辽河口芦苇湿地土壤微生物数量及酶活性与石油污染的关系

对辽河口芦苇湿地不同程度柴油污染土壤柴油降解过程中微生物活性的变化进行研究,结果表明不同程度柴油污染会对土壤石油降解菌数量、脱氢酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性和脂肪酶活性造成影响:柴油浓度为1000μg/g时TPHs去除率达90%以上,石油降解菌数量和3种酶活性均显著提高;柴油浓度≥5000μg/g时TPHs去除率都可达70%以上,脱氢酶活性显著提高,石油降解菌数量、过氧化氢酶和脂肪酶活性也都有所提高。其中脱氢酶活性对土壤柴油污染最为敏感,可作为评估湿地土壤柴油污染程度以及去除效果的生物指标。     

渤海原油的蒸发风化对油指纹的影响

选取渤海3个不同区块不同平台的原油样品,进行室内蒸发风化模拟实验.采用气相色谱法和气相色谱一质谱联用法,分析了在不同风化程度(最大风化、最大风化的1/3、最大风化的2/3)下正构烷烃、生物标志化合物以及用于溢油鉴别的诊断比值在风化过程中的变化特征,探讨了渤海不同原油的蒸发变化过程,对渤海溢油鉴定具有重要的借鉴作用.     

原油中的正构烷烃类在海沙和海水中风化的模拟实验

通过自然条件下沙表层和水面溢油的模拟风化实验,采用GC-MS作为检测器,研究原油中的正构烷烃在厦门地区的风化规律.结果表明,在一个月的风化模拟实验中,两种不同介质溢油风化均明显体现轻组分的正构烷烃丢失现象,且正构烷烃组分在水面溢油的风化速率低于沙表层溢油速率1～2个碳数.沙上模拟实验后期APr/APh比值明显受到风化影响,诊断比值不适用于油源鉴别.诊断比值An-C17/APr、An-C18/APh在短期风化过程中受风化影响小.水面溢油模拟实验结束后发现水体中n-C13-n-C29的正构烷烃组分含量升高2.9%～327.4%.     

胶州湾沉积物中石油降解菌的降解能力及多样性研究

2013年青岛输油管道爆炸,大量石油污染了附近海岸。课题组采集了污染的沉积物样品,以原油为唯一碳源和能源,富集了四个石油降解菌群。生物多样性和群落分析表明,Luteibacter、Parvibaculum 和属于食烷菌科的一个属是降解菌群的主要优势菌,都属于变形菌门。从石油降解菌群中分离筛选,获得了9株具有不同16S rRNA基因序列的降解菌,分别属于8个属。重量法测定降解菌的石油降解率,其中5株的石油降解率大于30%。GC-MS分析结果表明,石油降解菌多倾向于降解烷烃,对多环芳烃的降解能力较差,其中5株细菌的烷烃降解率较大,仅1株菌D2对多环芳烃的降解率较大,其降解率在34.9%到77.5%。通过对高通量数据的分析,表明食烷菌属是菌群A和菌群E的主要降解菌群,其中筛选获得的菌株E4可能是菌群E的一株优势降解菌。本研究所筛选菌株证明了其石油降解潜力,为油污染海滩生物修复提供了菌株资源。     

Phytoremediation of small-scale oil spills in fresh marsh environments: a mesocosm simulation

Research was conducted to assess the impact of oiling on fresh-marsh plant communities and to test the efficacy of techniques that may be used to enhance the bioremediation of crude oil spills in these environments while minimizing secondary anthropogenic impacts. To emulate field conditions, a mesocosm facility was used that houses 120 mesocosm vessels, each of 200-1 capacity. A five-way factorial treatment arrangement was used that included two substrates (inorganic, organic), two nutrient regimes (fertilized, not fertilized), two aeration levels (substrate aeration, no aeration), three oiling concentrations (0-, 5-, 10-1 m(-2) of South Louisiana Sweet Crude oil), and four vascular plant species (Alternanthera philoxeroides, Panicum hemitomon, Phragmites australis, Sagittaria lancifolia, and an unplanted control). Under the 5- and 10-1 m(-2) oiling concentrations, S. lancifolia displayed a short-term response of increased productivity, whereas P. hemitomon had the highest biomass production and photosynthetic rates at the end of the 18-month experiment. Overall plant growth and productivity, as well as oil degradation, were significantly higher in the inorganic substrate, indicating that biodegradation of oil spills in organic substrates may require a longer time period. Time-released fertilizer also stimulated plant productivity and resulted in higher soil respiratory quotients, suggestive of greater microbial activity, particularly in aerated mesocosms. The amount of oil remaining after 18 months was lowest in aerated and fertilized mesocosms containing either P. hemitomon or S. lancifolia and a substrate of low organic matter content.     

