南岭隧道下连溪段岩溶及地表沉陷与地质构造的关系

南岭隧道为京广复线双线隧道,全长6.1公里。下连溪段靠近隧道出口。地表有京广既有线、连溪河和干线公路。隧道埋深40-90米。 1980年12月,隧道导洞从出口往进口方向施工至DK1986+269突水点,到1981年7月底地表出现9处陷穴。为控制陷穴的发展,首先采取了封闭导洞,继而河床铺砌及进行压浆等措施,取得了较好的效果。     

基于黄土隧道洞口浅埋段的Peck公式修正

黄土隧道洞口施工地表沉降开裂影响施工安全,以往采用Peck公式进行研究,存在预测精度等问题。为更准确地预测黄土隧道洞口浅埋段地表沉降,以临夏-大河家高速公路胡林家隧道为例,基于进口段实测数据,采用线性回归法对Peck公式进行优化。引入最大沉降量S_max修正系数α、降槽宽度i的修正系数β和隧道开挖进尺对最大沉降量影响的系数α₁,确定修正系数得出Peck修正公式。基于洞口浅埋段开挖进尺与最大沉降间的影响关系,发现埋深对S_max修正系数与沉降槽宽度的作用规律,构建黄土隧道洞口浅埋段施工参数对地表沉降关系模型。实测数据样本点分布在修正后的Peck公式上下限之间,修正后的Peck公式误差减少,对临夏等地区黄土隧道洞口浅埋段的适用性较好。     

连拱隧道施工对洞口仰坡影响的三维数值分析

以江西某高速公路一浅埋偏压连拱隧道为例,采用Marc有限元程序对其出口段进行了动态施工的三维数值模拟。从施工过程中的应力集中、塑性区的分布形态和发展规律、仰坡轴向地表位移的分布特征等方面,系统研究了偏压连拱隧道施工对强风化岩体洞口仰坡的影响作用机制。结果表明:在模拟施工过程中塑性区和应力集中区只出现在洞体附近,可能的仰坡失稳往往是隧道施工失稳的累进性响应;洞口仰坡的轴向水平位移前缘大、后缘小,垂直位移后缘大、前缘小;隧道上方和近山脊一侧仰坡位移比近山谷一侧大,仰坡失稳往往从隧道上方和埋深较大一侧开始。     

鹤上大断面小净距隧道施工方案优化分析

结合福州国际机场高速公路鹤上大断面小净距隧道工程实际,建立了大断面小净距隧道施工动态有限元分析程序,对隧道施工方案的优化进行了数值模拟分析。分析中模拟了双侧壁导坑法、中隔壁法和上下台阶法3种施工方案,对拱顶下沉、地表沉降、中间岩柱应力、围岩稳定性等进行了对比分析,并结合鹤上隧道围岩实际情况,在隧道出口Ⅴ级围岩段,改双侧壁导坑法为中隔壁法,顺利完成了施工,对降低施工成本、加快施工进度均起到了较好的作用,研究结果可为类似条件下大断面小净距隧道的设计、施工提供借鉴与参考。     

活动断裂带工程地质研究

活动构造带工程地质问题是工程地质和岩土工程界长期关注的难点,主要涉及断裂剧烈活动(地震)产生的地表破裂、隧道震害、斜坡地质灾害、非震期活动断裂带隧道应力异常、碎裂岩带大变形,以及活动断裂长期演化过程中对地形地貌、斜坡岩体结构和局部地应力场的影响等。本文简要回顾了国内外活动断裂带工程地质研究从模糊到逐渐清晰的过程,重点梳理总结了地面工程避让活动断裂、隧道工程穿越活动断裂带的稳定性评价、活动断裂带斜坡地质灾害效应等方面的主要进展,结合作者以往研究认为：①不同类型活动断裂的影响带宽度或避让距离有所差异,逆断型地表破裂影响带宽度(D)与垂直位移(H)基本符合线性关系D=10H+16. 0m,可据此确定避让距离,走滑型地表破裂的避让距离取15m为宜。②结合复杂艰险山区铁路选线和施工过程,给出了隧道工程穿越活动断裂带的合理角度,以及地震期和非地震期活动断裂带附近的隧道变形破坏特征。③从活动断裂带对地形地貌和岩体结构的影响、断裂剧烈活动(地震)诱发崩塌滑坡灾害、断裂蠕滑作用对斜坡应力场和稳定性的影响、断裂活动为地质灾害链提供大量物源等方面,揭示了活动断裂带地质灾害效应的主要表现形式。综合以上研究进展和存在的问题,提出了今后值得关注的主要研究方向,对于活动构造区工程地质研究和防灾减灾具有指导意义。     

