Methods of identifying gas-bearing reservoirs by logs and applications of volcanic formations

The authors generalized the methods how to identify and evaluate gas zones using logs, and put forward the methods of crossplots and overlays of porosity logs on the identification of volcanic gas-bearing reservoirs in the northern Songliao Basin with good results. This study provides technical clues in deep formations and offers References for other areas to identify oil and gas layers.     

Wellsite Evaluation Method of Undercompacted Formation

Staring from the view point of practical application, based on large amount of pressure well- logging data home and abroad, the author demonstrated how to distinguish overpressure Formation using wellsite data througl selected methods such as drilling parameters, rock cutting analysis, drilling fluid parameters, and electric welline logs.     

Wellsite Evaluation Method of Undercompacted Formation

IntroductionAny of the drilling operation is risky. The riskwould be higher especially when entering the unknown over - pressure Formation. So, we have todetect and evaluate the FOrmation pressure by allmeans (Table 1) in order to have the safe drillingop…     

Investigation on influence factors of dual laterologs curve form

In order to investigate the influences of caliper, formation thickness and invaded zone on the form of dual laterologs, forward modeling technique were applied to calculate the dual laterologs for different cases. The result shows that the resistivity logs become smoother and lower as the borehole diameter increases, the increase of the contrast between mud resistivity and formation resistivity induce the logs to be more pointed. When the formation thickness is less than 1m, the two-peak on the logs for resistive invasion vanished, and for thickness between 1 m and 4 m, the form of logs does not vary significantly. If the formation thickness is greater than 4 m, a platform appears on the logs at the middle of the formation. The thinner the invaded zone is, the more obvious the invasion feature on the laterologs is. For thick invaded zone the form of logs tend to be that of an uninvaded resistive formation. The form and amplitude of logs depend on the resistivity contrast between invaded zone, uninvaded formation and adjacentlayers.     

Investigation on influence factors of dual laterologs curve form

In order to investigate the influences of caliper, formation thickness and invaded zone on the form of dual laterologs, forward modeling technique were applied to calculate the dual laterologs for different cases. The result shows that the resistivity logs become smoother and lower as the borehole diameter increases, the increase of the contrast between mud resistivity and formation resistivity induce the logs to be more pointed. When the formation thickness is less than lm, the two-peak on the logs for resistive invasion vanished, and for thickness between 1 m and 4 m, the form of logs does not vary significantly. If the formation thickness is greater than 4 m, a platform appears on the logs at the middle of the formation. The thinner the invaded zone is, the more obvious the invasion feature on the laterologs is. For thick invaded zone the form of logs tend to be that of an uninvaded resistive formation. The form and amplitude of logs depend on the resistivity contrast between invaded zone, uninvaded formation and adjacentlayers.     

高温高压欠压实地层烃类检测方法研究:以莺歌海盆地东方X区为例

莺歌海盆地中深层发育高温高压气藏,由于晚期快速沉降和快速沉积形成了巨厚的欠压实泥岩。受高温高压特殊成藏的影响,位于莺歌海盆地中央泥底辟构造带西南面的东方X区高温高压储层的地震反射特征十分复杂,欠压实泥岩的存在直接影响地震亮点,造成该区地震亮点指示作用失效。受高温高压复杂地质情况的影响,直接应用常规的烃类检测方法存在一定的问题,因此,首先分析了东方X区的岩石物理特性,发现欠压实效应是影响该区烃类检测技术的关键因素,继而利用欠压实条件下的叠前反演方法以及分频成像方法对东方X区进行了烃类检测。实例分析表明,本方法能够有效识别和预测出该区含气目标,为该区的进一步勘探开发布井提供一定的依据。      

AVO character research of natural gas hydrates in the East China Sea

Natural gas hydrates are considered as strategic resources with commercial potential in the 21st century. Obvious BSR characteristics will be shown on seismic profiles, if there exist natural gas hydrates. The AVO method is one of the methods which can be used to identify and forecast lithologic characteristics and fluid properties by using the relationship between Amplitude and Offset. AVO anomaly is one of the significant signs to check out whether or not there is free gas below the BSR, so it can be used to detect natural gas hydrates from the seismic profile. Considering the geological and geophysical characteristics of the Okinawa Trough and making use of the techniques mentioned above, we can conclude that the conditions there are favorable for the formation and concentration of natural gas hydrates. By analyzing the data collected from the study area, one can discover many different anomalous phenomena on the seismic profile which are related to the existence of natural gas hydrates. Preliminary estimation of the natural gas hydrates in the Okinawa Trough shows that the trough is rich in natural gas hydrates and may become a potential important resources exploration area.     

