南秦岭千家坪钒矿床钒赋存状态研究

千家坪钒矿床产于南秦岭下寒武统黑色岩系中,矿石类型主要为硅质岩夹泥岩型。该矿床钒元素赋存状态研究,对于探讨钒成矿富集机制和钒提取利用均有重要意义。物相分析、X衍射分析和电子探针等研究共同表明:千家坪钒矿床中钒以三价钒为主,占74.22%,五价钒次之,占25.78%;钒主要以类质同相形式赋存于云母类矿物中,占61.72%,其次以吸附状态存在于炭质、粘土矿物中,游离氧化物中少量。含钒矿物主要为钒云母,少量含钒铁、铜氧化物和钒钛磁铁矿等。钒云母有1M型和2M1型两种标型,1M型钒位于云母结构层之间;2M1型钒不仅取代了位于六次配位的八面体层中的Al3+,而且取代了Si-O四面体层中的Al3+。     

石煤中钒元素在燃烧前后赋存状态变化的研究

石煤是一种可综合利用的矿产资源,提取石煤中钒、钼、镍等金属是其综合利用之一.石煤在发电燃烧过程中钒的物相发生显著变化,而钒物相的变化对钒的可浸出性产生较大的影响.笔者采用选择性连续提取方法对四川某地石煤原矿和石煤飞灰进行分析研究,发现石煤原矿中钒主要存在于硅铝酸盐相和有机质相中,部分存在于铁锰氧化物相及吸附态中,极少部分存在于碳酸盐相中.而石煤发电飞灰中钒主要存在于有机质相、硅铝酸盐相和铁锰氧化物相中,少量的钒以吸附态形式赋存.燃烧过程中石煤的各种含钒矿物发生离解,其中的钒得到释放并被氧化成高价态.高价钒一部分与Na、Cl等结合生成可溶性化合物,形成吸附态的钒;另一部分与Fe、Na、Ca等发生反应生成难溶性化合物,并以一定形式富集在飞灰的有机质相、硅铝酸盐相和铁锰氧化物相中.     

陕西省商南县穆家河钒矿床地质特征及钒的赋存状态研究

穆家河钒矿床产于南秦岭下寒武统水沟口组第一岩性段,含矿岩石主要为硅质岩夹( 炭质) 泥岩。钒矿体严格受层位控制,呈层状、似层状产出,沿走向、倾向上延伸均较稳定。通过物相分析、X - 射线衍射测试及电子探针分析,穆家河钒矿床中钒主要有三种赋存状态: 存在于钒云母中、以胶体状态存在的 V - Fe 氧化物、以氧化物集合体形式存在的 V - Ti,其中以钒云母为主。①钒云母的标型为2M1 型,化学式为 K( Al,V)2( Si,Al)4O10( OH)2或( K,Ba,Na)0. 75( Al,Mg,Cr,V)2( Si,Al,V)4O10( OH,O)2,呈片状、条带状产出,其 V2O5含量最高可达到 22. 68%,钒以类质同相形式替代云母中的铝; ②胶体状态存在的 V - Fe 氧化物,呈草莓状、圆球状、星点状、环状产出,颗粒直径小于 10μm,化学组成主要为 V、Fe、O,其中含钒最高可达到10. 09%,不含水,为胶体老化后形成的非晶质体; ③ V - Ti 氧化物集合体呈浸染状、星散状分布于岩石基质中,它最初是以胶体形式沉积,在后期成岩及地质演化过程中,其中钛的氧化物结晶形成锐钛矿、板钛矿等。     

含钒石煤的穆斯堡尔谱研究

本文收集了我国湘鄂淅地区含钒石煤样品,使用化学分析和穆斯堡尔谱方法,测定和研究了石煤中钒铁的赋存方式和价态,以及不同焙烧温度下钒铁价态变化等。初步研究表明,石煤中钒铁价态及价态变化的测定,对含钒石煤中钒铁矿物和成因研究,钒的提取和石煤的综合利用有重要意义。     

湖南省寒武系黑色岩系页岩型钒矿概论

湖南省寒武系黑色岩系蕴藏着丰富的钒矿资源,钒矿床产于寒武系底部富含有机质的碳、磷、硅质黑色岩系中;矿体呈层状、似层状,形态简单,产状稳定。多项测试结果表明,钒的载体岩石为黑色页岩(碳质页岩、硅质碳质页岩);钒主要呈类质同象形式赋存于伊利石晶格中;矿石类型主要为钒矿石,少数矿床中石煤钒矿石也是重要的矿石类型;钒的价态以V3+为主。钒的富集主要发生在沉积阶段,与黑色岩系的沉积过程一致;矿床形成于缺氧环境中,大部分钒被黏土质吸附,随有机质、黏土质和硅质呈胶态腐泥沉入海底;在成岩过程中,云母类黏土矿物结构发生再结晶,将原有表面吸附的钒(V3+)转化为类质同象形式进入云母晶格中取代部分铝(Al3+),形成含钒伊利石并聚集成为钒矿床。研究表明,本区黑色岩系及其有关的钒矿在沉积成岩成矿过程中都离不开生物地球化学作用,矿床成因属于在热水作用参与下沉积形成的海相化学和生物地球化学沉积矿床,矿床类型为黑色页岩型钒矿。     