上海长江隧道过民房段地表变位预测及控制研究

复杂环境条件下大型泥水盾构施工诱发的地表变位的预测与控制是亟待深入研究的重要课题。结合上海长江隧道超大型泥水盾构推进工程,对其上行线隧道穿越民房段前试验段的地表沉降监测数据进行了分析,并采用随机介质理论预测了2条隧道单独及共同施工引起的横向地表变形和位移,据以制定了民房段施工地表变位控制措施。实例分析证明,预测方法和控制措施具有科学性、有效性,有一定的实用价值。     

软岩浅埋隧道施工工法比选

目前在高速公路软岩浅埋隧道施工中均不同程度地出现了围岩坍塌、地表产生大面积沉降等问题。广福隧道某浅埋段,地质条件复杂,断面大、岩性差,受构造影响比较严重,而且顶板厚度比较薄,易发生坍塌、冒顶现象。为确保浅埋段隧道的施工安全,尽量减少隧道开挖引起的地层沉降和围岩变形,采用FLAC3D对4种施工工法全断面法、短台阶法、单侧壁导坑法和双侧壁导坑法进行模拟,分析了4种工法下地表沉降、隧道围岩周边位移和塑性区的变化特点,选出一种技术可行、经济合理的施工工法,得出一些有意义的结论。     

隧道开挖地表沉降动态预测及影响因素分析

城市地铁隧道施工不可避免地对围岩产生扰动引起地表沉降,动态预测隧道开挖引起的地表沉降是确保地表建构筑物与隧道施工安全的重要基础。针对隧道施工过程中地表沉降难以准确动态预测的问题,在定义纵向开挖度系数? 的基础上,建立横向地表沉降动态预测模型。该模型能够描述同一监测位置沉降曲线随掌子面推进而不断变化的规律,实现施工现场沉降动态预测。结果表明：在特定约束条件下,该模型能够退化为Peck模型以及随机介质理论预测模型;通过现场施工验证了该动态预测模型的准确性与适用性;基于纵向开挖度系数? 将隧道沿纵向分为强烈、中度和轻度共3个影响段,较好地反映了开挖掌子面在不同位置对同一监测截面的影响程度;通过分析建筑物和隔离桩对地表沉降曲线的影响可知,建筑物与其附近地层呈现出协同变形、共同承载的特征,在隧道一侧添加地质钻隔离桩对该侧地表沉降值的减小程度可达71.9%。研究成果对滇中引水工程现场施工与类似工程具有一定指导和借鉴意义。     

不同开挖方法偏压大跨隧道围岩稳定性对比分析

偏压地形对大跨隧道的围岩变形和支护结构受力有较大的负面影响,科学选择开挖方法是确保隧道施工安全的重要前提。Hoek-Brown强度准则综合考虑岩体结构面特征、岩块强度和施工扰动对岩体劣化效应的影响,能更好地反映隧道开挖过程中围岩的变形情况。据此,本文以贵阳市环城路七冲村二号隧道为工程依托,通过现场调查及经验查表的方法确定了Hoek-Brown强度参数,采用FLAC3D对三台阶法和双侧壁导洞法的开挖过程进行了模拟计算,结合现场围岩变形和钢拱架轴力监测数据,对两种开挖方法的围岩稳定性进行了对比分析,得出结论:相比于三台阶法,双侧壁导洞法能更有效地控制围岩塑性区发展和围岩变形,可以有效地减少偏压荷载对隧道围岩造成的不利影响,但钢拱架受力不均匀,可能对支护结构稳定产生不利影响;综合考虑施工安全和施工进度,围岩较破碎的隧道出口段和入口段应采用双侧壁导洞法施工,围岩较完整的其他区间段可采用三台阶法施工,以节省工期。     

钢管预加固措施对隧洞围岩变形的影响分析

隧道洞口段埋深浅,围岩松散,自稳能力较差,开挖后洞内及地表均出现多条裂缝。经方案比选,采用钢花管对洞顶及两侧部分的地表和隧道地基与拱脚部位进行注浆加固。在注浆加固施工的过程中,隧洞内也同时开挖,几种工序的施工扰动产生叠加,势必对隧道的稳定及安全产生影响。结合工程实践,对洞内开挖及地表注浆工况并结合隧道监测数据进行分析,得出一些初步结论。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.