Study of the Sensitive Properties of Marine Gas Hydrate Based on the Prestack Elastic Inversion

Using a bottom simulating reflector(BSR) on a seismic profile to identify marine gas hydrate is a traditional seismic exploration method. However, owing to the abundance differences between the gas hydrate and free gas in different regions, the BSR may be unremarkable on the seismic profile and invisible in certain cases. With the improvement of exploration precision, difficulty arises in meeting the requirements of distinguishing the abundance differences in the gas hydrate based on BSR. Hence, we studied other sensitive attributes to ascertain the existence of gas hydrate and its abundance variations, eventually improving the success rate of drilling and productivity. In this paper, we analyzed the contradiction between the seismic profile data and drilling sampling data from the Blake Ridge. We extracted different attributes and performed multi-parameter constraint analysis based on the prestack elastic wave impedance inversion. Then, we compared the analysis results with the drilling sampling data. Eventually, we determined five sensitive attributes that can better indicate the existence of gas hydrate and its abundance variations. This method overcomes the limitations of recognizing the gas hydrate methods based on BSR or single inversion attribute. Moreover, the conclusions can notably improve the identification accuracy of marine gas hydrate and provide excellent reference significance for the recognition of marine gas hydrate. Notably, the different geological features of reservoirs feature different sensitivities to the prestacking attributes when using the prestack elastic inversion in different areas.     

叠前同步反演技术在渤海海域QHD29-2区块油气预测中的应用

针对渤海海域QHD29-2区块主要含油气层段埋深大、地震资料纵向分辨率低,采用叠前AVO同步反演技术对该区块进行储层预测.通过精细的岩石物理分析,选取反映目的层段岩性和流体敏感的弹性参数进行交会分析.结果表明:泊松阻抗(PI)属性为目标区岩性敏感弹性参数;拉梅常数为最敏感流体弹性参数,能够有效判别储层的流体性质.在此基础上进行叠前AVO同步反演,预测QHD29-2区块东营组三段流体的展布范围,预测结果与评价井D井实钻情况吻合,证实该反演方法具有实用性和有效性.     

克拉玛依油田八区克上组砾岩油藏测井描述

克拉玛依油田八区克上组储层发育,油气资源丰富,为克拉玛依油田八区的主力油藏.在该油藏研究中,充分利用已有的测井资料,首先研究了测井资料的标准化方法和以测井曲线为基础的岩心归位方法,进而采用神经网络技术将测井信息转化为地质信息,通过该区117口井资料的综合解释和评价处理,为储层研究提供了基本地质参数和油气评价结论,并采用克里金估计模型绘制了砂体分布、油层有效厚度、孔隙度、渗透率及含油饱和度的平面空间分布图,全面分析了储层在空间的分布规律,为区块油藏综合治理和开发提供了可靠依据.     

海陆过渡相优质页岩测井识别:以鄂尔多斯盆地大宁-吉县地区山2段为例

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘海陆过渡相地层矿物组成复杂,页岩与砂岩、煤等岩性频繁交互,岩性纵向变化快。由于常规测井曲线分辨率较低,且扩径现象普遍,导致海相页岩气评价中常用的岩性识别与优质页岩识别方法效果较差。首先利用反褶积技术提高自然伽马、无铀伽马和铀测井曲线分辨率,然后通过测井交会图组合图版分别识别海陆过渡相地层岩性和页岩岩相,进一步通过新提出的铀-自然电位曲线重叠法识别海陆过渡相优质页岩。结果表明：反褶积技术能有效提高自然伽马、无铀伽马和铀曲线分辨率,利用自然伽马-密度测井交会图识别海陆过渡相地层岩性效果较好;铀-无铀伽马交会图能进一步识别3种岩相页岩(钙质硅质页岩、硅质黏土质页岩和黏土质页岩);在海陆过渡相地层中,新提出的铀-自然电位重叠法比传统ΔlogR法识别优质页岩效果更好。本研究可为海陆过渡相页岩气储层测井评价提供理论支持,提高优质页岩识别准确率。     

致密砂岩储层“甜点”识别及评价方法

四川盆地北部须家河组须四段为辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,砂体极其发育,而因须四段整体埋深大、储层非均质性强、孔隙结构复杂,储层"甜点"识别和综合评价成为制约该区低渗透致密砂岩储层勘探开发的关键。基于大量薄片观察鉴定,结合测井、录井资料,分析了控制特低渗透致密砂岩储层的关键地质因素,提出因子分析法定性识别致密砂岩储层"甜点"模型和定量评价标准,并对四川盆地北部目标区块须四段储层进行综合评价。结果证实:①致密砂岩储层局部存在物性较好的"甜点"区;②因子分析法提取的3个参数因子能定性解释致密砂岩储层特征,准确识别"甜点"段;③因子分析法定量评价结果与四川盆地北部须四段实际勘探开发效果吻合,相对于常规评价方法准确率大幅提高;④川北地区须四段储层可划分为三类,目标区块主要发育Ⅱ类储层,该区块东南部北东向为天然气富集区,是气藏开发的重点区域。      