贵州威宁沉积型赤铁矿矿石工艺矿物学研究

对贵州威宁沉积型赤铁矿石进行了工艺矿物学研究,重点研究了该矿石的矿物组成、主要矿物嵌布特征和主要含铁矿物赤铁矿的单体解离情况。研究表明,该矿石属于低磷、低硫、微细粒嵌布的赤铁矿石;矿石中主要铁矿物以赤铁矿为主,其次为磁铁矿和褐铁矿,主要脉石矿物以石英为主,其次为绿泥石、云母、高岭石等粘土矿物;赤铁矿嵌布粒度极细,平均粒度0.015mm,且赤铁矿与脉石矿物嵌布关系复杂。本研究为该矿石的开发利用提供基础资料。     

杨家堡含钒石煤的物质成分和钒的赋存状态及配分的研究

杨家堡下寒武统黑色岩系中,含钒的腐泥煤和次腐泥煤(一般称为含钒石煤)是以钒为主并伴有多种金属元素的大型海相沉积矿床。层位稳定、分布广泛、规模巨大,是一种新型的矿产资源——黑色页岩型多金属矿床。杨家堡含钒石煤中V_2O_5含量达0.7—4.63％,一般品位为0.8—1.0％,完全符合作为独立钒矿床开采的要求。对杨家堡含钒石煤物质成分和钒的赋存状态的研究,是为杨家堡石煤提钒工艺流程的确定提供必要的数据和理论依据,并为黑色页岩型多金属矿床成因理论的研究提供基础资料。     

湖北杨家堡石煤中钒的价态研究

我国南方石煤是一种低热值能源,同时它伴生有品位较高的钒。含钒石煤已列为我国一种新类型钒矿资源。近年来我国从石煤中提取生产高纯五氧化二钒(V_2O_3>98％)已出口西德、日本等国,国外已有报道。     

科罗拉多州加葬尔德郡赖弗耳和加菲尔德矿区的矿物和地质

赖弗耳和加菲尔德矿区的钒铀矿床产于侏罗纪和侏罗纪(?)时期的纳瓦霍砂岩上复的侏罗纪恩特拉达砂岩中。两种建造均由纯净、浅色、细粒、块状和交错层理的砂岩所组成。仅含有少量铀元素的钒矿石呈微粒矿物浸染在砂岩中。它构成三层部分重迭的矿层,各层都作扁平板状,大致平行于主要层理。各钒矿层均有一面被细粒方铅矿和硒铅矿散布的薄层条带所包镶,附近有一绿色的含铬矿物薄层。方铅矿带和含铬层位于下含钒层和上含钒层之上,但在中含钒层之下。含钒层的原生矿石矿物是钒云母、含钒水云母及少量的含钒绿泥石和黑铁钒矿。金属硫化物散布于矿石中,且富集于方铅矿条带内。该区含铬层与产于科罗拉多州普拉塞维尔者外貌相同,普拉塞维尔产的苹绿云母曾有过描述。氧化作用对钒云母无明显的影响;黑铁钒矿与含钒绿泥石和水云母被氧化成微小的次生钒矿物。矿床的氧化部分有少许钾钒铀矿,但还没有发现过原生铀矿物。该矿床与高原的各钒铀矿床相似,但在钒铀比值之高,炭质物质之食贫乏,以及钒云母之丰富等方面都是独一无二的。     

承德钒钛磁铁矿钒和钛物相的联测分析方法

依据承德地区大庙式钒钛磁铁矿床特征,通过人工重砂分离及单矿物化学分析并结合电子探针、岩矿鉴定结果查明了承德钒钛磁铁矿石中的含钒矿物主要是钛磁铁矿和磁铁矿,次要矿物是钛铁矿和硅酸盐;含钛矿物主要是钛铁矿、钛磁铁矿,次要矿物是金红石、榍石。根据承德钒钛磁铁矿石钒和铁呈正比的关系,选取代表性试样进行了钒钛物相分析项目的确定及溶剂选择的实验,最终确定了钒和钛物相分析测定流程。钒物相分析测定项目为磁铁矿和钛磁铁矿中的钒、钛铁矿中的钒、硅酸盐中的钒及总钒四项;钛物相分析测定项目为钛铁矿中的钛、磁铁矿和钛磁铁矿中的钛、金红石中的钛、硅酸盐中的钛及总钛五项。通过本方法测定的各种含钒和钛矿物含量占矿石中总钒和总钛含量的比例与人工重砂分析定量计算的各种含钒和钛矿物含量占矿石中总钒和总钛含量的比例是相互吻合的。对110件钒钛磁铁矿石样品进行了4种含钛矿物及3种含钒矿物物相分析,结果与实际地质成矿组分符合。本方法实现了钒钛磁铁矿中钒矿物和钛矿物的定量分离,确定了钒和钛物相联测分析流程,可以同时测定钒和钛矿物的含量。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.