南沙深海沉积物中石油降解菌的分离鉴定和多样性分析

为了解我国南沙海域中石油降解菌的多样性,认识其在环境自净中作用并获得用于石油污染生物修复的菌种资源,以不同链长烷烃及支链烷烃对南沙深海沉积物样品进行富集与烃降解菌的分离鉴定,并结合16S rRNA基因文库和DGGE技术对降解菌群的结构进行了分析.结果表明：通过16S rRNA基因文库构建及PCR-DGGE分析发现,不同链长烷烃富集后的菌群中,食烷菌（Alcanivorax）在各降解菌群中都是绝对优势菌;另外,除烃海杆菌（Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus）、海绵假单胞菌（Pseudomonas pachastrellae）,以及Idiomarina与Kangiella属的细菌也是菌群中较重要的优势菌.此外,通过2种平板培养基从烷烃富集的降解菌群中分离获得了8个不同属的细菌.本研究还首次发现Kangiella属（食烷菌科）的细菌可能参与了烷烃降解.南沙沉积物烷烃降解菌多为γ-Proteobacteria;其中,食烷菌科（Alcanivoraceae）（Alcanivorax与Kangiella属）的细菌在降解菌群中是绝对优势菌,假单胞菌与海杆菌在烷烃降解过程中也起着重要作用.     

海洋沉积物中生物扰动对微生物降解石油烃的影响

室内试验研究小头虫的生物扰动作用对沉积物油污降解的影响。实验在混加定量20~#柴油的小生境中进行6个月。期间对氧化还原电位不连续展(RPD)深度,Eh,烃类氧化菌菌量以及油浓度等参数做了连续测定。结果表明,小头虫的生物扰动作用通过改善沉积物次表层氧含量水平而促进了烃类氧化菌的生长,并因此使得沉积物中油污的生物降解提高了15％。     

Characteristics and origin of carbon isotopes of n-alkanes in crude oils from the western Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China sea

The quantitative characterization of carbon isotopes of n-alkanes is commonly carried out in organic geochemical studies. Possible controls on carbon isotopes include source organic matter, maturity, fractionation during oil expulsion and migration, and the mixing of different oils. In this study of the origin of crude oils in the western Pearl River Mouth Basin, the influences of all of these factors have been considered in reaching a conclusion. Carbon isotopes of n-alkanes in the crude oils, and the extracts of the two effective source rocks (the Wenchang and Enping formations) in the basin, exhibit clear differences. The Wenchang source rocks have heavy δ¹³C values that remain almost constant or become slightly heavier with increasing carbon number. The Enping source rocks have light δ¹³C values that become lighter with increasing carbon number. Two groups of oils in this area were identified based on the carbon isotopes of the n-alkanes; groupIoils are similar to extracts of the Wenchang source rocks. However, the groupIIoils are different from both the Wenchang and Enping source rocks and the carbon isotopic profiles of their n-alkanes exhibit a “V” feature with increasing carbon number. The results of artificial thermal maturation experiments indicate that, from the early stage to the peak stage of oil generation (with EasyRo between 0.64% and 1.02%), the δ¹³C values of n-alkanes in the pyrolysis oils become heavier by about 3‰ with increasing thermal maturity, but the shape of the carbon isotopic profiles are not significantly changed. Calculated δ¹³C values of n-alkanes in “mixed” artificial pyrolysis oils indicate that the mixture of oils generated from the same source rocks with different maturities could not change the carbon isotopic profile of the n-alkanes, however, a mixing of the Wenchang and Enping oils could give the “V” feature in the profiles, similar to the groupIIoils in this area. The groupIIoils appear to be mixed Wenchang and Enping oils, the latter being the dominant component in the mixture. We conclude that the source organic matter and the degree of mixing are the main factors controlling the carbon isotopic characteristics of n-alkanes in crude oils in the western Pearl River Mouth Basin.     

石油烃降解细菌对正烷烃的降解作用研究

报道使用气相色谱法测定了石油烃降解 细菌对柴油的正烷烃的降解作用。结果表明,石油烃降解细菌对正烷烃有明显的降解作用, 混合菌株的降解率明显高于单菌株的降解率;在20℃的条件下,经过21d后,绝大部分的正 烷烃被降解。总的降解率为94.93%, 其中细菌的降解率为75.67%, 理化因子降解率为19.26% ;温度对正烷烃的降解率有明显的影响,在10℃时,其降解速度较慢,20℃降解加快,35℃ 温度使正烷烃的降解速度最快。     