Effect of environmental gradients on the quantity and quality of fallen logs in Tsuga longibracteata forest in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve, Fujian province, China

We investigated the quantity and quality 0f fallen l0gs in different Tsuga l0ngibracteata f0rest c0mmunities in the Tianba0yan Nati0nal Nature Reserve. We used redundancy analysis t0 determine the spatial distributi0n 0f fallen l0gs in the different f0rest c0mmunities and t0 analyze the relati0nships am0ng stand structure, t0p0graphic fact0rs and human disturbance. The v0lume, c0vered area, mean l0g length and number 0f fallen l0gs differed significantly am0ng f0rest types （P 〈 0.05）, but mean diameter at breast height sh0wed n0 significant difference （P 〉 0.05）. The l0g v0lume and c0vered area in different f0rest types sh0wed the f0ll0wing trend： T. l0ngibracteata pure f0rest 〈 T. l0ngibracteata ＋ Olig0staehyum scabrifl0rur 〈 T. l0ngibraeteata ＋ hardw00d 〈 Rh0d0dendr0n simiarum ＋ T. l0ngibraeteata 〈 T. l0ngibraeteata ＋ Phyll0stachys heter0cycla pubescens. The spatial distributi0n patterns 0f l0gs quantity and quality indicated that l0g v0lume and c0vered area were str0ngly affected by envir0nmental fact0rs in the f0ll0wing 0rder： human disturbance 〉 elevati0n 〉 sl0pe p0siti0n 〉 b0le height 〉 tree height 〉 sl0pe aspect 〉 density 〉 basal area 〉 sl0pe gradient. The relative c0ntributi0n 0f envir0nmental variables 0n the t0tal variance was t0p0graphy （76%） 〉 disturbance （42%） 〉 stand structure （35%）. T0p0graphy and disturbance c0mbined explained 8.2% 0f the variance. Fallen l0~s auantitv and aualitvwere negatively related t0 elevati0n and sl0pe p0siti0n, and p0sitively ass0ciated t0 human disturbance. The l0g v0lume decreased fr0m n0rthern t0 s0uthern sl0pes. Envir0nmental fact0rs had the highest impact 0n class I （slightly decayed）, and l0west impact 0n class V （highly decayed）.     

Experimental studies on debris flow with logs focusing on specific weight difference of log species

There are many experimental approaches,field investigations and numerical calculations for movements of woods in a clear water and debris flow.However,kinematic conditions for accumulated logs and the interactions between a main flow and logs have not been fully evaluated.Mitigations for woods need taking into account the characteristics of tree species such as conifer and broad-leaf trees and of shapes such as root swells and crown.In the present study,we focus on the differences in specific weight of conifer and broad-leaf trees with some moisture in a sediment-water mixture flow with narrow flow width,and consider that conifer and broad-leaf tree are floating and submerged solid phase,respectively.Flume tests are conducted in steady flow of clear and debris flow over a rigid bed in order to evaluate conifer and broad-leaf tree movement in clear water and debris flow.Experimental data indicates that dimensionless transverse diffusion coefficient can be 0.1 to 0.4 and 0.3 to 0.9 in flow direction.Those diffusive characteristics seem to be independent of Reynolds number and Froude number,but dependent of bed slope,i.e.,gravity,though detailed considerations are needed to discuss about flow characteristics such as spatial eddy structures,momentum transfer induced by interactions of logs and so on.     

Logs and Snags in a Shola Forest of Kerala, India

Introduction Dead wood is an important structural and functional component of a forest ecosystem(Fridman and Welheim 2000). Recent studies also indicate that dead wood is important for maintaining both plant and animal diversity in different forest ecosystems (Grove 2001) as it serve as an energy source (Bray and Gorham 1964) and habitat for an array of organisms. Dead wood can also help reduce erosion, increase soil organic matters (McFee and Stone 1966), and suitable conditions for seedli…     

