铀迁移并在氧化还原过渡界面富集沉淀,而热流体携带了深部铀源进入氧化带内形成富磷型铀矿石,这是造成塔木素矿床铀品位高且矿体多层的主要原因。     

赣南上窖铀矿床微量元素地球化学特征与成矿模型

通过对比研究赣南上窖铀矿床各类岩(矿)石的微量元素、稀土元素地球化学特征,讨论了上窖铀矿床的成矿物质来源与成矿模型。地质、元素地球化学资料表明:(1)印支早期花岗岩与燕山早期花岗岩较高的U含量和较低的Th/U值,反映了两者均具备为区内铀成矿提供充足铀源的能力,并且燕山早期花岗岩提供铀源的潜力更大。(2)水云母化蚀变基本不改变原岩微量元素、稀土元素的含量和配分特征,但叠加赤铁矿化时则伴随U的富集甚至矿化,出现稀土元素的活化转移,说明赤铁矿化与铀矿化关系更为密切。(3)辉绿岩的微量元素配分曲线具有幔源特征,明显区别于花岗岩和铀矿石,且蚀变辉绿岩的U含量和U/Th值明显较新鲜辉绿岩高,说明上窖铀矿床的成矿物质非源于辉绿岩;矿床大面积的赤铁矿化暗示辉绿岩为铀成矿作用提供了发生氧化还原反应的挥发分和矿化剂(CH_4、CO、CO_2、H_2S、Fe~(2+)),从而使迁移态的U6+还原成U4+并沉淀成矿。(4)铀矿石与花岗岩的微量元素配分曲线相似程度高,且为递变关系,说明上窖铀矿床的成矿物质来源于花岗岩;铀矿石的稀土元素总量明显低于花岗岩和辉绿岩,表明成矿流体具贫稀土元素的性质。根据上窖铀矿床的成矿地质背景、岩体-构造-蚀变"三位一体"控矿要素以及微量元素地球化学特征,进一步补充和完善了该矿床的成矿模型。     

川北303铀矿床矿化特征及其控矿因素

303矿床是四川盆地内一砂岩型铀矿床。近年来,该区铀矿找矿工作未取得突破性进展。根据野外地质调查、薄片、光片、系列编图等资料,运用砂岩型铀矿成矿、找矿理论,对303矿区下白垩统苍溪组地层特征及铀矿化特征进行研究,认为川北砂岩型铀矿化主要分布在新华向斜的南东翼,矿石以砂岩型铀矿石为主,砾岩型铀矿石和泥岩型铀矿石次之。铀矿石中铀的存在形式以沥青铀矿、铀石以及吸附铀为主。主成矿年龄较大,矿体主要赋存在辫状河沉积体系之中,矿化与沉积微相、构造、岩相古地理及砂体厚度关系密切。     

尼日尔阿泽里克铀矿床蚀变及地球化学特征 ——对成矿物质来源的约束

为揭示尼日尔阿泽里克铀矿床成矿物质来源,文章研究了其蚀变特征、稀土元素特征、流体包裹体特征、方解石胶结物碳和氧同位素特征、沥青铀矿氧同位素特征等。阿泽里克铀矿床发育灰绿色还原蚀变、方沸石化、酸性火山玻璃脱玻化、碳酸盐化、黄铁矿化、重晶石化等。矿化砂岩稀土元素Eu强正异常。流体包裹体气体成分为H2+N2+CO2组合。方解石胶结物的δ13CV-PDB值为-7.45‰～-6.65‰,δ18OV-SMOW值为-0.74‰～1.26‰。沥青铀矿的δ18OV-SMOW值为-1.30‰～-0.8‰。灰绿色还原蚀变岩石呈灰绿色是因为绿泥石矿物充填粒间孔隙和包裹颗粒表面。矿化砂岩的Eu强正异常揭示有来自深部的强还原性流体参与成矿。H2为强还原物质,来自深部,可为铀成矿提供还原剂。矿化砂岩方解石胶结物碳同位素显示成矿流体有深部流体的作用,可能有地幔物质的加入;氧同位素显示成矿流体有表生流体的作用。沥青铀矿氧同位素值显示成矿流体受表生大气水作用影响。酸性火山物质方沸石化和酸性火山玻璃脱玻化为铀成矿提供铀。成矿流体为表生氧化性流体与深部的还原性流体的混合。总之,地层、阿伊尔花岗岩和火山物质可能为铀成矿提供了铀。     

内蒙古哈毕力格地区铀矿化成因:稀土元素地球化学证据

为了示踪成矿流体来源,明确铀矿化成因类型,对哈毕力格地区与铀矿化关系密切的铀矿化石英岩、石英岩、花岗闪长岩和大理岩进行了稀土元素地球化学研究。结果表明,铀矿化石英岩样品的ΣREE为11.69×10~(-6)～165.86×10~(-6),稀土配分模式呈微弱的轻稀土富集右倾型;无矿化石英岩的ΣREE为2.09×10~(-6)～10.97×10~(-6),稀土配分模式呈"平坦型";花岗闪长岩的ΣREE为141.50×10~(-6)～204.02×10~(-6),稀土配分模式呈典型的轻稀土富集右倾型。石英岩、矿化石英岩和花岗闪长岩的ΣREE、LREE、HREE以及La_N/Yb_N、Sm_N/Eu_N、Y/Ho等参数表明花岗闪长岩与铀矿化具有成因联系。结合矿物学及同位素地球化学特征,指出古元古代乌拉山群区域变质作用使铀发生了初步富集,主成矿阶段的成矿作用与晚古生代花岗闪长质岩浆分异出的富铀岩浆流体有关。     

粤北长江铀矿田成矿过程中稀土元素地球化学特征

对粤北长江铀矿田赋矿花岗岩、蚀变花岗岩、铀矿石、沥青铀矿、黄铁矿、方解石和萤石开展了系统的REE,U与Th的地球化学研究,结果显示各类样品表现出类似的LREE相对富集、HREE相对亏损和Eu负异常的地球化学特征,表明样品REE特征具有一定的继承性,继承了赋矿花岗岩的REE特征。成矿早期钠交代作用对花岗岩中REE迁移较小,但对U有预富集作用,成矿期热液蚀变对花岗岩中REE迁移较明显,尤其是HREE,而Th表现出相对稳定的特征。从成矿早期到晚期方解石ΣREE逐渐降低(ΣREE平均值由48.86×10~(-6)→43.52×10~(-6)→28.40×10~(-6)),Eu负异常趋于减弱(δEu均值由0.23→0.31→0.39),表明成矿流体向相对氧化环境演化。成矿热液中REE,U与Th活化、迁移具同步性和同时性。热液沸腾和去气作用是造成沥青铀矿、方解石和萤石相对富集HREE的原因。由成矿早期到成矿晚期,成矿热液向相对氧化的酸性流体演化。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.