广西珍珠湾红树林湿地沉积物烃类物质的分布及来源解析

为研究广西珍珠湾红树林湿地表层沉积物有机质中烃类化合物的分布特征及来源,于2021年9月采集珍珠湾红树林湿地表层沉积物样品13件,对沉积物中的正构烷烃和多环芳烃（PAHs）进行测试分析。分析结果表明：珍珠湾红树林湿地表层沉积物中正构烷烃的含量（干重）为362.17～10 390.72 ng/g,PAHs含量（干重）为7.76～28.06 ng/g,总体处于含量较低的水平;特征参数比值法分析结果显示,正构烷烃主要来源于陆源非浮水草本植物,未受石油及其衍生品的污染;PAHs具有大分子化合物占优势的特征,同分异构体比值法分析结果表明PAHs的潜在来源有石油、石油燃烧和煤炭草木燃烧,主成分分析-多元线性回归分析结果表明,其来源主要为混合燃烧源（＞52%）,其次为石油污染源;应用效应区间低/中值法对PAHs进行生态风险评价,结果表明PAHs生态风险处于较低水平。     

锦州油田无碱二元复合驱实验研究

针对锦州油田的条件及开采现状,进行了α烯烃磺酸盐类表面活性剂HDS及SNF聚合物组成的二元复合体系（SIP）提高采收率的室内研究。考查了HDS表面活性剂的界面张力特性以及吸附特征;进行了二元复合体系的界面张力、表观黏度及岩心驱替等实验。结果表明：HDS表面活性剂油水平衡界面张力可以降低到超低数量级（10mN／m）,吸附损失小（0．2％浓度HDS≤2．0mg／g）;二元复合体系油水平衡界面张力也能达到超低;黏度保持率高（≥90％）,配伍性好,相对水驱提高采收率20％以上。故HDS表面活性剂是性能优良的表面活性剂,HDS与SNF聚合物组成的无碱二元复合体系能大大提高锦州油田的采收率,无碱二元复合驱是适合锦州油田开发的新技术。     

Toxicity of Santa Barbara seep oil to starfish embryos: Part 3—influence of parental exposure and the effects of other crude oils

We exposed the bat starfish, Patiria miniata, to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of oil from a natural seep near Santa Barbara, California, during the first 48 hours of embryological growth. There were no consistent differences among populations whose parents were from areas with differing levels of hydrocarbon exposure. In a second experiment, the order of decreasing toxicity of crude oils to the embryos was: Monterey Zone > Rincon Zone > Prudhoe Bay > Isla Vista Seep. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of natural seeps and oil characteristics.     

珠江口咸淡水交汇区水中COD_（Mn）、油类、砷自净规律的试验研究

用采自珠江口咸淡水交汇区河段的水和沉积物进行自净试验。试验池内介质由某一段面的水和相应断面的沉积物组成。试验按加入和未加入污染物、流动状态和静止状态的条件组合进行。从试验获得的数据看，在加入污染物的试验池水中，ＣＯＤＭｎ、油类和砷含量变化有如下规律：以石油含量降解最为迅速，在１—３ｄ内可降至未加入水平；其次是砷，自净速度与盐度有关，其含量降解５０％时在低盐度水试验池中为６ｈ，在盐度较高水中约需２ｄ，水中ＣＯＤＭｎ、油类和砷的自净作用在试验开始后的第一天里进行最快；相同介质的试验池比较，动态条件比静态条件更有利于水中污染物的自净。此外，还应用试验结果对珠江口咸淡水交汇区水中污染物自净效应作了初步的估算。     

海面溢油无人机高光谱遥感检测与厚度估算方法

海上溢油是海洋国家所面临的共同问题,但至今仍没有一种可靠实用的海上溢油准确识别和油量遥感监测方法。为此,本文以无人机高光谱遥感为手段,开展了海面溢油检测与厚度估算方法研究。实验中,通过搭建室外大型水槽溢油实验装置,获取了模拟真实海洋环境条件下不同溢油量的遥感和现场光谱数据,在此基础上,分析并提取了海上溢油特征光谱波段,给出了海上溢油高光谱检测模型;针对现场实验条件下水面油膜厚度难以测定的问题,设计了3种利用总体溢油量的油膜厚度估算模型。得到如下主要结论:（1）675 nm和699 nm是海上溢油检测的有效特征波段,但对极薄的油膜没有检测能力;（2）提出了归一化溢油指数模型、反比例模型和吸收基线模型等3种海上溢油油膜厚度估算模型,其中对于薄油膜（厚度≤ 5 μm）和厚油膜（厚度>50 μm）,反比例模型是溢油厚度反演的首选也是唯一选择。对于中厚度油膜,晴朗天气条件下,归一化溢油指数模型是油膜厚度反演的首选,同时反比例模型和溢油吸收基线模型也都有较好的反演能力,而在多云天气条件下,反比例模型效果最佳。     

海洋溢油的风化过程研究

水体中石油的分布与归宿取决于溢油风化.在溢油扩散漂移的同时,发生油类蒸发与溶解过程.石油烃在光能的激发和微量金属离子的催化下会发生氧化反应.石油入海后,在风、浪的作用下很容易发生乳化作用.油膜和分散液滴可附在海洋中悬浮颗粒物上沉淀,溶解的烃类吸附在固体颗粒物上沉淀.石油烃类的生物化学作用为其决定性降解作用.油的风化是许多不同过程的综合过程,它们是同时发生,互相影响的.未来需要在组成、性质和行为相互关系的研究基础上进行.在分子水平上系统研究溢油风化过程对于溢油事故发生后肇事者的确定、危害评价以及生物修复效果评估等具有重要的指导意义.     