常规测井气测资料在H油田K油藏碳酸盐岩储层流体识别中的应用

K油藏是中东伊拉克H油田重要的油气产层, 储层裂缝基本不发育, 储集空间主要为基质孔隙和溶孔, 渗透率极差范围大, 孔渗相关性较差。储层厚度大, 层间非均质性极强, 使得仅依靠常规测井资料和传统的测井评价方法来评价该区域碳酸盐岩储层流体性质识别效果差, 针对该问题, 进行H油田K油藏流体识别研究。通过分析常规测井资料发现, 深浅电阻率比值可以较好地划分水和烃类。在分析总结气测全烃曲线的形态特征及所对应的储层流体性质基础上, 发现气测曲线对于不同流体性质形态差异明显, 因此考虑利用气测曲线进行水和烃类进一步划分。统计发现重烃比值和烃气密度指数可以较好划分油水同层和水层, 为了定量表征识别过程建立水层-油水同层气测曲线识别法(ECR1), ECR1大于0为油水同层, 反之为水层。以烃气湿度指数、轻烃比值、挖掘效应可以较好划分气层和油层, 以此为基础建立气层-油层气测曲线识别法(ECR2), ECR2大于0为气层, 反之为油层。以该模型对H油田K油藏13口井38个小层的应用表明, 其识别符合率达到81.58%, 识别精确度高, 能满足研究区实际需要。通过建立的气测曲线识别法(ECR)模型, 在H油田K油藏取得较好应用效果, 可为本区块后续勘探开发具有一定借鉴意义, 同时也可以为国内外类似碳酸盐岩储层流体识别提供参考。      

Applications of variogram modeling to electrical resistivity data for the occurrence and distribution of saline groundwater in Domail Plain,northwestern Himalayan fold and thrust belt,Pakistan

This paper studies electrical resistivity dataset acquired for a groundwater study in the Domail Plain in the northwestern Himalayan section of Pakistan. Through a combination of geostatistical analysis, geophysical inversion and visualization techniques, it is possible to re-model and visualize the single dimension resistivity data into 2D and 3D space. The variogram models are utilized to extend the interpretation of the data and to distinguish individual lithologic units and the occurrence of saline water within the subsurface. The resistivity data has been calibrated with the lithological logs taken from the available boreholes. As such the alluvial system of the Domail Plain has formed during episodes of local tectonic activity with fluvial erosion and deposition yielding coarse sediments with high electrical resistivities near to the mountain ranges and finer sediments with medium to low electrical resistivities which tend to settle in the basin center. Thus a change is depositional setting happened from basin lacustrine environment to flash flooding during the Himalayan orogeny. The occurrence of rock salt in the northern mountains has imparted a great influence on the groundwater quality of the study area. The salt is dissolved by water which infiltrates into the subsurface through the water channels. Variogram aided gridding of resistivity data helps to identify the occurrence and distribution of saline water in the subsurface.     

Analysis on structure of igneous formation with fractal dimension of logs

Reflecting the structure of igneous formation by calculating fractal dimension of logs, the fractal di- mension of pyroclastic is larger than lava. Structure of pyroclastic is more complicated than that of lava, so reflecting the structure of igneous formation＇s complexity with fractal dimension is feasible. It is feasible to reflect the structure of igneous formation＇s complexity with fractal dimension.     

Analysis on structure of igneous formation with fractal dimension of logs

Reflecting the structure of igneous formation by calculating fractal dimension of logs, the fractal dimension of pyroclastic is larger than lava. Structure of pyroclastic is more complicated than that of lava, so reflecting the structure of igneous formation's complexity with fractal dimension is feasible. It is feasible to refleet the structure of igneous formation's complexity with fractal dimension.     

Estimation of potential distribution of gas hydrate in the northern South China Sea

Gas hydrate research has significant importance for securing world energy resources, and has the potential to produce considerable economic benefits. Previous studies have shown that the South China Sea is an area that harbors gas hydrates. However, there is a lack of systematic investigations and understanding on the distribution of gas hydrate throughout the region. In this paper, we applied mineral resource quantitative assessment techniques to forecast and estimate the potential distribution of gas hydrate resources in the northern South China Sea. However, current hydrate samples from the South China Sea are too few to produce models of occurrences. Thus, according to similarity and contrast principles of mineral outputs, we can use a similar hydrate-mining environment with sufficient gas hydrate data as a testing ground for modeling northern South China Sea gas hydrate conditions. We selected the Gulf of Mexico, which has extensively studied gas hydrates, to develop predictive models of gas hydrate distributions, and to test errors in the model. Then, we compared the existing northern South China Sea hydrate-mining data with the Gulf of Mexico characteristics, and collated the relevant data into the model. Subsequently, we applied the model to the northern South China Sea to obtain the potential gas hydrate distribution of the area, and to identify significant exploration targets. Finally, we evaluated the reliability of the predicted results. The south seabed area of Taiwan Bank is recommended as a priority exploration target. The Zhujiang Mouth, Southeast Hainan, and Southwest Taiwan Basins, including the South Bijia Basin, also are recommended as exploration target areas. In addition, the method in this paper can provide a useful predictive approach for gas hydrate resource assessment, which gives a scientific basis for construction and implementation of long-term planning for gas hydrate exploration and general exploitation of the seabed of China.