柴油的中重度风化鉴别指标研究

以柴油为研究对象,采用溢油风化模拟实验,从分子级水平揭示中长期风化作用对溢油组成的影响。利用相对偏差和重复性限法进行评价和筛选,研究表明,柴油在较短时间(10 d)内,phytane/n-C18和pristine/phytane特征比率可较好地作为油品鉴别的依据;在10~30 d的风化期间,pristine/phytane仍可作为油品鉴别的依据;较长期的风化过程后,上述三个正构烷烃特征比率对于油品鉴别已不再具备意义。所选多环芳烃诊断比值指标中,除MNR、MP/P外,其他参数(MPI-1,MPI-2,Rc,MPDF1,MPDF2,MNR)相对标准偏差在1.10%~5.40%,可较好地用于重度风化溢油源鉴定。     

Characteristics of Alkanes in Ferromanganese Nodules of the Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone

This work presents the first results of a comparative study on the composition and distribution of organic matter (OM) (TOC, n-alkanes, pristane, phytane) in ferromanganese nodules and underlying sediments (0–1 cm) from three sites within the Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone, Pacific Ocean. Samples were collected during Cruise 120 of the RSS James Cook in 2015. The studied nodules differ in size, shape, and morphology. The TOC content in the nodules is 0.15% on average with insignificant variations which is less than in the sediments. The molecular composition of n-alkanes in the nodules is mainly determined by modern bacterial activity with high preservation of terrigenous n-alkanes in the environment of the ore deposit formation.     

Lipid biomarkers in suspended particles from a subtropical estuary: assessment of seasonal changes in sources and transport of organic matter

Temporal and spatial variations in the composition of particulate organic matter (POM) from Florida Bay, USA were examined. The predominance of short-chain homologues for n-alkanes, n-alcohols and n-fatty acids as well as relatively high abundance of C(27) and C(28) sterols suggested that an autochthonous/marine source of OM was dominant bay-wide. Several biomarker proxies such as P(aq) [(C(23)+C(25))/(C(23)+C(25)+C(29)+C(31)) n-alkanes], short/long chain n-alkanes, (C(29)+C(31)) n-alkanes and taraxerol indicated a spatial shift in OM sources, where terrestrial OM rapidly decreased while seagrass and microbial OM markedly increased along a northeastern to southwestern transect. Regarding seasonal variations, POM collected during the dry season was enriched in terrestrial constituents relative to the wet season, likely as a result of reduced primary productivity of planktonic species and seagrasses during the dry season. Principal component analysis (PCA) classified the sample set into sub-groups based on PC1 which seemed to be spatially controlled by OM origin (terrestrial-mangrove vs. marine-planktonic/seagrass). The PC2 seemed to be more seasonally controlled suggesting that hydrological fluctuations and seasonal primary productivity are the drivers controlling the POM composition in Florida Bay.     

The occurrence of hydrocarbons and histopathological abnormalities in oysters for seven years following the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz in Brittany (France)

A study of the main oyster areas polluted by the Amoco Cadiz oil spill (Abers, Baie de Morlaix) was carried out between 1978 and 1985 by chemical analyses (mainly aromatic hydrocarbon determinations) and histopathological observations of lesions in the digestive tracts and gonads of oysters. The hydrocarbon content in oyster tissues was monitored and analyzed by UV spectrofluorimetry, and gas and liquid chromatographic techniques.Seven years after the Amoco Cadiz wreck, the oysters sampled in the AberBenoit and in the Baie de Morlaix (Carantec) are still polluted with residual aromatic hydrocarbons, corresponding, respectively, to about five and two times the values from an unpolluted site (Baie de Saint-Brieuc). Since petroleum residues are buried in anaerobic sediments, especially in the Abers areas, they are expected to persist and accordingly may still contaminate oysters for several more years.Depuration kinetics of contaminated flat and Pacific oysters from the heavily polluted zones (Abers, Carantec) were studied and compared with that of healthy oysters transplanted in the same areas. The decontamination rates of oysters after transfer to a clean environment were heavily dependent on the duration of oil exposure.Necrosis and inflammation were the most significant and noticeable changes occurring during the first months after the pollution. Atrophy of the gonadal cells was detected in the oysters from the Abers only during the first six months of the study. No neoplastic and parasitic diseases have been related to this oil spill.